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Since January of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has received a lot of global media attention. The aim of this thesis is to explore the representation of the pandemic in two highly respected newspapers, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The corpus consists of a total of 291 articles from both newspapers. Sketch Engine software is used for the corpus analysis. The introduction discusses the nature of news and points out various factors that influence the process of deciding which news is worth covering. Chapter 1 provides an overview of previous studies on media representation of the SARS and COVID-19 pandemics. Chapter 2 describes the created corpora in greater detail and introduces the method of analysis. The process of conducting the corpus analysis is introduced and the key findings discussed. The conclusion compares the results to previous research and makes recommendations for further research., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5460820*est

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es investigar la imagen de la realidad política que crean los medios de comunicación en España. Para esto, se van a analizar los contenidos de los artículos, el lenguaje de la prensa y se van a considerar investigaciones anteriores sobre el papel que juega la prensa en el sistema político de España. Se va a realizar una comparación con la prensa estonia, que no es un objeto de la investigación independiente, pero sirve para darle un sistema de referencia a la investigación, contando con la realidad que la autora y los lectores son, en su mayoría, estonios., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5451892*est

El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar las noticias publicadas en un periódico digital estonio contra un periódico digital español en dos días completamente aleatorios de 2019. La autora ha elegido los periódicos más leídos de ambos países para llevar a cabo el estudio: El País y Postimees., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5452063*est

The thesis examines how Russian media frames the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether its coverage differs depending on the type of the ownership. To understand how ownership structures influence media portrayal of a foreign actor, online content of three Russian newspapers — Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Kommersant and Novaya Gazeta — is analyzed. Selected outlets represent different types of ownership: state-owned, privately-owned by a person affiliated with the government, and employee-owned. Qualitative content analysis and T. van Dijk’ approach of critical discourse analysis were applied to investigate: 1) How has Russian media portrayed the EU throughout the coronavirus pandemic? 2) How does media framing differ based on a media outlet’s ownership structure? Two types of analysis were based on the assumption that the more media is affiliated with government structures, the more its discourse reflects these structures. The findings show the influence of ownership only in the case of the state-owned media outlet that reflects Russia’s official discourses towards the EU., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5448196*est

Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hur artiklar i Aftonbladet och Expressen täckte spridning av coronaviruset och kampen mot det i Sverige från mars till juni 2020. Den här uppsatsen har följande forskningsfråga: Vilka åsikter förekommer mest i kvällstidningar Expressen och Aftonbladet under den första vågen av coronaepidemin?, https://www.ester.ee/record=b5465981*est

La représentation d'un pays est importante pour l'établissement de relations politiques et économiques. Dans les médias estoniens, un message se répand, selon lequel le nouveau gouvernement aurait ruiné la réputation de l'Estonie. Différents politiciens ont donné plusieurs exemples tirés des médias anglophones, où, pour décrire l’Estonie, ils ont utilisé des mots tels que racisme, extrême-droite, sexisme, nationalisme, etc. Bien que le nouveau gouvernement soit entré en fonction le 29 avril, les tensions sont déjà apparues le 3 mars de la même année. La raison en est que, pour la première fois, le Parti conservateur d’Estonie EKRE a connu un grand succès. Mon point de départ est la question: si les médias anglophones décrivent l’Estonie comme ça, comment se présente la situation dans les médias français ?, https://www.ester.ee/record=b5371479*est

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar cómo se ha reflejado los deportistas españoles en el periodismo estonio, qué deportes dominan, a qué deportes se les presta más la atención y, además, comprobar la minuciosidad de los artículos., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5371559*est

El objetivo de este trabajo es observar y describir la imagen de Estonia en la prensa española en el año 2017. La autora escogió este tema porque tiene interés por el periodismo y es interesante saber cómo se ha representado la imagen de Estonia a través de la prensa española. Primero, se concentra en los conocimientos sobre Estonia en España. Luego se investiga cuáles son los criterios de noticia y noticiabilidad. Para entender la imagen, se analizan los artículos de seis meses de tres periódicos españoles., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5371588*est

Mediernes traditionelle opgave er at informere og kommunikere information, at være ”et vindue til verden”, men over tid har mediet fået flere opgaver. Medierne formidler meninger og viden, underholder, men former også den offentlige mening. Info, som kommer fra medierne, når ud til massevis af mennesker, og man kan bruge medierne til at påvirke masserne og processer i samfundet. Det, hvordan mediet fremstiller eller ”fortolker” et emne, påvirker det, hvad mennesker synes om et konkret emne. Jeg vil derfor undersøge, hvordan danske medier fremstillede Estlands genoprettelse af selvstændighed i 1991., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5370957*est

Цель данной работы — провести функциональный и семантический анализ перевода ряда англоязычных новостей в выбранных русскоязычных СМИ и отследить закономерности, подходы и принципы создания таких переводов, а также оценить, в какой степени заявленная миссия издания, его декларируемые ценности и цели коррелируются с выполняемыми переводами и общей концепцией подачи информации, принятой в издании. В рамках исследования мы: а) оценим эквивалентность и адекватность перевода сообщения и соответствие переведенного текста коммуникативной цели сообщения оригинального текста, б) произведем количественную оценку доли переведенного текста внутри текста всей новости на языке перевода, в) выявим лингвистические и экстралингвистические факторы, которые влияют на изменение цели оригинального сообщения., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5374279*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b1304276*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5238470*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5193942*est

The topic for this research was influenced by the discussions in the field of education on the topics of 21st century learning skills and the concept of a changed learning approach. The aim of this paper is to use authentic texts found in English newspapers with the purpose to teach higher order thinking skills to students at upper-secondary school level as part of English as a second language classes. So as to answer the research question on how newspaper articles could be implemented to teach and assess the acquisition of higher order thinking skills, a set of exemplary tasks are compiled and conclusions are drawn from both the studentsʼ answers and lesson observations. The study is organised into three chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of the researches of thinking and higher order thinking processes. The second chapter of this thesis looks upon the advantages and disadvantages of using newspaper articles as authentic material in language classes. This chapter also focuses on the issues of choosing suitable material as well as on the production of different tasks that could be designed and used in an English class. The third chapter includes an empirical case study conducted among my students from forms 10 and 11 at Rocca al Mare School. An introductory questionnaire was conducted to map the understanding of critical thinking as the highest of the thinking skills, as well as the studentsʼ attitude to the texts found in course books., http://www.ester.ee/record=b5147720*est

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, herauszufinden, ob und inwieweit in deutschen und estnischen Schulen der 30er Jahre ein Konflikt zwischen den Deutschbalten und den Esten spürbar war. Dazu wurden einige deutschsprachige Schülerzeitungen und von estnischen Schülern und Lehrern herausgegebene Schulzeitungen analysiert. Die Geschichte der Deutschen in den baltischen Staaten und ihre Position in der Gesellschaft erklären ihre Beziehung zu den Esten. Seite an Seite zu leben, bedeutete, dass es eine große Gemeinsamkeit in der Kultur geben würde. Estnisches Theater und Journalismus basierten auf ihren deutschen Vorgängern. Intellektuelle wurden von Deutschbalten vertreten, daher hatten sie lange Zeit eine höhere Position in der Gesellschaft. Anhand der Analyse kann man behaupten, dass in beiden Sprachen weitgehend ähnliche Themen behandelt wurden. Dabei sind in der Art und Weise, wie dies gemacht wurde, auch einige Unterschiede aufgefallen., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5175536*est

В данной работе мы составили теоретическую базу, необходимую для анализа, основываясь на научных исследованиях в области прагматике языка. Также рассмотрели основы прагмалингвистики, теория речевых актов, дискурс-анализ языка СМИ и особенности современного языка СМИ. Главным вопросом, рассмотренным в настоящем исследовании, был вопрос о видах и степени присутствия речевой агрессии в текстах современных российских печатных СМИ. Основная цель бакалаврской работы заключалась в выявлении своеобразия способов выражения речевой агрессии в печатных средствах массовой информации и иллюстрации их найденными примерами. Для достижения этой цели мы составили теоретическую базу на основе прочитанной научной литературы для того, чтобы всесторонне изучить феномен вербальной агрессии. Используя сайт газетного издания “Комсомольская правда” и Национальный корпус русского языка, мы нашли и проанализировали примеры использования приемов речевой агрессии на материале 65 статей одного конкретного издании за период с 2013 по 2018 годы., http://www.ester.ee/record=b5146552*est

Käesolev uurimistöö analüüsib ajakirjandusliku sisu ja turundussõnumite sulandumist Põhja-Euroopa ajalehtedes ja ajakirjades. Uurimistöö täpsem fookus on märgistamata ja märgistatud reklaamide avaldamise tingimustel. Ajakirjandusliku vormi ja turundusliku eesmärgiga tekstide märkimiseks on sõna „advertorials“, selline tekstitüüp on Euroopa Liidu normide järgi eksitamine. Juhul, kui ajakirjandusliku žanrina näiv tekst on siiski märgistatud kui „reklaam või turundustekst“, võib öelda, et tegemist on tagasihoidliku hübridiseerimisega. Juhul, kui sellised tekstid on märgistamata, on tegemist tugeva hübridiseerumisega. Ajakirjanduse n-ö normatiivsed „sambad“, mis on aegade jooksul aidanud hoida lahus autonoomset ajakirjanduslikku sisu ja reklaami, on tehnoloogia arengu ja kasvava majandussurve tõttu meediale hakanud järjest enam mõranema. Ajakirjanduse roll demoraatiku ühiskonna autonoomse infojagajana on muutumas haavatavaks. Käesoleva töö empiirilise materjali moodusab 2006/2007. aastal läbi viidud e-küsitlus, millele vastas 691 ajalehte ja nišiajakirja. 66,4% väljaannetest aktsepteeris ajakirjandusliku formaadi ja turundusliku sisuga tekstide avaldamist – koos märkusega, et tegemist on „makstud sisuga“; 9,6% aktsepteeris hübriidtekste vastava märkuseta. Seega, legendaarne „müür“ toimetuste ja reklaamiosakonna vahel on hakanud mõranema, kuid pole veel täiesti kokku varisenud. 14,8% vastanud toimetustest eitas toimetuse ja reklaamiosakonna vahelist suhtlust; 57,2% ei soovinud avaldada enam reklaamiga seotud ajakirjanduslikku materjali ning 34,6% ei andnud garantiid, et reklaamiandja kohta ei avaldata kriitilist materjali. Siiski näitavad tulemused, et hübriidsisu legitimeerib. Ajalehtede ja ajakirjade vahel ei esinenud suuri erinevusi, samal ajal kui kaheksa riigi publikatsioonide vahel oli erinevus suur. Hübridiseerumistendents oli skaalal 0-2 järgmine: Rootsis ja Taanis (indeksid vastavalt 0,42 ja 0,44); Soomes 0,6; Saksamaal 0,61; Ühendkuningriigis 0,89; Venemaal 1,2; Eestis 1,4 ja Leedus 1,69., This study discusses the degree of hybridisation between advertising and journalism in newspapers and niche magazines in the northern part of Europe, paying particular attention to labelled and unlabelled advertorials. The term advertorial has been listed by EU as a misleading commercial practice. When labelled it can be considered an example of moderate hybridisation of advertising and journalism, when not labelled; an example of a strong or complete hybridisation. Cracks in the so-called normative pillars, supposed to safeguard journalistic autonomy and serve the interests of the public, have, due to commercialisation, over the past three decades, partly demolished the once fundamental wall between the editorial and advertising departments within a media organisation. Internet and technologies have triggered, accelerated and been a driving force in commercialisation and the information overload. As a result, journalism has been put in a very critical, vulnerable and squeezed position, paving the way for more hybrid journalism and thus a weakened democracy. Based on e-mail-based survey responses from 691 newspapers and niche magazines, the author found that in 2006/2007 there was a profound acceptance for the use of labelled advertorials, and a less, but still considerable acceptance for unlabelled advertorials. 66,4 % of the publications accepted labelled advertorials and 9,6 % unlabelled advertorials. The legendary wall between the editorial and advertising department was collapsing, but had not fully collapsed. 14,8 % of the publications responded that there was no communication between the two departments. 57,2 % did not want to publish more editorial content because of advertising, and 34,6 % did not give a guarantee to publish no critical or negative editorial content in case of advertising. Hybrid journalism was becoming the norm and classical journalism marginalised. In terms of hybridisation, there were little differences between newspapers and magazines, but the differences between countries were quite strong. Hybridisation was the weakest in Sweden and Denmark with hybridisation index scores of 0,42 and 0,44, on a scale from 0 to 2, while Finland (0,61), Germany (0,61), UK (0,89), Russia (1,22), Estonia (1,40) and Lithuania (1,69) showed a stronger hybridisation of journalism and advertising.

Selle bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli uurida, kuidas muutus uudisžanr Eesti päevalehtedes perioodil 1988–1997. Uurimuses analüüsin kahe ajalehe peauudiseid läbi kümne aasta. Nendeks ajalehtedeks olid Edasi, mis valimiks valitud perioodi jooksul muutus ajaleheks Postimees, Noorte Hääl, millest sai valimiperioodi jooksul vahepeal Päevaleht, ning Eesti Päevaleht, mis on väljaande nimeks tänini. Töö esimeses osas andsin ülevaate valimi perioodil toimunud muutustest ajakirjanduses. Meetodiks oli kontentanalüüs, mille abil uurisin kokku 240 uudislugu. Analüüsi tulemustest selgus, et uudisžanris toimus 1991. aastal ja selle ümber suur hüpe kvaliteetsuse poole ehk uudiste edastamine muutus žanri konventsioonidele enam vastavaks. Näiteks hakati pealkirjades kasutama verbe, samuti hakkasid pealkirjad vastama loo fookusele. Avalõiguna hakati rohkem kasutama juhtlõigu tüüpi ja need muutusid aina kompaktsemaks. Uudises hakati kasutama rohkem allikaid ja struktuurilist arengut näitas see, et üha enam tarvitati pööratud püramiidi mudelit. Uurimusest tuli välja ka see, et huvitaval kombel hakkas mõlemas väljaandes paljude tunnuste puhul muutuste suund1995. aasta paiku langema. Kogu seda kiiret arengut võimaldasid uudisžanris mitmed üksteisest sõltuvad tegurid. Eesti Vabariigi taasiseseisvumiseni viinud sündmused vabastasid ajakirjanduse riigi kontrolli alt, mille tagajärjeks oli tsensuuri hääbumine 1980ndate lõpul, täielik kadumine 1990. aastal ning väljaannete erastamine. Tekkis hulgaliselt uusi väljaandeid, mis omakorda tekitasid konkurentsi meediamaastikul. Konkurentsist tingituna olid väljaanded sunnitud oma uudised kvaliteetsemalt esitama. Oma osa muutustes oli ka Tiit Hennostel ja Priit Pulleritsul, kes tõid 90ndatel Eestisse läänelikke ajakirjandusvõtteid ning korraldasid suuremates toimetustes seminare ja koolitusi, õpetades ajakirjanikke, kuidas paremini kirjutada., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4681578*est

Lisa 3 ja 4 on ainult paberkandjal., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4685482*est

Vormeli "French touch" (ehk ’prantsuse puudutus’) kasutus ajalehe "20 Minutes" põhjal. Kvalitatiivne analüüs põhineb ajalehe "20 Minutes" artiklitest koostatud korpusel, milles on kokku 57 artiklit. Need on omakorda jaotatud erinevateks osadeks teemade ja vormeli esinemisviisi järgi. Töö esimene peatükk, mis uurib vormeli üldist esinemist ajalehe artiklites, on jaotatud kaheks. Esimene osa käsitleb vormeli kasutust algses, muusikavaldkonnas ning teine osa uurib vormeli kasutust laiemalt, kirjeldades selle kasutust kõige erinevamate kunstidega seoses: mood, kultuur, animatsioon, animatsioon, anime, gastronoomia. Toodud on ka mõned omapäraseimad näited (sport, „Mister Prantsusmaa“ konkurss) ja olukorrad, kus vormeli tähendust ei ole võimalik tekstist tajuda. Erinevate kasutusvaldkondade paljususes on vormeli tähendus laienenud ning esimene peatüki eesmärgiks ongi näidata, kuivõrd erinevalt defineerivad eri kasutused selle vormeli sisu. Bakalaureusetöö teine osa uurib ajalehe enda püüet teadlikult konstrueerida ettevõtluse ja idufirmade kontekstis „prantsuse puudutust“ läbi ajalehe poolt koostatud kahe temaatilise artiklikogu, kus mõiste "French touch" on kõige selgemalt seotud rahvusvahelise edukuse teemaga. Artiklites on välja toodud erinevad ajalehe kirjutamisstrateegiad. Näiteks tehakse seda alapealkirjadega. Ühest alapealkirjast on võimalik välja lugeda, et edu võtmeks peetakse näiteks retrohõngulist moodi, mis on moderne ja taskukohase hinnaga. Samuti võib edukus peituda videomängude kontekstis, kus prantslased tunnistavad eriti enda kultuurilist identiteeti., Nous avons remarqué qu’il y a une formule – French touch – qui est très présente dans divers discours (la publicité, par exemple), tout en étant ambigüe et sujet à des interprétations diverses. Ce mémoire vise ainsi à explorer cette formule et les usages différents de la formule French touch dans un contexte journalistique déterminé – dans un journal 20 Minutes. Le but du mémoire est d’une part d’essayer cerner cette formule et d’autre part de montrer que la formule French touch varie dans les usages aussi bien en forme qu’en sens., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4684806*est

Данная магистерская работа посвящена содержательно-языковым характеристикам эстонско-русских параллельных текстов1, опубликованных в интернет-версии газеты Postimees и на портале Delfi. В ходе исследования в аспекте денотативной, прагматической, а также текстуально-нормативной и коннотативной эквивалентности сопоставлялись оригинальные и переводные тексты политического дискурса., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4688554*est

Bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli koostada ülevaade 1800.–1870. aastatel tänapäeva Eesti alal ilmunud baltisaksa ajalehtede välimusest ja selle muutumisest. Lisaks võrdlesin baltisaksa ajalehtede välimust ja selle muutumist sama aja eesti ajalehtede välimusega. Samuti analüüsisin, kuivõrd sobitub baltisaksa ajalehtede välimuse areng Roosmarii Kurvitsa eesti ajalehtede välimuse periodiseeringusse. Analüüsisin Tallinna, Tartu ja Pärnu saksakeelseid ajalehti viiest aastakäigust (1800.a, 1820.a, 1850.a, 1860.a ja 1870.a). Iga ajalehe igast aastakäigust valisin 12 lehenumbrit (v.a 1800. aasta, sest toona ei ilmunud Pärnus saksakeelseid ajalehti). Kokku analüüsisin 168 ajalehte. Analüüs seisnes ajalehe välimuse komponentide mõõtmises, loendamises ja kirjeldamises, meetodiks oli nii kvantitatiivne kui kvalitatiivne sisuanalüüs. Tööst selgus, et baltisaksa ajalehed muutusid enim lehenumbri mahu poolest. Samuti kasvas nende ilmumissagedus. Teksti liigendamisel toimus ka muutusi: lood rubriigistati ja lugusid hakati üksteisest eraldama. Struktuuri põhilised osad jäid kogu perioodi vältel üpris samaks. Kõige vähem muutus kirjasuurus. Samuti leidsin, et baltisaksa ajalehed olid eesti lehtedele eeskujuks paljude välimuse tunnuste osas, kuid struktuuri poolest mitte. Eesti ajalehed keskendusid lugejate harimisele, baltisaksa ajalehed aga uudiste edastamisele. Eesti lehtedes oli kasutuses suurem kirjasuurus, mis võis olla selle pärast, et eesti ajalehtede lugejad olid vähema lugemisoskusega talupojad. Lisaks selgus, et baltisaksa ajalehed olid eesti lehtedest ligi ühe kümnendiga ees, mille tõttu Kurvitsa defineeritud eesti ajalehtede raamatulik periood ei vasta üks-ühele baltisaksa ajalehtede välimusega, vaid lõpeb 1870. aastate asemel 1860. aastatel. Bakalaureusetöö peamine eesmärk oli kirjeldada tuginedes kvantitatiivsetele andmetele baltisaksa ajalehtede välimust ja selle muutumist 1800.–1870. aastatel ning püüda seletada, mis võis tingida välimuse muutumist., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4605032*est

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4579406*est

Uurimistöö eesmärgiks oli uurida, milline oli kaugemat minevikku ja lähiminevikku käsitleva ajakirjanduse tasakaal Eestis kui siirdeühiskonnas ajaleht Edasi > Postimees näitel vahemikus aastatel 1989–1995. Samuti küsis töö, milline oli Edasi > Postimehe näitel ajakirjanduse roll kollektiivse mälu kujundajana. Eesti kui siirdeühiskonna ajakirjanduse ja avaliku sfääri muutustest on kirjutatud veelgi (Lauristin & Vihalemm 1997; Vihalemm 2002), ent seni pole autorile teadaolevalt pikemaid uurimusi oleviku ja mineviku tasakaalu uurimise ja kollektiivse mälu kujundamise aspektist tehtud. Uurimistöö empiirilise osa viisin läbi kahes etapis ning kasutasin selleks kombineeritud uurimismeetodeid. Ajakirjandustekstide analüüsiks kasutasin nii kvantitatiivset kontentanalüüsi kui tegin ka kriitilist diskursuseanalüüsi. Kokku analüüsisin 1539 ajakirjandusteksti. Töö teoreetiline alus tugineb mitmel ajaloo aktualiseerimist, mäluajaloo ning kollektiivse mälu kujunemist uurinud teoreetikul, kellest olulisemateks võib pidada Barbie Zelizeri ja Horst Pöttkeri käsitlusi minevikust ajakirjanduses. Eesti uurijatest toetavad tööd tugevalt Marek Tamme uurimused mäluajaloost ning Halliki-Harro Loiti ja Anu Pallase ajakirjanduses ajaloo aktualiseerimist uurinud tööd. Laiemas plaanis oli uurimistöö eesmärk täita seni veel katmata auk Eesti kui siirdeühiskonna ajakirjanduse uurimises ning kasutades varasemate uurijate (Lauristin ja Vihalemm 2004) käsitlusi analüüsimaks siirdeühiskonna ajakirjandust kollektiivse mälu kujundamise aspektist. Töö empiirilisest osast nähtub, et vaadeldava perioodi alguses, 1989. ja 1990. aastal käsitles ajakirjandus oleviku suurte sündmuste tõttu enam kaugemat minevikku ning perioodi teises osas alates 1991. aastast vähenes ajakirjanduse kaugesse minevikku vaatamine ning suurenes lähimineviku käsitlemine. Ehkki kõikidel vaadeldavatel aastatel domineeris lähiminevik kaugema mineviku üle, esines aastate lõikes olulisi kõikumisi: kaugesse minevikku vaatamine vähenes järsult juba siirdeaja alguses ning vahetult pärast taasiseseisvumist. Lähiminevikku esines kõige vähem perioodi alguses, 1989. aastal ning kõige enam 1995. aastal. Analüüsitud tekstidest nähtub, et ajakirjanduse roll kollektiivse mälu kujundajana oli vaadeldud vahemikus väga mitmenäoline. 1989. aasta suur arvamusartiklite hulk viitas ajakirjandusele kui kriitilisele foorumile, mis kaugema mineviku sündmuste aktualiseerimise kaudu rääkis ühiseid tähendusi läbi olukorras, kus mineviku ühtne arusaamine oli alles välja kujunemas. Ajakirjandus oli siis oluline meedium, mille kaudu loodi ühtseid tähendusi kollektiivse mälu tarbeks. Aastatel 1989– 1990 juhtis ajakirjandus auditooriumi paremini mõistma kultuurilist ja poliitilist lähiminevikku selgitamise ning kaugemast minevikust ideaalide otsimise kaudu. Järgnenud aastatel, kui lähimineviku osakaal suurenes ning kaugema mineviku osakaal vähenes, ajakirjandus küll selgitas minevikku ning aeg-ajalt otsis ka veel ideaale minevikust, vähenes ajakirjanduse roll avaliku osaleva tekstina, mistõttu kahanes tekstide roll ajaloo tõlgendaja ning konstrueerijana ning lähiminevikust rohkema kõnelemise kaudu jäi ajakirjandusele pigem sündmuste peegeldaja roll., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4579377*est

Töö lisad on ainult paberkandjal., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4605018*est

Представленная на защиту бакалаврская работа посвящена изучению экстралингвистических и лингвистических особенностей материала электронной версии газеты «Виру проспект» («Prospekt.ee»). Ида-вируское интернет-издание, как и его бумажный аналог, является непереводным, изначально существующим только на русском языке. Подробнее о данной газете будет говориться в разделах второй главы. Тем самым настоящая бакалаврская работа, выполнявшаяся на материале регионального новостного сайта «Prospekt.ee», лежит в русле исследований языка русской диаспоры Эстонии. В работе изучались языковые факты газетных статей самой разной тематики. Анализ охватывает весь газетный материал, опубликованный в период с января по май 2014 года и за аналогичный период 2015 года., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4609224*est

Magistritöö eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade rahvaraamatukogusid puudutavast artiklitest perioodil 2004-2014 ajalehtedes Eesti Päevaleht, Postimees, Õhtuleht, Sirp, Õpetajate Leht ning fookusgrupp-intervjuudes osalenute näitel valitud artiklite retseptsioonist. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks püstitasin eraldi uurimisküsimused kontentanalüüsi ning fookusgrupp-intervjuude jaoks – kokku 5 suuremat küsimust koos alaküsimustega. Kontentanalüüsi viisin läbi 2015. aasta märtsis ning fookusgrupp-intervjuu sama aasta aprillis. Fookusgrupp-intervjuusse sattusid eelkõige inimesed, kes lugesid ajalehti ning külastasid vähemal või rohkemal määral raamatukogusid. Uuringust selgus, et rahvaraamatukogudest on viimase kümne aasta jooksul uuritud viie väljaande põhjal kirjutatud võrdlemisi vähe – kokku 104 artiklit. Kõige rohkem on rahvaraamatukogud tähelepanu pälvinud 2011-2012 aastal seoses kohustuslike komplekteerimisnimekirjadega. Võrreldes eelnevate ja järgnevate aastatega on nendel aastatel artiklite arv oluliselt suurem. Kõige rohkem on rahvaraamatukogudega seonduvat kajastanud Eesti Päevaleht. Sirp ja Õhtuleht on antud teemale pühendanud võrdväärselt leheruumi ning Õpetajate Leht väga vähe. Kuna suurem osa artikleid ilmus perioodil 2011-2012, siis oli teema valdavalt kõigis väljaannetes sel perioodil seotud rahvaraamatukogude missiooni/rolliga. Fookusgrupp-intervjuude käigus selgus, et osalejate arvates on põhilised teemad, millest rahvaraamatukogudega räägitakse seotud ürituste, näituste vms, mis toetudes kontentanalüüsile paika ei pidanud. Ka ei suutnud nad meenutada ühtegi konkreetset rahvaraamatukogudega seotud uudist. Lisaks valisin kontentanalüüsis kasutatud artiklite hulgast välja kolm artiklit, mida lasin lugeda läbi viidud fookusgrupp-intervjuu viiel osalejal. Iga artikkel esindas ühte võimalikku olulist käsitlust rahvaraamatukogudest. Valitud artiklite kaudu üritasin mõista võimalikke antud intervjueeritavatel esinevaid vastuvõtuviise. Antud uuringu puhul võib öelda, et vastuvõtuviis olenes nii grupiliikmete meediateadlikkusest, artikli sisust, aga ka nende isiklikest kogemustest rahvaraamatukogudega. Loetud artiklite puhul esines nii vahendatud, läbipaistvat kui ka viitavat vastuvõtuviisi. Artiklit peeti seda olulisemaks, mida rohkem see intervjueeritavate jaoks neid n-ö „päris elus“ puudutas ning igapäeva elus kasuks tuli. Kokkuvõtvalt võib öelda, et antud tingimustel kirjutatakse rahvaraamatukogudest vähe kuna suurem osa artikleid mahub ära kahe aasta sisse kui kirjutati uuest komplekteerimispoliitikast. Artiklite pealkirjad ei ole piisavalt huvipakkuvad ning tõenäoliselt tavasituatsioonis fookusgrupp-intervjuus osalenud neid ei loeks. Artiklite seisukohalt on oluline nende seos „päris eluga“. Selle puudumisel jäävad teemad n-ö tavaliste lehelugejate jaoks kaugeks., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4487089*est

Meediamaastiku kommertsialiseerumine ning uute digiplatvormide tulek on ajakirjanikutöö toimimise ning läbiviimise viise oluliselt muutnud. Ajakirjanikuamet nõuab üha suuremat pingutust, pühendumist ning vastutust. Suurenenud on ka tööülesanded ja kohustuste hulk, mis omakorda võivad viia stressi ning läbipõlemise tekkimiseni. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli uurida läbipõlemise esinemist ning ulatust Eesti suurimate päevalehtede ning nende lisalehtede uudistetoimetustes töötavate reporterite hulgas. Lisaks sooviti uurida, kas ja kuidas on läbipõlemine seotud isikute vanusega. Töö teoreetiline ja empiiriline materjal ning alus tugineb mitmel läbipõlemist uurinud teoreetikul, kellest olulisemaks võib pidada Christina Maslachi ja kaasautoreid, kelle poolt loodud läbipõlemise ankeetküsitlus on maailmas üks enim tunnustatud ja kasutatud instrumente tööalase läbipõlemise uurimiseks. Teiseks oluliseks autoriks antud töö raames on Katrin Maiste (2001, 2005) ja Harri Küünarpuu (2005), kes on antud instrumenti kasutanud Eesti tingimustes uuringute läbiviimiseks. Töö empiirilises osas viis autor Eesti päevalehtede ja nende lisalehtede uudistetoimetuste ajakirjanike seas läbi MBI-D ankeetküsitluse. Kui subjektiivsel teel valitud seitsmes ajalehetoimetuses töötas 64 inimest, siis ankeetküsitlusele vastas neist 50 isikut. Valim jääb küll tagasihoidlikuks, kuid on kindlasti vastavuses Eesti demograafiliste eripäradega ning Eesti meediamaastiku spetsiifikaga. Ankeetküsitluse tulemustest lähtub, et uudistetoimetuste ajakirjanikud kogevad madalal ja mõõdukal tasemel läbipõlemist. Kõrgel tasemel läbipõlemist valimi hulgas ei esinenud. Ankeedi küsimuste analüüsi tulemustest selgus, et läbipõlemist hindavatest faktoritest kogevad respondendid kõige suuremat läbipõlemist eneseteostuse ja osavõtlikkusega seotud osades. See omakorda viitab raskustele allikatega suhtlemisel ning tööalaste tugi- ja preemiasüsteemide puudulikkusele. Seega võib empiirilise osa tulemustest lähtuvalt väita, et läbipõlemine on probleem ka Eesti päevalehtede uudistetoimetuste ajakirjanike seas. Selleks, et fenomeni põhjuslikke seoseid välja tuua, peab teemat aga kindlasti edasi uurima. See annaks uudistetoimetustele võimaluse, kuidas läbipõlemist toimetuse sees vähendada. Kindlasti oleks aga ka käesoleva töö tulemustest lähtudes oluline tugisüsteemide toetus ja nende laialdasem kasutamine toimetustes., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4417513~S1*est

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4431482~S1*est

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2678238~S1*est

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2657355~S1*est

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2654462~S1*est

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Väitekirjas käsitletakse Rootsi aja lõpul (u 1689–1710) Tallinnas perioodiliselt ilmunud trükitud ajalehte Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitung. Senises historiograafias on lehte vaadeldud omaette institutsioonina, kuid väitekirjas muudeti ainesele lähenemisel kontseptsiooni, käsitledes seda laiemalt varauusaegse Rootsi suurriigi ja Euroopa pressiajaloo kontekstis. Väitekirjaks koondatud artiklid avavad uurimisobjekti erinevaid tahke. Perioodiliselt ilmunud (Tallinna) ajalehte vaadeldakse esmalt koos teiste varauusaegsete infokandjatega (lendlehtede jms) kui tollase publitsistika ning ajalookirjutuse üht võimalikku allikat. Seejärel keskendutakse Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitungi trükkali isikule ja tema muudele igapäevastele tegevustele. Ajalehe väljaandmine polnud trükkalile asi iseeneses või eraldi ülesanne, vaid üks tahk informatsiooni edastamises ja uudiskandjate reprodutseerimises. Eraldi käsitletakse ajalehes avaldatud reklaam- ning muid teateid. Metodoloogilise uuendusena vaadeldi Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitungit esmakordselt paralleelselt Liivimaa kindralkubermangus välja antud ajalehtedega Montags (Donnertstags) Ordinari Post Zeitung (1690–1681), Rigische Novellen (1681–1710) ning teiste Saksa ajalehtedega, näiteks Königsbergis ja Hamburgis ilmunutega. Võrdluse tulemusena selgus, et Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitungi näol on tegemist Riias ilmunud ajalehe lühendatud ümbertrükiga. See teadmine sunnib revideerima Balti varauusaegse pressi ajaloo seniseid seisukohti. Eesti- ja Liivimaa kubermangukeskuste ajalehtede väljaandmist tuleb vaadelda ühtse protsessina, mida initsieeris keskvõimu tahe kontrollida avalikkusele suunatud info edastamise viise ja kanaleid., The thesis deals with Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitung, a newspaper printed periodically in Tallinn during the end of the Swedish reign (approx. 1689–1710). So far the newspaper has been examined as a separate institution in the historiography, but in the thesis the conception of the approach has been changed by viewing it in the broader context of early modern Swedish Empire and the European press history. The papers constituting the thesis review different aspects of the study object. The periodically issued (Tallinn) newspaper is at first reviewed together with other early modern information vehicles (pamphlets, etc) as a possible source of publicism and historiography of that time. Thereafter the thesis focuses on the person of the typographer of Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitung and his other everyday activities. Newspaper publishing wasn’t an activity per se or a separate task for the typographer but one aspect of information communication and reproduction of news vehicles. Commercial and other announcements published in the newspaper are dealt with separately. As a methodological innovation Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitung was for the first time reviewed in parallel with newspapers published in the Livonian Province – Montags (Donnertstags) Ordinari Post Zeitung (1690–1681), Rigische Novellen (1681–1710), and other German newspapers, for example those published in Königsberg and Hamburg. As a result of the comparison it became clear thet Reval(i)sche Post-Zeitung was a abbreviated reedition of the newspaper printed in Riga. This knowledge compels us to revise the current outlook on the Baltic early modern press history. The publishing of the newspapers in Estonian and Livonian Province centres should be viewed as an integral process initiated by the volition of the central government to control the ways and channels of the information communication aimed at the public.

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2607444~S13*est

Health journalism is a part of specialized journalism and it is important because expenses of public money on health are enormous. Thus it is of high interest to the public. The aim of this paper is to map, how health related topics are made newsworthy and are framed in Estonian newspapers and what are the sources that are used to build health journalism. The author is using two Estonian newspapers for that – Postimees and Õhtuleht. The paper first presents the theoretical background of news sourcing, framing and intensive coverage. Later on the author focuses on collecting and analyzing the data from the online versions of two newspapers during a period of one month. The most important thing that the author found was that due to the fact that there are no health—specialized journalists in Estonia, the quality and coverage of relevant health news stories is not very good. Too few sources are used and often they are the same from story to story., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4069445~S1*est

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Kertu Saks`a doktoritöö on ajalooline tagasivaade iseseisva eestikeelse ajalehe toimetamiskultuuri ja -praktika kujunemisele siirdeperioodil ja arengule Eesti taasiseseisvumise järel. Doktoriöö analüüsib eesti ajalehtede toimetamise struktuuride, ajakirjanduslike praktikate ja -rutiinide muutumist alates aastast 1988, kui nõukogude perioodi lõpufaasis ilmusid taas turule orienteeritud väljaanded. Uurimused, millel doktoritöö põhineb, ulatuvad analüüsides aastani 2005, mil võib väita, et eesti ajalehed olid jõudnud arengus suhtelise stabiilsuse perioodi. Töö kirjeldab arenguid eesti ajalehtede toimetamiskultuuris ajalehe organisatsioonis ja tootes toimunud muutuste näitel. Samuti analüüsitakse töös, kuidas loodi ja kasutati toimetamist puudutavaid norme, standardeid ja enese-regulatsiooni vahendeid. Viimatinimetatud muutusi kirjeldatakse eesti ajalehtede keelestiilikorralduse arengu näitel. Toimetamiskultuuri kui kontseptsiooni kujutatakse käesolevas töös laiemas ajakirjanduskultuuri kontekstis. Üheks oluliseks märksõnaks töös on siirdeperiood (üleminekuperiood nõukogude ühiskonnast vabasse ühiskonda). Eesti meedia sisenes siirdeperioodi poliitilistel ja sotsiaalsetel põhjustel. Siirdeperioodi iseloomustasid mitmed paralleelsed protsessid nagu demokratiseerumine, turu vabanemine ning tarbimise kasv. Kõik need protsessid mängisid rolli ka ajalehemeedia arengutes. Ühe erandiga katavad kõik töö aluseks olnud artiklid üksnes eesti ajalehemeediat. Uurimus III analüüsib teatud määral muutusi ka Eesti telekanalite ja ajakirjade turul. Doktoritöö koosneb avaldatud artiklitest. Igas uurimisartiklis on sõnastatud eraldi uurimisküsimused. Kõik uurimused (eriti aga I uurimus) analüüsivad eesti ajalehtede toimetamiskultuuri(de) kujunemist organisatsiooni ja toote muutuste kirjeldamise kaudu aastatel 1988 kuni 2005. Uurimus II ja IV analüüsivad muutustele iseloomulikke faase keelestiili korralduse näitel. Uurimus III keskendub professionaalsete ajakirjanduspraktikate arengule väikesel meediaturul ning analüüsib piiride hägustumist toimetuse- ja reklaammaterjalide vahel eesti meedias. Kuna töö kasutab algandmetena nii tekstianalüüsi kui ka ajalehe toimetustes kehtivaid suulisi regulatsioone (kokkuleppeid), mis võivad eksisteerida kõikvõimalikes vormides, on ka uurimustes kasutatud väga erinevaid meetodeid, nagu teksti- ja dokumendianalüüs, formaliseeritud küsimustikud, intervjuud ning võrdlev- ja diskursuseanalüüs. Töö teoreetiline kontekst keskendub enam ajakirjanduspraktikaid puudutavatele teooriatele. Töö järelduste peatükk võtab uurimuste ning doktoritöö katustekstis toodud järeldused kokku käsitledes: I. Eesti ajalehtede organisatsiooni ja toote üldiseid muutusi ja arengufaase 1988–2005 II. Uute ajalehe toimetamiskultuuri(de) teket Eestis 1988–2005 III. Peamisi arenguid eesti ajalehtede keelestiilikorralduses 1988–2005 IV. Ajakirjandusliku- ja reklaammaterjali hübridiseerumist eesti meedias, Kertu Saks` dissertation gives a historical view to the formation of Estonian newspaper editing culture from the dawn of the second period of independence in Estonian history. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the structural changes that influenced the ways Estonian newspapers were edited during and after the transition period from 1988, when the first new market-oriented editions were published after the fall of the Soviet Union, until 2005, when it might be said that Estonian newspapers had reached a phase of stability in development. Editing culture as a concept has been introduced by the author in order to highlight the editing related specific features of journalistic culture. Linguo-stylistic planning is in this dissertation used as a term covering the language usage and language style rules followed in newspaper editing. An important keyword in this dissertation is transition. The Estonian media entered the period of transition triggered by political and social reasons. The dissertation has been compiled of the publications. The specific research questions and levels of analysis vary throughout the articles. The articles, presented as a dissertation, are able to answer the general questions as follows: All studies (and particularly Study I) in this dissertation analyse general developments in Estonian newspaper organisations and editing on a time scale from 1988 until 2005. Studies II and IV (originally published in Estonian and translated for the dissertation into English) analyse the formation of Estonian newspaper editing culture using the example of the linguo-stylistic planning and regulations in Estonian newspapers. Study III analyses the issues of professional journalistic practices in a small media market, specifically the diminution of the border between editorial and advertising material in Estonian media. The cover text of the dissertation gives a synthesis of the basic essence of the studies in this dissertation and provides a more general approach to the development of newspaper editing culture. With one exception the studies that are the basis of this dissertation cover only Estonian newspaper media. Study III also presents commercialisation and hybridisation related research findings in other Estonian media channels and mediums. The studies in the dissertation are based on a variety of methodological approaches. As the scope of the dissertation includes, in its research questions, the creation of both implicit and explicit editing norms and standards in Estonian newspapers, and as these types of regulations can occur in very different forms, the methodology also covers a range of different tools from text and document analysis to formalized questionnaires, as well as comparative, and discourse, analysis. In conclusion the dissertation describes the following: I. The general changes and development phases of Estonian newspaper organisations and products from 1988 to 2005. II. The forming of new newspaper editing culture(s) in Estonia from 1988 – 2005 III. The main developments in linguo-styslistic planning in Estonian newspapers from 1988 to 2005 IV. Commercialisation expressed in the hybridisation of journalistic and promotional material in Estonian media

The aim of the bachelor thesis was to research how much and how journalists of five Estonian regional newspaper use press releases. I tried to find answers to the following questions: which role a press release has for a journalist, which is the practice of the usage of press releases and which is a good press release for a journalist. Research showed that even though journalist use more press releases than originally thought, they don’t take these as their main sources of information. Regional papers’ editors and reporters prefer their regular sources who tend to be regular people, friends and family or specialists working in a field of journalist’s subject field. Mainly press releases are used as backround information, for educational purposes or for finding a theme for a longer story. Journalists receive a different amount of press releases. There is a tendency for a newspaper’s general e-mail to receive more press releases than journalist’s personal work e-mail. Number of the received press releases is between 10 and 150. Relying on the journalists’ personal preferences only maximum 5 of these are used. This means that the average usage of press releases for the interviewed journalists is only nearly 7,5%. Journalists say that most of the received press realeases are good and well-structured, but they are not being used nevertheless. Most common reasons not to use the press release tend to be it’s subject not being close enough to the reader, impossibility to focus the story to the region, or release being too much of an advert to use as a piece of news. Press release’s sender is not important fot the interviewed journalists. Their opinions differ in a question weather a press release should include someones commentary and photos. Ladder are considered importand when there is not much time until the deadline or the article is meant for the online paper. All journalists find it important that the press release is geographically or emotionally close to the reader and it fills the criteria of news values. Backround information in the press releases is usually considered unnecessary – first hand it should be short and concrete, while the most important information should be placed in the beginning of a release and less important should come towards the end. Journalists definitely use a press release that is well-composed, short and concrete, important to the local reader and fills the criteria of news values. All the journalist said they never use a press release they finf being too much an advert., http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2561500~S1*est

The subject of the present Bachelor thesis is “Representation of Russia as a Topic in Estonian- and Russian-language Version of Postimees in 2010”. The aim of the paper is to explore the main themes that are covered in relations with Russia in the Estonian and Russian-language version of the newspaper Postimees and to identify potential differences in their coverage. This topic is relevant for several reasons. Since the media is one of the main sources of information nowadays, it has an important role in shaping people's attitudes and views of the world. Estonian and Russian-speaking populations of Estonia often follow different media channels, therefore their interpretation of current events might also differ. If these interpretations have very little or nothing at all in common, it might lead to disagreements between the different groups of society in general. For this reason, it is important to explore what are the topics covered in the local Estonian and Russian media outlets, and whether there are differences in reflecting the main issues. The first chapter sets a theoretical framework for the analysis. It focuses on the notion of mediaspace and also on how is Russia represented in the above-mentioned newspapers, taking into consideration the role of international relations in creating that representation. The second chapter gives an overview of the empirical background in the historical development of Estonian-Russian relations, focusing also on recent trends on Russian foreign policy. The third and fourth chapter describe the research questions and selection for the analysis. The present Bachelor thesis is based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the articles in the online version of Estonian and Russian-language Postimees in 2010. The research questions and theoretical framework for the thesis were set in a seminar paper conducted on the same subject in 2009. The fifth and sixth chapters present the results and conclusions about the research, based on the research questions set in chapter three. The Bachelor thesis end with a summary both in Estonian and in English, followed by references and appendix., http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2561512~S1*est

The aim of this research paper is to study how Estonian media constructs one of the political groups in Estonia – the Russian-speaking electorate in Tallinn. For this combined research method, content analysis and critical discourse analysis were used. The theoretical part was based on three different minority theories which are important for explaining different aspects of the construction of the Russian-speaking electorate; the liberal multiculturalism theory which emphasizes the political participation of minorities, Brubaker’s triadic nexus which explains the threat that the Estonians might feel towards Russia and the Russian-speakers in Estonia, and also Smith’s core nation discourse which reflects the political discourse of the elites in the 1990s. The empirical part consists of articles from two daily newspapers – Eesti Päevaleht and Postimees. Two different local election years are compared – 1993 as the first elections after regaining independence, and the most recent elections in 2009. It is important to consider the historical context for both years as well: in 1993 - the recent regaining of independence, still quite tight connections with Russia and yet very recent memories of the Soviet era, large and uneven Russian-speaking population for whom the new situation in the independent state was probably more dramatic than for the Estonians, only emerging political system. As a result of this it was inevitable that a more peaceful and trustworthy atmosphere had not yet emerged, and the Estonians were uncertain about the participation of the Russain-speakers in the power institutions. In the context of 2009 we see a rather different picture with settling political system where the Russian-speaking electorate holds a steady position. This is not always perceived in a positive light because the Russian-speaking electorate supports the Centre Party which holds a non-dominant discourse on the state level, but a dominant position on the local level mainly because of the Russian-speaking voters in Tallinn. One could also see a greater fear of Russia’s interference because of the events of 2007. That is why one could state that the question of trust is still an issue, but in 2009 the contribution of both Estonians and the Russian-speakers is thought to be important. In the construction of the Russian-speaking voters, it appeared that in 1993 there was one dominating discourse in the overall media discourse and a few alternative ones. Smith’s core nation discourse could be seen in the dominant discourse, also Brubaker’s triadic nexus theory. One could argue that Smith’s and Brubaker’ theories are similar in that way that they both assume a feeling of threat from the side of Estonians towards the Russian-speakers. In the dominating discourse the speakers were mainly journalists and politicians. They depicted Russian-speakers as others, opposing them to locals and citizens. After elections people were warned against the Russian-speaking councilors at the city council of Tallinn. It was feared that this would hinder the development of Estonia. Also, the interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Estonia was feared. The articles published during the 2009 elections show a change in the discourse. The most wide-spread discourses were focused on the discussion about the support of the Russian-speaking voters for the Centre Party. These discussions part – on the one hand, Russian-speaking voters are seen negatively because of their support for the Centre Party, and on the other hand, the work of the right-wing parties is criticized and also the negative attitude towards the Russian-speaking voters is criticized for it is probably the reason why Russian-speakers vote for the Centre Party. The Smith’s discourse could be traced here, since it highlights the strife between the the Centre Party and the Reform Party. Because of the Russian-speakers the Centre Party dominates in Tallinn, and to that discourse the media discourse is opposing since it supports the discourse which is dominant on the state level. Besides that one could see the Brubaker’s theory as well, because the size of the Russian population in Tallinn is considerable and influential. That is why the feeling of fear towards the interference of Russia is still present. Still, the need to conclude the Russian-speakers is highlighted in the media discourse, so the liberal multiculturalism theory can be seen there. According to this theory the need to conclude all groups of the society in politics is essential. Another discourse, the minority discourse is introduced by the social scientists and it focuses on the rights of the minorities, also the role of Estonians in the process of integration is pointed out. It is recommended for Estonians to be more open-minded. So one could conclude that the liberal multiculturalism theory can be seen in the media discourse as an academic discourse. Comparing the years 1993 and 2009 the changes have been clear. One thing that has changed is the structure of the speakers – in 1993 politicians and journalists were the main speakers, in 2009 the social scientist have been added, and this has made the media as a public forum more plural, introducing different discourses. The plurality of the issues in 2009 showed that the construction of the Russian-speaking voters has become more complex and the argumentation is better. So, in 1993 the Smith’s core nation discourse dominated in the media discourse next to the Brubaker’s triadic nexus theory. Liberal multiculturalism was not found in the 1993 context. In 2009 one could see references to all three theories. In the light of the victory of the Centre Party in Tallinn Smith’s core nation discourse must be pointed out as well as Brubaker’s theory. To this the liberal multiculturalism theory has been added, existing next to the two other theories. In the argumentation over the political participation of the Russian-speaking electorate, the transfer from Smith’s core nation discourse to the liberal multiculturalism can be seen. In the context of 2009 the issue is argued in broader terms, the political participation of the Russian-speakers is seen apart from the strife in Tallinn as well, bringing liberal multicultural ideas into the media discourse. In the media discourse in 2009 it can be seen that the question of trust is still a topic and that the Russian-speakers have not been completely recognized as Estonians, but the fact that this topic was raised indicates that it is moving to a positive direction., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4054045~S1*est

The Newspaper Setomaa in the Context of General Media Use of the Inhabitants of Mikitamäe In this Bachelor’s thesis, I combined quantitative and qualitative research methods to create a complete picture. My study focused on media consumption preferences among the inhabitants of one of the poorest rural municipalities in Estonia, who still uphold the traditional Seto culture. Another aim of the research, in addition to identification of general media consumption patterns, was to analyse the role of the local newspaper Setomaa, an important carrier of Seto culture, and to analyse somewhat the content of the newspaper. A reader survey indicated that the respondents used, on average, less media than Estonian residents in general. However, they preferred similar channels: the preferred media channels both in Estonia in general and in Setomaa include, above all, television, followed by radio and the Internet, with printed media being the last. Young people are overall the largest media consumers, with eight hours and 10 minutes on average. Middle-aged people spend seven hours and 21 minutes and older people seven hours and 40 minutes on media. Private commercial channels are preferred to public TV and radio channels; Estonian news is the main topic of interest, but many people also read adverts. The respondents were regular readers of local newspapers and considered reports on local life and news as very important, but did not overemphasise it. Nationwide newspaper Postimees came fourth in the ranking of popularity after Setomaa and the rural municipality and county newspapers. The readers are mainly interested in Estonian news and, in case of local newspapers, reports on familiar issues and people. Newspaper Setomaa is the preferred publication for local inhabitants. They have been reading this newspaper for a long time and are generally satisfied with it. It is seen as an important channel for reporting local news and preserving the language. Repetitiveness and lack of reports on local people and local events were mentioned as weaknesses of the newspaper. The readers would like to see more articles about local businesses and social problems, as well as more information for children and young people. The newspaper is constantly changing and developing. The arrival of the new editor-in-chief in the summer of 2006 was followed by relatively major changes for the newspaper. Instead of a monthly newsletter it is now published twice a month and resembles more a traditional newspaper. The circle of authors was expanded and there is greater professionalism in the level of reporting. However, the changes were not radical and the newspaper still emphasises Seto culture and publishes texts on culture and history. The main problem for the newspaper is reduced funding, which leads to a drop in the quality of writers and content. Efforts are underway to find solutions to the problems, e.g., identify additional sources of financing, which would serve as motivation for making a greater contribution to the newspaper. I hope that this thesis provides an overview of the status of the Setomaa newspaper for the inhabitants of a rural municipality and thereby contributes to the development of the newspaper., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4055118~S1*est

The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis was to study, how the advertising messages, necessity emphasis and structure functions have changed in newspaper Postimees after Estonia regained its independence. The year 1992 was selected because first reforms in the society and in journalism were completed after regaining independence and the changes had also evolved advertising. The year 2007 preceded the economic crisis from what we are just emanating. Firstly, the analyis was based on Bachmann’s (2005) conception, in order to find the functions and changes in advertising headlines (main ideas), visual elements and necessity emphasis. Thereafter, it was used Gunther Kress’s and Theo van Leeuwen’s (1996) visual design composition’s signifying system, in order to find advertising elements’ information value, salience and framing categories and how they have changed in 15 years. After analyzing the advertisements from the year 1992 and 2007 it was possible to draw following conclusions of the changes: - In 1992 the main function of the headline was to draw attention, in 2007 the main function was to give information or to direct readers’ attention to the more informative elements. - In 1992 the visual elements had to call attention to the advertisement, whereas in 2007 the visual elements also had to complement the main information or the emotions that were in the advertisement.. - Emphazising practical needs has been replaced by emotional necessities and by the needs for social recognition. - Majority of the analyzed advertisements were stressed horizontally, so that the Ideal information could be Real. The difference between the advertisements in 1992 and 2007 was that in 2007 there were more visual elements and they were located in front- and back plan, but in 1992 there were fewer visual elements and only in front plan. Moreover, it could clearly be concluded that advertising elements’ necessity emphasis have changed together with the consumer society and its’ values. This also has been carried over to advertisements. So the advertising necessity emphasis could have taken these values into account in order to inform and to give a right impact to the readers – in 1992 more practical and in 2007 more emotional information. The purpose of this Bachelor’s thesis, to find changes in the advertisements headlines, visual elements functions and structure differences, was achieved. Moreover, it was possible to recognise that the changes in advertising were connected to the consumer culture and economic development. In order to evaluate the development of the advertisements, the future studies should also analyze advertisements in journals and other print advertisements more thoroughly than it was possible in this research., http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2564592~S1*est

The aim of the Master´s Thesis “14 Estonian local newspapers in 2011” is to give a detailed survey of the local newspapers and to find out to which extent the papers fulfill the role of the community journalism. In order to answer the questions set, the author used the following methods: content analysis to carry out the survey on the content of the local newspapers, qualitative text-analysis for analyzing the editorials and opinion articles, and the questionnaire, in order to find out how the journalists of the local paper understand the role of the local paper. The Master´s Thesis revealed that the dominating topics surveyed in the papers were the adoption of Euro, politics, sport, weather conditions and entertainment. Among other topics discussed in the editorials and columns emerged such subjects as the local development and moral. Remarkably were the similar subjects and topics discussed in Estonian daily papers. A significant difference became evident while carrying out the survey – while the local newspapers discussed the adoption of Euro on a wider scale without setting it into the wider economic-political context, the daily papers had the contrasting tendency i.e. the articles on monetary reforms were mainly concentrating on its wider economic-political importance on analytical basis. The local newspapers published short articles and texts with less analytical and thorough discussion than the daily papers did, and the local newspapers had the tendency to use press releases or quotations from other media issues, without referring to the initial source of the particular information. Both, the daily as well as the local newspapers, mainly issued articles with the basic function of giving information. While the daily papers also had articles with general educating function, the local newspapers printed articles of integrating function. While the dominating amount of the articles published in local papers fitted well into the local dimension, the articles published in the newspapers Eesti Päevaleht and Postimees had the dominating group formed by the articles of primary dimension. It must be mentioned that the local newspapers did not neglect Estonian life on the wider scale by offering topics and events of the national significance and acuteness. The amount of articles published by the editors and correspondents and people outside the staff had the same rate both in daily and local newspapers, whereas the latter had the tendency of using ordinary people not only in the section of the Readers´ Letters but gave them the possibility to be an author in other genres as well. Moreover, while the local newspapers offered the opportunity for any common person to act as the spokesman, the daily papers mainly used experts in that role. The analysis of the news stories revealed the fact that in local papers there exist far less articles of personified topics, signifying the personal experience of a person, than in the daily newspapers. The Master´s Thesis also concludes that according to the journalists of local papers the most important role of the local newspaper is to inform their people on the local events. They also consider significant the task of the local paper to develop and improve the local life, keep the development and inform the reader about the decisions and work of the local government and authorities. They also remark it is important to consider the expectations of the reader and the people of the local community. Besides that they consider the expectations of their colleagues, direct manager, editor and Estonian people. However, there are less those who in compiling the paper consider the expectations of the clerks of the local government and of those ordering advertising., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4056748~S1*est

This study focuses on researching the war between Russia and Georgia and how it was reflected in the British newspaper The Daily telegraph and in the German newspaper Die Welt. The conflict, which started in the night before the 8th of August, when fighting erupted between Georgia and South-Ossetia, quickly escalated to a war between Russia and Georgia. About 800 people lost their lives. Over 100000 people had to leave their homes. The war created lots of problems in the relationships of different states. Questions rose, whether Russia was as harmless as it wanted to show. The relationship between the two superpowers – USA and Russia – got far colder. Considering, that the conflict received a lot of media coverage, and that public opinion was important to both parties – the author of this work allows himself to call the war between Russia and Georgia also a media war. The mass media plays an important role in developing a person´s world image. People greatly depend on the media for finding information about foreigner affairs. A person adjusts his or her opinion to be more in correspondence with the opinion given in the media. The journalist’s role writing about a conflict is rather complicated. Access to the conflict zone is a very important factor, but during war time, media is mostly put under censorship, and the access to these zones is denied. People also trust legit world leaders, if it is an urgent foreigner affair. That is why politics and the opinion of politicians are very important. Using content analysis, the author coded 134 articles from The Daily Telegraph and Die Welt online, which were published on the 8th of August to the 14th of August. Searching answers to the questions, where the information was received in the articles, who was more represented in the articles and what was the reaction of the world leaders to the war, the author tries to answer who´s vision of the war is portrayed more in the media. After the coding and analysis, the author found that Russia was seen more negatively then Georgia. At the same time however, the author cannot say, that one side of the conflict was more favored then the other., http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2568180~S1*est

Väitekiri uurib eesti ajalehtede välimuse muutumist kahe aastasaja jooksul, ilmumise algusest (1806) kuni 2005. aastani. Välimuse alla kuuluvad lehenumbri struktureerimisvõtted, kujundus- ja küljendusvõtted, illustreerimistavad ja kirjakasutus. Eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade eesti ajalehtede välimusest, leida ajalehtede välimuse perioodid ja välimuse muutumise põhjused. Selleks on eelkõige sisuanalüüsi abil uuritud kolme keskse eestikeelse ajalehe välimust viieaastase intervalliga. Statistilised tulemused on esitatud jooniste ja tabelitena, ülevaadet illustreerib arvukalt näiteid ajalehtedest. Eesti ajalehtede välimus liigendub viide suurde perioodi: raamatulik ajaleht (1806–1870. aastad), lineaarne ajaleht (1870.–1910. aastad), hierarhiline ajaleht (1920.–1930. aastad), ideologiseeritud ajaleht (1940.–1980. aastad) ja disainitud ajaleht (1990.–2000. aastad). Neid perioode eristab üksteisest eelkõige ajalehenumbri ja lehekülje ülesehitus, materjali liigendatuse määr ja lehekülgede suurus. Uus välimusperiood algab eesti ajalehtedes alati nelja teguri koosmõjus. Välimuse muutustele eelnevad järsud ühiskondlikud muutused, mis suurendavad või vähendavad ajalehtede mahtu vähemalt 1,5 korda viie aasta jooksul. Muutus majanduslikus konkurentsis ja uudiste kui ajalehe ühe keskse tekstirühma rollis sunnib ajalehti välimust muutma. Ajakirjanike professionaalse rolli muutumine võimaldab välimusmuutused ellu viia. Ühiskondlikest muutustest ja ajalehe mahust suhteliselt sõltumatult muutub ajalehe esteetika: pildilisuse määr, kirjakasutuse stiil ning välimuse lihtsus/kirevus. Seega ei kujune ega muutu ajalehe välimus juhuslikult ega üksnes graafilise disaini ideede mõjul, vaid on mõjutatud erinevatest sotsiaalsetest, majanduslikest, kultuurilistest, ajakirjanduslikest ja tehnoloogilistest muutustest ühiskonnas., This dissertation examines the transformations of the visual form of Estonian newspapers during a 200 year period, 1806–2005. The visual form includes the persisting visible structure of the newspaper, design and layout devices, the typography and ways of illustration. The aim of the thesis is to describe, analyze and periodize the transformations of the visual form of Estonian newspapers, and to disclose the reasons for the changes. The data were collected primarily by content analysis of three main newspapers at five year intervals. The statistical results are presented in Figures and Tables. Numerous examples of newspaper pages appear in the thesis’ overview. The visual form of Estonian newspapers comprises five main periods: the Bookish Newspaper (1806–1870s), the Linear Newspaper (1870s¬–1910s), the Hierarchical Newspaper (1920s–1930s), the Ideologized Newspaper (1940–1980s) and the Designed Newspaper (1990s–2005). The newspapers of each period employ different ways for structuring information and vary the extent of segmentation and the size of the page. The onset of a visual period is always preceded by the interaction of four factors. Rapid social changes cause either an increase or decrease of the average volume of a newspaper issue by at least a factor of 1.5 within five years. Changes in economic competition and changes in the role of the news as a core text-type urge newspapers to transform their visual form. Changes in the professional role of journalists enable them to carry out the visual changes. Changes in the aesthetics of newspapers ¬– degree of visuality, typographic style and either the simplicity or diversity of visual form – occur fairly independently of social changes and the volume of newspapers. The thesis concludes, the visual form of newspapers does not develop or transform solely due to either randomness or the influence of ideas of graphic design but is influenced by social, economic, cultural, journalistic and technological changes in society.

Key words: journalism, person, representation, collective identity, social group, values, Estonia, Finland, Russia My master‟s thesis “Person in Media. Representation of Social Groups Based on the Estonian, Finnish and Russian Daily Newspapers 1905-2009“ deals with dominant social groups and values reflected in the state mainstream media during the 20th century. The master‟s thesis is induced by my historian background and interest to research person in different actions. Person in newspaper is a representation of values and wishes of the community. Building identity in newspapers is also my interest as communication professional. I chose the Finnish and Russian newspapers to compare the results and to expolre the similarities and differences between neighbours who are often shared common history. The theoretical and empirical starting points were as follows: the creation of individualistic and collective identity (Lotman 1999, van Dijk 2005, Valk 2003, Kristeva 1991, Bourdieu 1994), the role of the ideology and the mass media in the constructions of identity (van Dijk 2005, Bourdieu 1994) and the role of values (Inglehart 2005, Schwartz 1992, Hofstede 1991, Kalmus 1999) in the representation of social groups. The chosen research method was the content analysis. We analysed articles from Rahva Hääl, Helsingin Sanomat and Pravda (Table 3.) - the most important dailies of the countries - which represent the mainstream constructions of social reality. The coding schema was tested in a pilot study based on Estonian newspapers in 1945-2005. The problem of coding in different languages we solved with choosing the coders who are fluent in at least two languages – definitely in Estonian and additionally in Finnish or in Russian. Table 3. Analysed dailies and issuing years. Kõuts (2010). Analysing newspaper construction of social reality: a methodological overview of the study Country First analysed year* Titles Daily circulation 2008 Estonia 1906 1906-1940 Päewaleht; 1940-1995 Rahva Hääl; 1995-… Eesti Päevaleht 36 000 Finland 1905 1889-1904 Päivälehti; 1905-… Helsingin Sanomat 440 000 Russia 1917 1917- … Pravda 200 000 As the period is long, we decided to follow the next principles: (Kõuts 2010)  It will be choose for analyse every fourth year, beginning with 1905 (or the founding year of the newspaper);  From every year it will be choose a random month (with the step of two months beginning with June and not included January and December), and first full week of that month – it shows an everyday discourse of the year;  Additionally, from every year it will be choose first and last issue of the year – it is an “anniversary” discourse, where we can find most important topics and events of the year  From selected week it will be choose every issue of the newspaper  It will be not analysed material in short form from the newspaper: short news, announcements, advertisement, commercials, advertorials, photos, weather forecasts, comics, jokes, etc. We analysed 5941 articles from every fourth year, totally of 28 years (appendix 2). Stages of research comprise coding of main actors to construct social groups and dividing them into social groups according to the code characteristics. As an actor we defined an individual social subject who not only says, but who is doing something (for example running, singing, working) in the text. If persons were used in the article not only as sources for information, they were coded as actors. Groups were formed according to membership reference, which was established on the ground of the texts. According to the main actor's name and reference (status) coded groups were drawn together into groups with certain coded features. The analysis of values is based on Schwartz's theory of value systems, comprising ten types of values and the dynamic relationship between them. Conclusions Throughout the century the dominant group is the common person and it is valid both in Estonian and Russian texts. In Russian texts there is politicians also as dominant groups in 1910s, 1920s, 1930s and in 1990s. The analyses of the Finnish texts demonstrate that throughout the century the dominant group is always the same - politicians. The analysis of the values in these three countries reveal differences of dominating values in cross-section of decades. For example, in Estonian texts different decades put forward Universalism (in the 1910s and 1970s), Benevolence (in the 1940s), Achievement (in the 1950s) and Safety (in the 1990s and 2000). In the Finnish texts the domination value throughout the century is Safety. In the Russian texts the dominative values are Power (in the 1910s and the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s), Safety (in the 1940s-1950s, 1980s and 2000) and Achievement (in the 1960s). Individualistic types of value dominate in the Estonian and Russian texts, whereas in the Finnish texts individualistic and collective types of value are in balance., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4037334*est

The Image of Estonia and Estonians in Helsingin Sanomat in 2006 and 2009 The goal of this bachelor’s thesis was to find out what and how was written about Estonia and Estonians in newspaper Helsingin Sanomat in 2006 and 2009. Thesis’ theoretical basis was social space and representation and stereotypes. Social space in this thesis was in the context of what kind of image has been created through one of the most read newspapers in Finland. I wanted to find out what kind of picture will form through HS. The part of representation and stereotypes for example showed the meaning of language and culture for this research. Language made it possible to both read and analyse the articles. The cultural aspect comes from the fact, that the author is familiar both Finnish and Estonian cultures. The relevance of stereotypes in this thesis is how people see some nationalities and countries with a help of certain stereotypes, whether acknowledging that or not. In this case it is done by both the readers of HS, but more or less by the authors of the articles of HS. Review of relationship between Finland and Estonia gave thesis a background. When characterising countries relations it came clear, that the countries have a long shared history in both national and personal level. That helped seeing why this research and its theme could be essential and interesting. The review of Helsingin Sanomat was important because you couldn’t assume, that the newspaper would be known and familiar by all the Estonians. When comparing this thesis to the earlier researches it came clear, that the research done five years ago by Katri Sipilä was similar with this thesis, but there were found some differences too. First difference was in the time period and the second from the fact, that Sipilä concentrated on paper version of HS and this thesis concentrated on the online version. Use of online articles in this thesis turned out to be useful to find various aspects. For example in the year 2006 HS still used same articles in their paper version and online version. Use of the quantitative content analysis turned out to be useful in this thesis. That was the most effective way to analyse such big amount of articles, that existed for this research. Especially the decoding instruction helped a lot while doing the analysis. The author finds that the decoding instruction could have been even more extensive. Maybe through that it could have been possible to find even more accurate and clearer results. At the same time it could have changed the research more unclear. While doing the qualitative content analysis it helped a lot, that the quantitative content analysis had done a lot of needed pre-work. It made the qualitative content analysis and finding the discourses a lot easier. While finding the discourses the most helpful thing among other criteria was, that the articles were already familiar to the author, thanks to the quantitative content analysis. Author already had some kind of overview of the articles, so the research didn’t has to start from zero. There became a preparatory picture of Estonia and Estonians in HS after the quantitative content analysis. Some parts of decoding instruction’s results didn’t directly give much to the research except for basic statistics. It for example came clear, that there are lots of articles in the theme of Estonia and Estonians and the perspective was mostly from the angle of Finland and Finnish people. That was seen for example in spatial context and the subjects of the article. It was also found in the results, that Estonia is close and important to Finland. The results of the discourse analysis gave deepened the image of Estonia and Estonians. The found discourses gave a picture, where it was possible to see the co-operation between Finland and Estonia – in sickness and in health. It was also found that the relationship between the two countries is not without conflicts: bad behaviour of Finnish tourists in Tallinn, Estonian workers in Finland taking the Finnish jobs and the criticism against the neighbour country by both Estonians and Finnish. Those were the problems that were found while doing the analysis. There wasn’t found any big difference between the two years. Although economic crisis and other things effected the results, both years had certain themes similar. The relationship between Finland and Estonia is definitely close and both of the countries has a lot of interest towards the other., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4037717*est

“Newspaper Pealinn 2009–2010” Pealinn is a newspaper which is published in Tallinn and which writes about the actions of the city government and the events of the city. The newspaper was chosen as a subject of the study because it has been accused of being unobjective and biased. Since the local governments are funded from the state budget and a part of the city budget comes from personal income tax, the taxpayers have a right to know where their money goes and to get the best possible service. The subject of the study is the weekly newspaper Pealinn, which was content analysed coding for 16 issues of Pealinn from 2009 and 2010, from which a total of 76 articles were analysed. In addition to that, the study also concentrated on the accusations towards Pealinn, and, in general, introduced Tallinn’s city media, the newspapers, and TV and radio shows of the city districts; their costs, and the city’s decisions in relation to the city media. The study questions focused on the attitude of Pealinn towards the city and the state, and on who got the most article space in the paper. The study also analysed the degree of critical attitude of the newspaper towards the city government, and the amount of changes made in the paper after the signing of the new coalition agreement. According to the results, 70 of the 76 articles showed negative attitudes towards the state and 45 positive towards the city. As Pealinn was not critical towards the city, it can be presumed that the publication does not serve the public interest; the results also showed that there is no place for public debate in the paper – the majority of the article space was given to the representatives of the political party who has a majority in the city council. Thus, the newspaper Pealinn can be defined as being in between a public relations publication and a newspaper. Even when the coalition agreement was signed, the average number of articles criticising the state and praising the city remained the same. Keywords: local newspaper, PR publication, party press, unobjectiveness, bias, content analysis, Tallinna TV, newspaper Pealinn., http://www.ester.ee/record=b4037515~S1*est