1,170 results on '"agriculture durable"'
Search Results
2. Soberanía energética, agricultura sostenible y cambio climático en Cuba: entre políticas públicas y proyectos de la sociedad civil desde 1959 hasta la etapa pandémica.
- Author
-
MOREJÓN RAMOS, ANISLEY
- Subjects
GLOBAL environmental change ,CIVIL society ,SUSTAINABILITY ,SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,CLIMATE change ,ENVIRONMENTAL justice ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Evidence of agroecology's contribution to mitigation, adaptation, and resilience under climate variability and change in Latin America
- Author
-
Quintero, Carolina, Arce, Alejandra, Andrieu, Nadine, Quintero, Carolina, Arce, Alejandra, and Andrieu, Nadine
- Abstract
Agroecology is highly promoted in research and development discourse as a holistic and effective response to climate change. The objective of this study is to contribute to the analysis of the existing evidence that agroecology enables climate change (CC) adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural systems of Latin America, a region known for pioneering the development of this science, praxis, and movement. We applied the PRISMA method to analyze the existing literature providing such evidence. Stakeholder interviews were used to obtain in-depth perceptions of agroecology's contributions to CC adaptation and mitigation from a wide range of actors and development practitioners based in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru: farmers, NGO representatives, researchers, university program leaders, and public officials. From a total of 1821 initially identified articles, 62 were screened, and 24 case studies analyzed for methods and evidence provided. Twenty-six stakeholders were interviewed. Combining quantitative and qualitative assessment methods, the scientific literature shows that agroecological systems are appreciated for addressing resilience in a systemic way hence not just climate change per se. Mitigation was generally assess by quantitative approaches. Integrating stakeholders' discourse to our analysis highlighted their knowledge of underlying processes contributing to farm CC resilience, where crop and animal diversification and integration of trees into farming systems are central. Stakeholders attributed agroforestry and less use of synthetic fertilizers as important roles for mitigation. Our study highlights the pertinence of combining systematic analyses of the evidence and perceptions drawn from a plurality of stakeholders to recognize the positive contribution of agroecology to climate change adaptation and resilience. However, it also pointed to future research that further assesses the specific trade-offs and synergies between agroecological practices, mitig
- Published
- 2024
4. Collective action, replanting and resilience; Key lessons from 40 years of smallholder oil palm cultivation in the Ophir plantation, Indonesia
- Author
-
Jelsma, Idsert, Turinah, Turinah, Gay, Frédéric, Ollivier, Jean, Rapidel, Bruno, Jelsma, Idsert, Turinah, Turinah, Gay, Frédéric, Ollivier, Jean, and Rapidel, Bruno
- Abstract
CONTEXT: Oil palm smallholders often have difficulty implementing good agricultural practices and replanting, and tend to obtain low yields compared to corporate plantations. A frequent strategy to improve the sustainability of smallholder production systems is sustainable intensification, aimed at increasing land productivity and farmers' incomes. To facilitate sustainable intensification, many leading public and private sustainability initiatives require farmers to join farmer organisations as a precondition for certification and assistance, with the objective of achieving advantages of scale. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to analyse the resilience of farmer organisations in the Ophir plantation when faced with replanting. We do so by linking actors, situations, and contexts relevant to collective action in five farmer cooperatives in Ophir over a 40-year period. Our aim is to offer unique insights into the enduring dynamics that influence the resilience of farmer organisations, shed light on smallholder oil palm replanting strategies, and draw several key lessons from this case. METHODS: Our findings are based on field visits by the lead author before, during and after replanting. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to enable a holistic overview. During visits, 110 interviews with relevant stakeholders were recorded, project reports were collected, as were data on yields, costs, and other information on the functioning of the farming system. Analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery of the Ophir plantation and plantation inspections allowed us to further quantify replanting methods and replanting progress. A combined IAD-SES-NAS framework was used to structure findings and link variables, key events and context. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that farmer organisations can facilitate sustainable intensification in smallholder systems, but the resilience of farmer organisations proved diverse during replanting. Thus, f
- Published
- 2024
5. Refining the summer school concept for education in sustainable agriculture and the environment
- Author
-
Rival, Alain, Lesueur, Christophe, Thammachote, Pasakorn, Saeyang, Rungrat, Sukkum, Rosawadee, Chalil, Diana, Setyarso, Agus, Dufour, Magali, Pillot, Didier, Rival, Alain, Lesueur, Christophe, Thammachote, Pasakorn, Saeyang, Rungrat, Sukkum, Rosawadee, Chalil, Diana, Setyarso, Agus, Dufour, Magali, and Pillot, Didier
- Abstract
Agricultural activities are a major contributor to prosperity and a key player in the maintenance of productive and resilient landscapes. However, ageing farmers, yields gaps and climate change are hampering the development of agriculture, and Southeast Asia is no exception to this trend. In this worrying context, the revitalisation of the sector through agricultural education is a key issue: academic curricula in Agriculture and Environmental Sciences must regain their attractiveness among students and their capacity to meet the present and future needs of agricultural chains. Gathering a group of universities in the region, we explored several ways of diversifying the existing academic curricula through the design of original tools aimed at reconnecting scholars with field-based approaches to agricultural challenges and concepts. The aim of the TALENT programme (TrAining on LandscapE maNagemenT) is to raise awareness among the present and future sustainability managers in charge of making informed decisions concerning tree-crop plantations, and of developing relevant policies on sustainable development issues. Here, we propose a renovated approach to analyse the landscape, assess ongoing agricultural practices, generate a simplified agrarian diagnostic tool and finally assess the sustainability of current agricultural practices.
- Published
- 2024
6. Shade tree trait diversity and functions in agroforestry systems: A review of which traits matter
- Author
-
Isaac, Marney E., Gagliardi, Stephanie, Ordoñez, J. C., Sauvadet, Marie, Isaac, Marney E., Gagliardi, Stephanie, Ordoñez, J. C., and Sauvadet, Marie
- Abstract
Shade trees in agroforestry systems confer ecosystem services, such as enhanced soil fertility from diverse litter inputs, microclimate regulation via shade, and disease mitigation through trophic and abiotic interactions. With this thriving role of agroforestry in sustainable agriculture, particularly for tree crops, systematic and reliable methods to select shade trees for specific agroecosystem outcomes are crucial. Plant functional traits offer a framework to describe, select and manage shade trees. Over the last decade, shade tree leaf functional traits and whole plant traits have been assessed in agroforestry systems. Yet, we lack amalgamated information on (i) what we know about shade tree trait relationships with functions to achieve desired agroecosystem outcomes, (ii) how decades of shade tree selection by farmers impacts agroforests inter- and intraspecific trait diversity, and (iii) which shade tree traits should be considered for achieving farmer priorities. We consolidate literature on Coffea arabica (coffee) and Theobroma cacao (cocoa) agroforestry systems to summarize the role of shade tree functional traits in three key ecosystem functions: soil fertility, microclimate modification and crop productivity. We compile global and regional datasets on tree functional trait diversity to show the functional space of agroforestry tree species compared with the overall functional space observed in plants. Despite, or maybe because of, high shade tree diversity, shade tree trait characterization remains coarse and commonly measured at the community scale in the literature. Based on published trait data, we show that farmers adjust the functional composition of shade trees to increase the recycling of soil nutrients (high leaf nitrogen), the production of wood (skewing towards lower wood densities) and the production of fruits (tendency towards high seed size). Common shade trees in coffee and cocoa systems fall in the mid-range of leaf acquisitive to conserva
- Published
- 2024
7. Chorematic modeling to represent dynamics in the quinoa agroecosystems in Peru
- Author
-
Fagandini Ruiz, Francesca, Villanueva, Antonio, Bazile, Didier, Fagandini Ruiz, Francesca, Villanueva, Antonio, and Bazile, Didier
- Abstract
Our research occurred in the Andean region, one of the eight global centers of domestication of plant species grown for agriculture. The shores of Lake Titicaca (located between Peru and Bolivia), at 3800 meters above sea level, are recognized as the center of origin of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). In this region, complex societies have emerged, thanks to the development of water and soil management technologies. They have managed to overcome high mountain territories' extreme and variable climatic conditions. These societies have traditionally protected and preserved quinoa as food for present and future generations through their long-standing knowledge and cultivation practices. The fieldwork occurred in the context of Andean family farming, and our study analyzes nature-society dynamics with a chorematic approach and interviews with local communities. The interest of this work is the transformation of the landscape at the scale of the mountain agroecosystem to understand better the impacts of rural development policies. Chorematic modeling was applied to two periods, before and after 1970, a pivotal year in Peru for agriculture, to show how socio-spatial dynamics in the Andean environment are changing, particularly concerning the evolution of quinoa cultivation. The results show that wild quinoa relatives' distribution is strongly linked to the socio-spatial organization of the agroecosystem. Different species of wild quinoa relatives are maintained by villagers for their multiple foods, medicinal and cultural uses in natural areas, grazed areas, on edge, and also within cultivated fields. However, this management is changing under the pressure of global issues related to the international quinoa market, whose requirements imply reducing the presence of wild relatives in cultivated fields.
- Published
- 2024
8. Assessment of the sustainability of small dairy farms in the North of Tunisia.
- Author
-
Attia, Khaoula, Darej, Cyrine, M’Hamdi, Naceur, Zahm, Frédéric, and Moujahed, Nizar
- Subjects
SUSTAINABILITY ,DAIRY farms ,SMALL farms ,DAIRY farming ,SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,ANIMAL products - Abstract
Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Interactive effects between cover crop management and the environment modulate benefits to cash crop yields: a meta-analysis.
- Author
-
Bourgeois, Bérenger, Charles, Anaïs, Van Eerd, Laura L., Tremblay, Nicolas, Lynch, Derek, Bourgeois, Gaétan, Bastien, Maxime, Bélanger, Valérie, Landry, Christine, and Vanasse, Anne
- Subjects
CASH crops ,CROP management ,SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,CROP yields ,COVER crops ,CATCH crops - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Agriculturally Important Microorganisms : Mechanisms and Applications for Sustainable Agriculture
- Author
-
Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra, Suraja Kumar Nayak, Avishek Pahari, Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra, Suraja Kumar Nayak, and Avishek Pahari
- Subjects
- Agricultural microbiology, Sustainable agriculture, Microbiologie agricole, Agriculture durable, TECHNOLOGY--Agriculture--Sustainable Agricultu, SCIENCE--Life Sciences--Biology--Microbiolog
- Abstract
The book encompasses different Agriculturally Important microorganisms (AIMs), mechanisms of action and modes of application for sustainable agriculture. The potential of microbes in nitrogen fixation, solubilizing nutrients like phosphorous, Potassium, tolerance to etc. are the major strength of the book. There is relatively a new frontier, use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR)in enhancing crop productivity. These microbes inhabit at the rhizospheric region of the root and facilitate plant growth through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. These PGP have been identified to solubilize phosphate, Potassium, Zinc, produce siderophore, IAA, Hydrogencyanide, fix ammonia and many more. Today, such microbes are extensively studied not only as a biofertilizer or fortification of nutrient to the plant, but also a potential agent to decrease application of chemical fertilizer and other agrochemicals. The book also gives an insight to this aspect also. Last but not the least,a light has been thrown on use and application of nano-biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture.Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This title is co-published with NIPA.
- Published
- 2021
11. Food for All : International Organizations and the Transformation of Agriculture
- Author
-
Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin, Sambuddha Goswami, Uma Lele, Manmohan Agarwal, Brian C. Baldwin, and Sambuddha Goswami
- Subjects
- Agricultural assistance, Agriculture--International cooperation, Agricultural innovations, Sustainable agriculture, Food supply, Agriculture--Technology transfer, Assistance agricole, Agriculture--Coope´ration internationale, Agriculture--Innovations, Agriculture durable
- Abstract
Many developing countries are falling behind sustainable development goals: food and nutrition levels have deteriorated due to conflict, climate change, and the Covid pandemic, while global ambitions for achieving sustainable food security and adequate nutrition have increased. But what are the prospects of achieving sustainable, healthy food for all? What is the best response to concerns about growing differentiation among developing countries in terms of domestic agricultural and industrial performance? How have global institutions, established during the post-World War Two period, helped developing countries to deal with the past economic fallout of food, fuel, and financial crises? Food for All explores how developments since these organizations were established have led to changes in the provision of international financial and technical assistance in support of the global food and agriculture system and how developing countries'own efforts have helped transform them These developments, and the increase in the number of global actors, have expanded and complicated global governance, presenting both opportunities for as well as challenges to the improvement of food systems. This volume provides an analysis of the structure, coordination, and management of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the World Food Programme (WFP). It also looks at the World Bank, the largest international funder of policy advice and investment projects, and CGIAR, a leading funder of international agricultural research. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.
- Published
- 2021
12. Biocontrol Agents and Secondary Metabolites : Applications and Immunization for Plant Growth and Protection
- Author
-
Sudisha Jogaiah and Sudisha Jogaiah
- Subjects
- Biological pest control agents, Metabolites, Sustainable agriculture, Me´tabolites, Agriculture durable
- Abstract
Biocontrol and Secondary Metabolites: Applications and Immunization for Plant Growth and Protection covers established and updated research on emerging trends in plant defense signaling in, and during, stress phases. Other topics cover growth at interface as a sustainable way of life and the context of human welfare and conservation of fungi as a group of organisms. Further, the book explores induced systemic resistance using biocontrol agents and/or secondary metabolites as a milestone for sustainable agricultural production, thus providing opportunities for the minimization or elimination of the use of fungicides. Presents an overview on mechanisms by which plants protect themselves against herbivory and pathogenic microbes Identifies the use of immunization as a popular and effective alternative to chemical pesticides Explores how these fungi help crop plants in better uptake of soil nutrients, increase soil fertility, produce growth promoting substances, and secrete metabolites that act as bio-pesticides
- Published
- 2020
13. Oil palm cultivation in the Americas: review of the social, economic and environmental conditions of its expansion.
- Author
-
Lesage, Colombine, Cifuentes-Espinosa, Jaime, and Feintrenie, Laurène
- Subjects
- *
OIL palm , *PALM oil industry , *AGRICULTURAL contracts , *PETROLEUM industry , *VALUE chains , *SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
In the Americas, the palm oil sector has been gaining importance in the last 20 years. Although in 2018 the region only accounted for 7.1% of global palm oil production, it is one of the largest suitable areas for oil palm cultivation. We conducted a literature review on how the sector developed and how its development influenced private and public actors in their choice among three categories of arrangements between oil palm growers and palm oil extraction units. We grouped cases reported in the literature in three categories: corporate models, contract farming, and growers' organizations. The two latter categories emerged in response to the call for better inclusion of growers in the value chain, for local development, and for sustainable production; they now represent almost 30% of production in the region. All the parties involved are pushing for more sustainable production. National governments intend to regulate production, and private companies are engaging in certification and fair partnerships with producers of fruit bunches. However, there are still many negative impacts on the environment, on local populations, and on biodiversity. Thus, although the Americas appear to be on the way to being leaders of sustainability in the palm oil sector, challenges remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Quelles implications possibles du monde agricole dans la compensation écologique ? Vers des approches territoriales
- Author
-
VAISSIÈRE, Anne-Charlotte, QUÉTIER, Fabien, and CALVET, Coralie
- Subjects
sequence erc ,compensation ecologique ,amenagement du territoire ,biodiversite ,pratique des agriculteurs ,agriculture durable ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Création de haies, réouverture de landes embroussaillées par pâturage extensif, conversion de cultures en prairies permanentes… les agriculteurs peuvent être des acteurs de la compensation écologique. Les auteurs de cet article font le point sur les freins rencontrés par les exploitants agricoles pour accéder au statut d’opérateur de compensation et les solutions possibles. Ils proposent une autre perspective qui envisage le rôle transitoire, à l’échelle territoriale, que pourraient jouer les compensations écologique et agricole collective pour accompagner la transition agro-écologique.
- Published
- 2020
15. Évaluation de la durabilité des exploitations maraîchères au Sud-Kivu (Est de la République Démocratique du Congo).
- Author
-
Ndjadi, Serge S., Ahoton, Léonard E., Kizungu, Roger V., Saidou, Aliou, Mugumaarhahama, Yannick, Mushagalusa, Arsène C., Safina, Francine B., and Mushagalusa, Gustave N.
- Subjects
- *
VEGETABLE farming , *SMALL farms , *SUSTAINABLE agriculture , *FARMERS' markets , *FARMS , *AGRICULTURAL intensification , *SUSTAINABILITY , *TERRITORIAL waters - Abstract
Market gardening is currently a sector in which certain modern agricultural practices such as pure cropping and use of pesticides are developing, but are more and more questioned. The sustainability of such practices has not yet been evaluated in the highland regions of South- Kivu in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. To fill this gap, the sustainability of 368 randomly selected and stratified vegetable farms was assessed using the “Indicator of Sustainability of Vegetable Production” tool. Three types of farms were identified: 44% are large farms, 52% are medium farms and 5% are small farms. It was found that the small farms scored 60%, 53% and 57%, respectively on the three dimensions of sustainability: agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic. On these three dimensions, large farm scores did not exceed 50%. These results show that the larger farms, oriented toward modernization, are less sustainable. In order to sustain market gardening in South-Kivu, it appears necessary to promote ecological intensification, integrated diversification and use of local inputs for all farm types, and especially for the large ones, engaged in intensive but not sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Intégration agriculture-élevage dans un contexte d’accès limité aux intrants de synthèse en milieu tropical de moyenne altitude
- Author
-
Elias Romélio Rasambatra, Patrice Autfray, Eric Vall, Eliel González-Garciá, Jean-Michel Mortillaro, Jean de Neupomuscène Rakotozandriny, and Paulo Salgado
- Subjects
bovin ,polyculture élevage ,rendement des cultures ,agriculture durable ,ressource alimentaire pour animaux ,typologie ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Dans le Moyen-Ouest de la région de Vakinankaratra à Madagascar, les exploitations agricoles ont des besoins croissants en fertilisants et en fourrages, et dans le même temps de sérieuses difficultés économiques d’accès aux engrais minéraux et aux aliments de bétail. Cette étude a montré comment l’intégration agriculture-élevage (IAE) a permis de pallier en partie la difficulté d’accès aux intrants agricoles industriels et de contribuer à l’intensification agricole. Des enquêtes auprès de 20 exploitations agricoles ont été menées. A l’aide d’analyses en composantes principales et d’une classification sur la base de treize variables, trois structurelles (superficie cultivée, nombre de bovins, nombre de mains-d’oeuvre familiales) et dix fonctionnelles (production de fumure organique, achat de fumure organique, achat de fertilisants minéraux, épandage de fumure organique, rendement en riz pluvial, rendement en maïs, disponibilité de résidus de cultures, valorisation de résidus de cultures, complémentation de l’alimentation des bovins, durée de pâturage), cinq types d’exploitations ont été caractérisés : un type de petites exploitations avec un niveau d’IAE fort, deux types d’exploitations de taille moyenne avec un niveau d’IAE moyen et faible, et deux types de grandes exploitations avec un niveau d’IAE moyen et faible. La complémentation de l’alimentation des bovins, le nombre de bovins et la durée de pâturage ont le mieux discriminé les exploitations. Les besoins alimentaires énergétiques et protéiques des bovins étaient couverts à l’échelle de l’année pour toutes les exploitations. Les exportations d’azote par les cultures étaient compensées par les apports dans les exploitations au plus fort niveau d’IAE. En conclusion, dans ce contexte d’accès très limité aux intrants industriels, les producteurs se sont tournés vers des stratégies d’IAE, d’une part, pour allouer la fumure organique produite sur les cultures exigeantes (riz et maïs) et, d’autre part, pour couvrir les besoins alimentaires des animaux.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Challenges facing the cotton sector worldwide and in Africa
- Author
-
Bachelier, Bruno, Giband, Marc, Kranthi, Keshav R., Bachelier, Bruno, Giband, Marc, and Kranthi, Keshav R.
- Abstract
To prepare the roadmap for its ten-year research on the cotton sector, CIRAD worked with a number of stakeholders to identify the main challenges facing the sector in the coming years, both globally and in Africa in particular. This document presents the 35 challenges identified, grouped into 7 macro-challenges. Several of these challenges are global in scope, and international collaboration is needed to address them.
- Published
- 2023
18. Climate-smart breeding of cotton: Enhancing resilience in the face of climate change
- Author
-
Giband, Marc, Kranthi, Keshav R., Giband, Marc, and Kranthi, Keshav R.
- Published
- 2023
19. From local initiatives to coalitions for an effective agroecology strategy: Lessons from South Africa
- Author
-
Greenberg, Stephen, Drimie, Scott, Losch, Bruno, May, Julian, Greenberg, Stephen, Drimie, Scott, Losch, Bruno, and May, Julian
- Abstract
Agroecological food system transformation remains marginal in South Africa despite numerous policies, plans and programmes favouring sustainable agriculture. Problems of weak budgets, fragmented interventions and lack of coordination reflect the power dynamics in the prevailing food system, dominated by large-scale conventional agriculture and agribusiness. The paper provides an in-depth case study of the importance of promoting agroecological transitions. Following a qualitative research methodology based on a literature review for context, preparatory discussions with local contact points, and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with local actors in the field, the paper describes, analyses and characterises the agroecological transitions in the Overberg District in the Western Cape. It considers the broader policy, discursive and organisational landscape of agroecology followed by an in-depth analysis of the site drawing on key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The results demonstrate that local stakeholders are positioned to better connect food and nutrition issues with human health, biodiversity, climate change, natural resource management, and local development. As a result, transformative dynamics could emerge from local projects and programmes. Several lessons and recommendations are drawn to contribute to the policy debate. These highlight the potential of multi-actor coalitions which can develop from specific agroecological initiatives and activate positive dynamics, bringing in multiple interventions of municipalities.
- Published
- 2023
20. Do cocoa certification schemes improve producers' performance ? Evidence from Centre Region Cameroon
- Author
-
Talla Sadeu, Michael Brice, Mathe, Syndhia, Minkoua Nzie, Jules René, Talla Sadeu, Michael Brice, Mathe, Syndhia, and Minkoua Nzie, Jules René
- Abstract
In agricultural value chains, in particular cocoa, environmental, and social standards are becoming increasingly important in meeting sustainability challenges. The main aim of this article is to examine the role of certification primarily on the yields and incomes of cocoa farmers in the Central Cameroon region. From June to July 2017, a survey of certified and non-certified cocoa producers was conducted in the districts of Ngoumou and Mbangassina. At the end of the survey, a total sample of 114 certified and non-certified producers was obtained. Using the cost-benefit analysis, in this preliminary phase of the certification process, the results show that there is no significant difference in costs between certified and non-certified producers for each of the districts. There is also no price difference between certified and non-certified cocoa and the payment of the certification premium is not systematically distributed. However, the profit analysis shows on average significantly higher yields and profits for certified producers. Nevertheless, this increase in profits would mainly be due to the implementation of good agricultural practices rather than the certification itself. Additionally, the exploration of on farm income shows that cocoa-based households remain on average below the poverty line. One of the long-term challenges for the cocoa sector in Cameroon is to combine the government's objective of increasing production with that of improving quality. To this end, the advantages of the predominantly agroforestry systems present in Cameroon should be exploited to produce a critical mass of quality and sustainable cocoa that would allow a significant increase in producer prices.
- Published
- 2023
21. Crop‑livestock synergies and by‑products recycling: Major factors for agroecology in West African agro‑sylvo‑pastoral systems
- Author
-
Vall, Eric, Orounladji, Boko Michel, Berre, David, Assouma, Mohamed Habibou, Dabire, Der, Sanogo, Souleymane, Sib, Ollo, Vall, Eric, Orounladji, Boko Michel, Berre, David, Assouma, Mohamed Habibou, Dabire, Der, Sanogo, Souleymane, and Sib, Ollo
- Abstract
In Western Africa, agro-sylvo-pastoral systems are dominant and food demand is booming. To meet this demand, many farmers intensify the production with industrial inputs (mineral fertilizers, feeds, pesticides, herbicides). However, the price of these inputs is rocketing. To face this issue, some farmers reconsider crops, livestock, and tree synergies and by-product recycling to increase their production sustainably at a lower cost. The study aimed to characterize the diversity of Koumbia's farming systems and to assess farming systems' technical performance in an agroecological perspective. We surveyed 391 farms in the county of Koumbia (Burkina Faso). Considering 15 agricultural practices (4 on by-products recycling, 4 on soil protection, 4 on industrial inputs limitation, 2 on smart use of natural resources, and 1 on cropping diversification), a multivariate analysis (PCA+HAC) combined to an agroecology (Ae) scoring system (−15 to +15) based on 15 specific indicators (one/practice), we highlighted 3 agroecological farming systems clusters. These clusters are distributed along a gradient of agroecology intensity (Ae+: high degree of Ae, Ae+/−: medium degree, and Ae−: poor degree). Ae+ farms (Ae score: +3.0) group 17% of the farms, Ae+/− (Ae score: −4.5) group 58% of the farms, and Ae− (Ae score: −10.5) group 25% of the farms. Ae+ raise more livestock and recycle a higher rate of crop-livestock by-products in fodder, organic manure, and mulch. These recycling practices are facilitated by better levels of equipment for transportation and storage and soil water and crop residue conservation measures, including maintenance of the wooded park on the cultivated fields. This set of practices, which close better the agricultural system, produces a systemic effect which has a positive impact on yields and on the whole ecosystem. Our findings outline for the first time that crop-livestock synergies and by-product recycling are major factors of agroecological transition in a
- Published
- 2023
22. Femmes et agriculture durable en Côte d’Ivoire : enjeux et perspectives / Women and Sustainable agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire : Stakes and Perspectives
- Author
-
Fall, Marie, Hien Ouattara, Victorine, Dali, Chantale, Fall, Marie, Hien Ouattara, Victorine, and Dali, Chantale
- Abstract
Cet article présente les enjeux du renforcement des capacités des femmes et les perspectives pour assurer une agriculture durable en Côte d’Ivoire. Les principales données de la revue de littérature que nous avons réalisées montrent qu’en Côte d’Ivoire, les femmes sont parties prenantes des stratégies mises en oeuvre pour une agriculture durable. Plusieurs actions contribuent à impulser une nouvelle ère d’autonomisation des femmes en milieu rural ivoirien ; notamment, la gestion des conflits fonciers, l’égalité homme-femme pour l’acquisition de parcelles et le renforcement des capacités des femmes. Dans cet ensemble d’actions, la culture hors-sol vient se positionner comme une réelle opportunité pour les femmes de révolutionner l’agriculture durable en Côte d’Ivoire. ***** This article presents the challenges of women’s capacity building and the prospects for ensuring sustainable agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire. The main data from the conducted literature review show that in Côte d'Ivoire, women are stakeholders in the strategies implemented for sustainable agriculture. A number of actions are helping to spur a new era of women’s empowerment in rural Côte d'Ivoire, including land conflict management, gender equality for land acquisition and women’s capacity building. In this set of actions, aboveground farming is positioning itself as a real opportunity for women to revolutionize sustainable agriculture in Côte d'Ivoire.
- Published
- 2023
23. Advancing breeding for climate-resilient yam production in Côte d'Ivoire
- Author
-
Kouakou, Amani Michel, Chaïr, Hanâ, Dibi, Konan Evrard Brice, Dossa, Komivi, Arnau, Gemma, Ehounou, Adou Emmanuel, Cornet, Denis, Kouakou, Amani Michel, Chaïr, Hanâ, Dibi, Konan Evrard Brice, Dossa, Komivi, Arnau, Gemma, Ehounou, Adou Emmanuel, and Cornet, Denis
- Abstract
Societal Impact Statement Yam plays an important role in ensuring food security in Côte d'Ivoire, serving as a staple crop for 60% of the population and a significant source of income. It holds deep cultural significance for the Akan and Gour ethnic groups. Preserving yam production is essential for both food security and the preservation of cultural heritage. However, productivity is decreasing while demand is expected to double in the next 30 years. Soil degradation and climate change are major threats to yam production. This article contextualizes the main factors threatening yam production (i.e., soil degradation and climate change) and discusses the consequences and ways to mitigate them. Summary The anticipated twofold increase in Côte d'Ivoire's population within the next three decades poses a significant challenge for agricultural research to sustain food security. Despite being an under-researched and often neglected crop, yam remains the primary staple food and a crucial source of income in the country. With an annual estimated market value of over 2000 billion CFA francs, yam ranks among the top five most economically valuable crops in Côte d'Ivoire. For the past 15 years, yam production has experienced a decline in productivity, which has been compensated for by expanding the cropped area. Unfortunately, this approach exacerbates the risk of deforestation and soil degradation. Additionally, the impact of climate change on yam production, coupled with a lack of financial resources to address it, has rendered this unsustainable mode of production even more precarious. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of climate change on yam production in Côte d'Ivoire. We investigated the reasons for the productivity decline and described the risks on food security. Furthermore, we explained how varietal innovation of Dioscorea alata could play a critical role in mitigating these effects and outlined related research avenues that need to
- Published
- 2023
24. Making decisions about agroecological innovations: perspectives from members of farmers' organizations in Burkina Faso
- Author
-
Iyabano, Aboubakar, Leeuwis, Cees, Lie, Rico, Toillier, Aurélie, Waters-Bayer, Ann, Iyabano, Aboubakar, Leeuwis, Cees, Lie, Rico, Toillier, Aurélie, and Waters-Bayer, Ann
- Abstract
There is a growing promotion of agroecological techniques in many Sub-Saharan African countries as a response to the current climatic variability challenges. In the case of Burkina Faso, a number of studies have mentioned the role of Farmers' Organizations (FOs) in the promotion of agroecological techniques. Although previous studies have highlighted the role of FOs in agroecology, more detailed studies on the effectiveness of their intermediation activities and especially those focusing on the way the FOs influence farmers' agroecological innovations decisions are still scarce. This study addresses this gap by providing the answer to the question of what drives farmers' decisions to implement agroecological innovations and how their FOs influence these decisions. The results show that the implementation of agroecological innovations varies, with some farmers using many and others few of the innovations promoted by their respective FOs. Farmers' implementation of these innovations is largely influenced by the actions of their FOs on at least one of the three drivers of individual motivation or innovation behavior (Vroom 1964): instrumentality, valence, and expectancy. Finally, the study calls for policy actors to increase funding support to FOs for widening their continuous provision of agroecology development activities.
- Published
- 2023
25. Modeling soil-plant functioning of intercrops using comprehensive and generic formalisms implemented in the STICS model
- Author
-
Vezy, Rémi, Munz, Sebastian, Gaudio, Noemie, Launay, Marie, Lecharpentier, Patrice, Ripoche, Dominique, Justes, Eric, Vezy, Rémi, Munz, Sebastian, Gaudio, Noemie, Launay, Marie, Lecharpentier, Patrice, Ripoche, Dominique, and Justes, Eric
- Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable agriculture is raising interest in intercropping for its multiple potential benefits to avoid or limit the use of chemical inputs or increase the production per surface unit. Predicting the existence and magnitude of those benefits remains a challenge given the numerous interactions between interspecific plant-plant relationships, their environment, and the agricultural practices. Soil-crop models are critical in understanding these interactions in dynamics during the whole growing season, but few models are capable of accurately simulating intercropping systems. In this study, we propose a set of simple and generic formalisms (i.e. the structure and mathematical representation necessary for designing a model) for simulating key interactions in bi-specific intercropping systems that can be readily included into existing dynamic crop models. This requires simulating important processes such as development, light interception, plant growth, N and water balance, and yield formation in response to management practices, soil conditions, and climate. These formalisms were integrated into the STICS soil-crop model and evaluated using observed data of intercropping systems of cereal and legumes mixtures, including Faba bean-Wheat, Pea-Barley, Soybean-Sunflower, and Wheat-Pea mixtures. We demonstrate that the proposed formalisms provide a comprehensive simulation of soil-plant interactions in various types of bispecific intercrops. The model was found consistent and generic under a range of spring and winter intercrops (nRMSE = 25% for maximum leaf area index, 23% for shoot biomass at harvest, and 18% for grain yield). This is the first time a complete set of formalisms has been developed and published for simulating bi-specific intercropping systems and integrated into a soil-crop model. With its emphasis on being generic, sufficiently accurate, simple, and easy to parameterize, STICS is well-suited to help researchers designing in silico
- Published
- 2023
26. The input reduction principle of agroecology is wrong when it comes to mineral fertilizer use in sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
-
Falconnier, Gatien, Cardinael, Rémi, Corbeels, Marc, Baudron, Frédéric, Chivenge, Pauline, Couedel, Antoine, Ripoche, Aude, Affholder, François, Naudin, Krishna, Benaillon, Emilie, Rusinamhodzi, Léonard, Leroux, Louise, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Giller, Ken E., Falconnier, Gatien, Cardinael, Rémi, Corbeels, Marc, Baudron, Frédéric, Chivenge, Pauline, Couedel, Antoine, Ripoche, Aude, Affholder, François, Naudin, Krishna, Benaillon, Emilie, Rusinamhodzi, Léonard, Leroux, Louise, Vanlauwe, Bernard, and Giller, Ken E.
- Abstract
Can farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) boost crop yields and improve food availability without using more mineral fertilizer? This question has been at the center of lively debates among the civil society, policy-makers, and in academic editorials. Proponents of the “yes” answer have put forward the “input reduction” principle of agroecology, i.e. by relying on agrobiodiversity, recycling and better efficiency, agroecological practices such as the use of legumes and manure can increase crop productivity without the need for more mineral fertilizer. We reviewed decades of scientific literature on nutrient balances in SSA, biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes, manure production and use in smallholder farming systems, and the environmental impact of mineral fertilizer. Our analyses show that more mineral fertilizer is needed in SSA for five reasons: (i) the starting point in SSA is that agricultural production is “agroecological” by default, that is, very low mineral fertilizer use, widespread mixed crop-livestock systems and large crop diversity including legumes, but leading to poor soil fertility as a result of widespread soil nutrient mining, (ii) the nitrogen needs of crops cannot be adequately met solely through biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and recycling of animal manure, (iii) other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium need to be replaced continuously, (iv) mineral fertilizers, if used appropriately, cause little harm to the environment, and (v) reducing the use of mineral fertilizers would hamper productivity gains and contribute indirectly to agricultural expansion and to deforestation. Yet, the agroecological principles directly related to soil fertility—recycling, efficiency, diversity—remain key in improving soil health and nutrient-use efficiency, and are critical to sustaining crop productivity in the long run. We argue for a nuanced position that acknowledges the critical need for more mineral fertilizers in SSA, in combination
- Published
- 2023
27. The ESSU concept for designing, modeling and auditing ecosystem service provision in intercropping and agroforestry systems. A review
- Author
-
Rafflegeau, Sylvain, Gosme, Marie, Barkaoui, Karim, Garcia, Leo, Allinne, Clémentine, Deheuvels, Olivier, Grimaldi, Juliette, Jagoret, Patrick, Lauri, Pierre-Eric, Mérot, Anne, Metay, Aurélie, Reyes, Francisco, Saj, Stéphane, Curry, George Nicolas, Justes, Eric, Rafflegeau, Sylvain, Gosme, Marie, Barkaoui, Karim, Garcia, Leo, Allinne, Clémentine, Deheuvels, Olivier, Grimaldi, Juliette, Jagoret, Patrick, Lauri, Pierre-Eric, Mérot, Anne, Metay, Aurélie, Reyes, Francisco, Saj, Stéphane, Curry, George Nicolas, and Justes, Eric
- Abstract
Duru et al. (Agron Sustain Dev 35:1259-1281, 2015) highlighted a missing tool for studying and improving the performance of cropping systems in the transition to highly diversified agriculture. In response, this paper proposes a concept for designing, modeling, monitoring, and auditing desired ecosystem services, in intercropping and agroforestry systems. We have labelled this concept ESSU (Ecosystem Services functional Spatial Unit). It delimits the smallest spatial unit encompassing all the interacting species and other functional components (e.g., crops, trees, livestock, spontaneous vegetation, semi-natural habitats such as hedges, ditches, forest patches, and animals) that together provide a specified set of ecosystem services. The novel ESSU concept allows representation of an entire diversified agroecosystem by the repetition of the spatial unit that provides the same sets of targeted ecosystem services as the agroecosystem it represents. It can then be used for various activities, such as the (i) design of more efficient agroecological systems according to the targeted ecosystem services; (ii) rapid audit of farming practices for biodiversity/resilience across large tracts of farmland as part of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 targets of sustainable food systems; and (iii) modeling such diversified agroecosystems using a motif adapted to represent the targeted ecosystem services and the species spacing design. We demonstrate that the ESSU concept is highly flexible and applicable to a wide range of diversified agroecosystems, like arable intercropping, crop-tree intercropping, tree-tree agroforestry, and agro-pastoralism. We also show its relevance and suitability for representing temporal changes over 1 year, across several years, and over decades, indicating its generalizability and flexibility. We argue that ESSU could open new theoretical and practical research avenues for the study of diversified agroecosystems. Considered with all the knowledg
- Published
- 2023
28. Impact of the adoption of residue retention on household maize yield in northern Zambia
- Author
-
Maseko, Sulinkhundla, Karuaihe, Selma Tuemumunu, Jourdain, Damien, Maseko, Sulinkhundla, Karuaihe, Selma Tuemumunu, and Jourdain, Damien
- Abstract
Evaluating the impact of agricultural practices helps policymakers and farmers in their decision-making. In Zambia, most households depend on agricultural activities, in particular maize production. This paper examines the impact of the adoption of residue retention on households' maize yield in northern Zambia. We used the propensity score matching (PSM) method. By using the probit model, we also determined the factors that influence the adoption of residue retention. The results show that adopting residue retention has a positive and significant net effect on household maize yield. Residue retention traps moisture in the soil and improves soil structure. This suggests that a greater focus on this aspect is required to encourage more farmers to adopt residue retention to improve maize yield. Government policies can be structured to promote residue retention among smallholder farmers.
- Published
- 2023
29. ' Coffee agroforestry business-driven clusters ': an innovative social and environmental organisational model for coffee farm renovation [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
- Author
-
Meter, Andrew, Penot, Eric, Vaast, Philippe, Etienne, Hervé, Ponçon, Eric, Bertrand, Benoît, Meter, Andrew, Penot, Eric, Vaast, Philippe, Etienne, Hervé, Ponçon, Eric, and Bertrand, Benoît
- Abstract
Background: Worldwide coffee production, especially Arabica coffee, is threatened by climatic change, plants diseases and vulnerability of smallholders. Meanwhile, consumers' demand for socially and environmentally sustainable products is steadily increasing, driving the engagement of stakeholders in agro-ecological and social initiatives. Here we present a new organizational model, the “Coffee agroforestry business-driven cluster” (CaFC), which aims at preserving ecosystems while offering producers a fair income. Based on an original local micro value-chain dedicated to sustainable production of high-quality Arabica coffee under agroforestry systems, the CaFC model stands out by addressing the issues around plantation renovation, a crucial process that requires considerable investments from producers. Methods: Based on a pilot project in Nicaragua, we illustrate how the operational principles of CaFC can be applied in a real setting. Using data shared by key stakeholders involved in the project, we assess the profitability of the CaFC model by comparing different scenarios and applying sensitivity analysis. We then reflect on the reproducibility of the model in other contexts, building on lessons learned from ongoing implementations in Vietnam and Cameroon. Results: For producers renovating their plantations, the CaFC model consistently outperforms other scenarios, offering high quality premiums coupled with capacity building, access to highly productive varieties that perform well under agroforestry systems and adapted credit with favourable repayment schemes. Implementation in Vietnam and Cameroon show that the model can be successfully replicated with some adaptation to local contexts. These cases also highlight the importance of mutual interests, trust and communication in enabling collaboration between stakeholders. Conclusions: The CaFC model has great potential for positive environmental and economic impact and offers strong incentives for stakeholders invol
- Published
- 2023
30. Sustainable green tea production through agroecological management and land conversion practices for restoring soil health, crop productivity and economic efficiency: Evidence from Northern Vietnam
- Author
-
Le, Viet San, Herrmann, Laetitia, Bräu, Lambert, Lesueur, Didier, Le, Viet San, Herrmann, Laetitia, Bräu, Lambert, and Lesueur, Didier
- Abstract
Tea is a very important cash crop in Vietnam as it provides crucial income and employment for farmers in poor rural areas. Unfortunately, the dominance of long-term, conventional tea cultivation has caused severe soil health degradation and environmental pollution. At the same time, as tea production may provide a better net income compared with other annual crops such as rice and vegetables, farmers have been converting parts of their allocated land to cultivate tea plants. Little is known about the benefit of agroecological management as an alternative to conventional tea management practices, and thus, there is a need to understand how it can improve tea yields, quality and the livelihoods of the farmers. Conducted in Northern Vietnam from 2019 to 2022, this study examined the impacts of agroecological tea management practices on soil health indicators, tea yield and quality, and net income of tea farmers. We showed that agroecological management practices significantly enhanced soil organic matter by 0.8% and soil pH by 0.5 units on average. Conversely, conventional management based on chemical fertilizer applications, significantly increased soil total nitrogen by 0.15%–0.2%. No significant differences were observed between soil texture and other soil chemical characteristics. Soil biological parameters were also significantly higher in agroecological tea soil and root samples than in conventional tea plots. Average AMF frequency and intensity of the agroecological tea roots were 98% and 37%, respectively, compared with 73% and 15% of the conventional tea roots. Likewise, soil macrofauna and mesofauna abundance in the agroecological tea plantations was 76 individuals/m2 and 101 individuals/100 g fresh soil on average, respectively, while that of conventional tea farms were 34 and 63 individuals/100 g fresh soil, respectively. Interestingly, a comparison between the converted and nonconverted lands did not show any significant effect of the conversion on soil ph
- Published
- 2023
31. Promoting oil palm-based agroforestry systems: an asset for the sustainability of the sector
- Author
-
Masure, Alix, Martin, Pierre, Lacan, Xavier, Rafflegeau, Sylvain, Masure, Alix, Martin, Pierre, Lacan, Xavier, and Rafflegeau, Sylvain
- Abstract
Until recently, the massive development of industrial and smallholder oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations has generally been conducted according to the monocrop model. However, alternative cropping systems have emerged, based on more diversified systems that combine various crops within the oil palm plots. By giving this plant a status equivalent to that of a tree, these practices correspond to agroforestry systems. In the present study, 39 agroforestry systems were identified worldwide through a preliminary literature review, a review of NGO websites and expert surveys. Our results reveal five different types of oil palm agroforestry systems: (i) associations with livestock during the production phase of the oil palm; (ii) traditional African palm and food crop systems sustained over time; (iii) associations with food crops during the juvenile phase of the oil palm; (iv) systems developed by family farms that permanently associate other plants; and (v) prototype designs developed by research institutions, often at the request of local agricultural enterprises. The spatiotemporal description of these systems enabled us to identify associated ecosystem services. Building on various proposals of biodiversity insertion in a monoculture to convert it into an agroforestry system, the present study offers new perspectives for the sustainable development of palm oil production.
- Published
- 2023
32. New challenges for innovation support services to improve cocoa quality and sustainability in Cameroon
- Author
-
Mathe, Syndhia, Fongang Fouepe, Guillaume Hansel, Sonfack, Martial, Temple, Ludovic, Abega Ndjana, Jean, Talla Sadeu, Michael Brice, Mathe, Syndhia, Fongang Fouepe, Guillaume Hansel, Sonfack, Martial, Temple, Ludovic, Abega Ndjana, Jean, and Talla Sadeu, Michael Brice
- Abstract
With an output of 250,000T, Cameroun is the fifth cocoa producer in the African continent. The provision of support services for cocoa sectors experienced a transformation at the beginning of the 90's. In fact, with liberalization, the cocoa sector suffered from the effects of the disengagement of the State when it came to production and post-harvest support, and in the regulation of the cocoa market and prices. A decline in cocoa quality and production volumes has resulted from this situation. In this paper, we focus on the emergence of innovation support services dedicated to supporting the improvement of cocoa quality and sustainability. We conclude by identifying the main challenges and opportunities for the development of these new services, with a holistic and systemic approach that includes social, technical and organizational dimensions.
- Published
- 2023
33. Unravelling sustainable intensification in oil‑palm agroforestry on the Adja plateau, Benin
- Author
-
Yemadje, Rolland H., Koussihouèdé, Hermione, Rafflegeau, Sylvain, Yemadje, Rolland H., Koussihouèdé, Hermione, and Rafflegeau, Sylvain
- Abstract
Pathways for mediating the competing land-use claims of landowners and tenants in oil palm agroforestry systems in Benin's Adja plateau do not consider the diversity of land-management practices. Therefore, we analysed how soil properties and maize yields in those systems are affected by two contrasting categories of land-management practices and fertilisation options. We used a synchronic approach to split these practices and options into two successive steps. In Step 1, referred to as cropped fields, tenants continuously intercrop maize among scattered oil palms. In Step 2, referred to as fallows, the land is densely planted with oil palm, without intercropping. Twelve farmers' fields were selected for this study. Eight represent cropping fields, and four are 15-year-old oil-palm fallows. Cropped field fertilisation treatments consisted of farmyard manure (at 15 and 30 t ha−1) and mineral fertiliser (150 kg ha−1 of N14P18K18S6B1 + 50 kg ha−1 of urea). We found no significant differences between the N contents and C:N ratios of the two types of fields. However, the numbers and masses of earthworm casts were higher in cropped fields treated with farmyard manure than with mineral fertiliser. Farmyard manure (15 and 30 t ha−1 rates) also produced significantly higher maize yields (respectively, 2.5 and 3.2 t ha−1) than the mineral fertiliser alone (1.9 t of maize per ha). We conclude by discussing N, K and P storage in soil, and recommended use of farmyard manure as an agroforestry practice that will benefit landowners and tenants alike on the Adja plateau.
- Published
- 2023
34. Contribution au développement d'un modèle d'appui à la conception d'itinéraires techniques de production de mangues plus durables
- Author
-
Carrie, Emma and Carrie, Emma
- Abstract
La couronne d'un arbre résulte de l'apparition répétée d'éléments végétatifs (métamères, axes) et reproducteurs, et de leur disparition. L'apparition et la disparition de ces éléments sont conditionnées par des facteurs architecturaux, environnementaux et d'éventuelles manipulations humaines. En particulier, la taille des arbres fruitiers est connue pour stimuler le débourrement des bourgeons et la croissance végétative. Le manguier est un arbre fruitier tropical d'intérêt économique, culturel et nutritionnel dont la culture pose des problèmes agronomiques majeurs, tels que des rendements en général faibles et irréguliers d'une année sur l'autre, et des asynchronismes phénologiques qui conduisent à la présence dans les vergers de stades sensibles aux bioagresseurs sur de longues périodes. Ces contraintes proviennent en partie des interactions fortes entre croissance végétative et reproduction qui ont été montrées chez cette espèce. Ainsi, l'importance et la dynamique de la croissance végétative précédant la floraison déterminent en grande partie le succès de cette dernière. Le modèle structure-fonction d'élaboration du rendement et de la qualité de la mangue V-Mango est construit sur ces connaissances, et a pour vocation la conception assistée par modèle d'itinéraires techniques plus durables, basés notamment sur une optimisation de la taille. Cette pratique a été récemment intégrée au modèle. Cependant, les simulations montrent une surestimation de la croissance végétative et de la production, liée à une surproduction de nouveaux axes et à la non prise en compte de la mortalité des axes. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que la lumière, en tant que source d'énergie et signal, a un rôle essentiel dans les processus de débourrement végétatif, de chute des feuilles et de mortalité des axes du manguier, et qu'intégrer ces effets dans V-Mango peut conduire à une amélioration significative des sorties du modèle. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse, nous avons quantifié la variabilité de
- Published
- 2023
35. Key research challenges to supporting farm transitions to agroecology in advanced economies. A review
- Author
-
Prost, Lorène, Martin, Guillaume, Ballot, Rémy, Benoît, Marc, Bergez, Jacques-Eric, Bockstaller, Christian, Cerf, Marianne, Deytieux, Violaine, Hossard, Laure, Jeuffroy, Marie-Hélène, Leclère, Margot, Le Bail, Marianne, Le Gal, Pierre-Yves, Loyce, Chantal, Mérot, Anne, Meynard, Jean-Marc, Mignolet, Catherine, Munier-Jolain, Nicolas, Novak, Sandra, Parnaudeau, Virginie, Poux, Xavier, Sabatier, Rodolphe, Salembier, Chloé, Scopel, Eric, Simon, Sylvaine, Tchamitchian, Marc, Toffolini, Quentin, Van Der Werf, Hayo, Prost, Lorène, Martin, Guillaume, Ballot, Rémy, Benoît, Marc, Bergez, Jacques-Eric, Bockstaller, Christian, Cerf, Marianne, Deytieux, Violaine, Hossard, Laure, Jeuffroy, Marie-Hélène, Leclère, Margot, Le Bail, Marianne, Le Gal, Pierre-Yves, Loyce, Chantal, Mérot, Anne, Meynard, Jean-Marc, Mignolet, Catherine, Munier-Jolain, Nicolas, Novak, Sandra, Parnaudeau, Virginie, Poux, Xavier, Sabatier, Rodolphe, Salembier, Chloé, Scopel, Eric, Simon, Sylvaine, Tchamitchian, Marc, Toffolini, Quentin, and Van Der Werf, Hayo
- Abstract
In response to the sustainability issues that agriculture faces in advanced economies, agroecology has gained increasing relevance in scientific, political, and social debates. This has promoted discussion about transitions to agroecology, which represents a significant advancement. Accordingly, it has become a growing field of research. We reviewed the literature on and in support of farm transitions to agroecology in advanced economies in order to identify key research challenges and suggest innovative research paths. Our findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Research that supports exploration and definition of desired futures, whether based on future-oriented modeling or expert-based foresight approaches, should more explicitly include the farm level. It should stimulate the creativity and design ability of farmers and other stakeholders, and also address issues of representation and power among them. (2) Research that creates awareness and assesses farms before, during or after transition requires more holistic and dynamic assessment frameworks. These frameworks need to be more flexible to adapt to the diversity of global and local challenges. Their assessment should explicitly include uncertainty due to the feedback loops and emergent properties of transitions. (3) Research that analyzes and supports farms during transition should focus more on the dynamics of change processes by valuing what happens on the farms. Research should especially give more credence to on-farm experiments conducted by farmers and develop new tools and methods (e.g., for strategic monitoring) to support these transitions. This is the first review of scientific studies of farm transitions to agroecology. Overall, the review indicates that these transitions challenge the system boundaries, temporal horizons, and sustainability dimensions that agricultural researchers usually consider. In this context, farm transitions to agroecology require changes in the current organization and fu
- Published
- 2023
36. Scientific agenda for climate risk and impact assessment of West African cropping systems
- Author
-
Diancoumba, Madina, MacCarthy, Dilys Sefakor, Webber, Heidi, Akinseye, Folorunso M., Faye, B., Noulèkoun, F., Corbeels, Marc, Worou, N., Diancoumba, Madina, MacCarthy, Dilys Sefakor, Webber, Heidi, Akinseye, Folorunso M., Faye, B., Noulèkoun, F., Corbeels, Marc, and Worou, N.
- Abstract
Rainfed agriculture is at the centre of many West African economies and a key livelihood strategy in the region. Highly variable rainfall patterns lead to a situation in which farmers' investments to increase productivity are very risky and will become more risky with climate change. Process-based cropping system models are a key tool to assess the impact of weather variability and climate change, as well as the effect of crop management options on crop yields, soil fertility and farming system resilience and widely used by the West African scientific community. Challenges to use are related to their consideration of the prevailing systems and conditions of West African farms, as well as limited data availability for calibration. We outline here a number of factors need to be considered if they are to contribute to the scientific basis underlying transformation of farming systems towards sustainability. These include: capacity building, improved models, FAIR data, research partnerships and using models in co-development settings.
- Published
- 2023
37. Global trends in the worldwide expansion of quinoa cultivation
- Author
-
Bazile, Didier and Bazile, Didier
- Abstract
For centuries, quinoa cultivation was centered only in the Andean countries, and recently it has spread to all regions of the world. Although the number of exporting countries has increased, Bolivia and Peru remain the world's leading producers and exporters. Today, more than 125 countries are experimenting with or cultivating quinoa. The expansion of the crop has only been possible due to the genetic diversity of seeds maintained by generations of farmers in the Andes. As access to quinoa genetic resources in Andean countries remains limited, this implies that the development of new varieties relies on a narrow genetic base relative to the theoretical potential of the species. The use of improved varieties has increased, especially with the emergence of new countries sourcing seed from commercial varieties to start cultivation. To cope with the increasing effects of climate change, it is essential to increase the resilience of crop by taking advantage of their genetic diversity. The current global crisis can only be overcome in the North or in the South by establishing new partnerships for access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of their use. In the last 30 years, quinoa from the Andean countries gained a position in global markets and improved the quality of life of producers. However, at the end of 2015, producer prices collapsed. Quinoa development is dynamic, and now Andean producers face different scenarios with new competitors and new concerns. Being aware of the new reality is essential to face the new challenges responsibly. Analysis at different scales is fundamental, as is promoting local diversity and cooperating towards innovative production systems and inclusive processes that benefit everyone.
- Published
- 2023
38. Narratives and the New Farmer in Cape Breton: "It's Who We Are".
- Author
-
Beaton, Elizabeth
- Subjects
- *
FARMS , *AGRICULTURE , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *CAPITAL , *CONSUMERS - Abstract
Can small, diversified farms thrive, or even survive, in Canada's current agricultural milieu? Can they stand against the highly industrialized operations encouraged by Canadian policy, international trade, and capital interests? This study suggests that there is reason for optimism. Well-known visionaries, Canadian and worldwide, note a "new trajectory" in the context of the looming failure of current systems in agriculture, based on concerns for the environment and on the relationship between producers and consumers. Approaches to small, diversified farming operations come under several headings: economical, post-productive, civic. But it is the concrete experiences of individuals, families, and communities that truly give weight to the potential for sustainable food production. This research on Cape Breton Island farming—where self-sufficiency in food production is a strong tradition—presents a range of farming "styles" (as defined by Jan Douwe van der Ploeg) that are related to land acquisition, innovative marketing, support services, decisions about farm size and products, and the benefits of non-farm work as a farm subsidy. Interview narratives give voice to the actions of Cape Breton Island farmers who work within an "isolation paradox" as a way forward for their small farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Identify Lao farmers' goals and their ranking using<scp>best–worst</scp>scaling experiment and scale‐adjusted latent class models
- Author
-
François Affholder, Damien Jourdain, and Juliette Lairez
- Subjects
Strategy and Management ,Enquête sur exploitations agricoles ,General Decision Sciences ,Principe directeur ,Agriculture durable ,E50 - Sociologie rurale ,Analyse de régression ,riz ,Autosuffisance ,Méthode statistique ,E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale ,Héritage (économie) ,Attitude ,Collecte de données ,Meilleure pratique - Abstract
In order to better design more sustainable farming systems, and prepare for the development of multi-criteria farm decision model, we investigate how farmers rank their main goals when making decisions. First, we identified the main goals used by farmers through in-depth interviews with randomly selected farmers in which we used small games to elicit the main goals they are using to make farm-level decisions. Then, we developed a best–worst scaling (BWS) experiment, in which farmers have to declare the “most” and the least “important” goals they use when making decisions. The experiment was conducted with 120 farmers. We first derive a ranking of the goals according to the population average, which showed the importance of rice self-sufficiency and transmission of farm capital. We then use a scale-adjusted latent class analysis. We identified four groups of homogenous preferences among farmers. The use of differentiated scale, a measure of choice inconsistencies, suggested different levels of certainty about the ranking, and the presence of more inconsistencies when asking the least important goal. While a large group focuses only on rice self-sufficiency, and farm transmission, we also identified a group of optimizers, and risk-averse farmers. Farmers of each group are likely to behave differently with regard to sustainable innovations. We also showed that some socio-economic variables describing the farms and the households influenced the probabilities for farmers to belong to one of the four classes. Overall, we showed that BWS scaling experiments provide a rich set of information about the diversity of rankings. It also provides the set of tools to evaluate the consistency and quality of respondents' choices.
- Published
- 2022
40. Mieux nourrir la planète : diversifier les cultures pour construire des systèmes alimentaires durables
- Author
-
Eric Malézieux, Damien Beillouin, and David Makowski
- Subjects
Rotation culturale ,F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,gestion des ressources naturelles ,Agroforesterie ,systèmes alimentaires ,Conservation des ressources ,Agriculture durable ,Production alimentaire ,Durabilité ,E10 - Économie et politique agricoles ,Alimentation humaine ,General Medicine ,Développement durable ,Diversification ,Culture associée - Abstract
Aujourd’hui, d’importantes mutations de l’agriculture mondiale sont nécessaires pour produire suffisamment d’aliments sains pour tous, tout en préservant la qualité des terres, de l’air et de l’eau et en sauvegardant la biodiversité. Mais produire suffisamment et préserver en même temps l’environnement est une équation particulièrement complexe à résoudre. Les pratiques agroécologiques, dont un principe essentiel est l’usage de la biodiversité cultivée, constituent une voie prometteuse pour assurer ces mutations. De nombreuses preuves qualitatives et quantitatives montrent leur efficacité sur les plans agricole et environnemental et confirment leur capacité à répondre aux impératifs de production mondiale sur le long terme. Parmi les voies possibles de diversification, l’agroforesterie, les cultures associées et la rotation des cultures permettent d’augmenter significativement la production et favorisent la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques fournis — qualité du sol, contrôle des maladies et ravageurs, qualité et usage de l’eau. Ces preuves permettent de fonder de nouvelles politiques publiques à mettre en œuvre des échelles locales à l’échelle mondiale. La réalisation de telles politiques est cruciale dans les régions vulnérables au changement climatique et dont les besoins alimentaires sont en augmentation, comme l’Afrique subsaharienne.
- Published
- 2022
41. Feeding the world better: crop diversification to build sustainable food systems
- Author
-
Eric Malézieux, Damien Beillouin, and David Makowski
- Subjects
Rotation culturale ,F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,gestion des ressources naturelles ,Agroforesterie ,systèmes alimentaires ,Conservation des ressources ,Agriculture durable ,Production alimentaire ,Durabilité ,E10 - Économie et politique agricoles ,General Environmental Science ,Alimentation humaine ,Développement durable ,Diversification ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Culture associée - Abstract
Today, major changes are required in global agricultural systems to produce enough healthy food for all, while preserving the quality of land, air and water and safeguarding biodiversity. But producing enough while simultaneously protecting the environment is a particularly complex equation. Agroecology, a key principle of which is the use of agricultural biodiversity, is a promising pathway to achieve these changes. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evidence demonstrates the agricultural and environmental effectiveness of agroecological practices and confirms their capacity to meet the demands of global production in the long term. Among the possible diversification strategies, agroforestry, intercropping and crop rotation can all significantly increase production and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services (soil quality, pest and disease control, water use and quality). This evidence can serve as a basis for new public policies to be introduced from the local to the global level. The implementation of such policies is crucial in climate-vulnerable regions where demand for food is growing, such sub-Saharan Africa.
- Published
- 2022
42. Promoting oil palm-based agroforestry systems: an asset for the sustainability of the sector
- Author
-
Alix Masure, Pierre Martin, Xavier Lacan, and Sylvain Rafflegeau
- Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Agroforesterie ,Palmier oléifère ,E20 - Organisation, administration et gestion des entreprises ou exploitations agricoles ,secteur agro-alimentaire ,F01 - Culture des plantes ,systèmes agroforestiers ,Agroécosystème ,Agriculture durable ,Système d'exploitation agricole ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Elaeis guineensis ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Until recently, the massive development of industrial and smallholder oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations has generally been conducted according to the monocrop model. However, alternative cropping systems have emerged, based on more diversified systems that combine various crops within the oil palm plots. By giving this plant a status equivalent to that of a tree, these practices correspond to agroforestry systems. In the present study, 39 agroforestry systems were identified worldwide through a preliminary literature review, a review of NGO websites and expert surveys. Our results reveal five different types of oil palm agroforestry systems: (i) associations with livestock during the production phase of the oil palm; (ii) traditional African palm and food crop systems sustained over time; (iii) associations with food crops during the juvenile phase of the oil palm; (iv) systems developed by family farms that permanently associate other plants; and (v) prototype designs developed by research institutions, often at the request of local agricultural enterprises. The spatiotemporal description of these systems enabled us to identify associated ecosystem services. Building on various proposals of biodiversity insertion in a monoculture to convert it into an agroforestry system, the present study offers new perspectives for the sustainable development of palm oil production.
- Published
- 2023
43. Unravelling sustainable intensification in oil-palm agroforestry on the Adja plateau, Benin
- Author
-
Rolland H. Yemadje, Hermione Koussihouèdé, and Sylvain Rafflegeau
- Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,Competing claims ,Agroforesterie ,Knowledge Transfer ,Fertilisation ,Agriculture durable ,Earthworms ,Fallow ,Elaeis guineensis ,F07 - Façons culturales ,Intensification ,Sustainable intensification ,Forestry ,Maize ,Pratique culturale ,Oil-palm agroforestry ,Système de culture ,Organic matter ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,F04 - Fertilisation - Abstract
Pathways for mediating the competing land-use claims of landowners and tenants in oil palm agroforestry systems in Benin’s Adja plateau do not consider the diversity of land-management practices. Therefore, we analysed how soil properties and maize yields in those systems are affected by two contrasting categories of land-management practices and fertilisation options. We used a synchronic approach to split these practices and options into two successive steps. In Step 1, referred to as cropped fields, tenants continuously intercrop maize among scattered oil palms. In Step 2, referred to as fallows, the land is densely planted with oil palm, without intercropping. Twelve farmers’ fields were selected for this study. Eight represent cropping fields, and four are 15-year-old oil-palm fallows. Cropped field fertilisation treatments consisted of farmyard manure (at 15 and 30 t ha−1) and mineral fertiliser (150 kg ha−1 of N14P18K18S6B1 + 50 kg ha−1 of urea). We found no significant differences between the N contents and C:N ratios of the two types of fields. However, the numbers and masses of earthworm casts were higher in cropped fields treated with farmyard manure than with mineral fertiliser. Farmyard manure (15 and 30 t ha−1 rates) also produced significantly higher maize yields (respectively, 2.5 and 3.2 t ha−1) than the mineral fertiliser alone (1.9 t of maize per ha). We conclude by discussing N, K and P storage in soil, and recommended use of farmyard manure as an agroforestry practice that will benefit landowners and tenants alike on the Adja plateau.
- Published
- 2023
44. New challenges for innovation support services to improve cocoa quality and sustainability in Cameroon
- Author
-
Syndhia Mathé, Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe, Martial Sonfack, Ludovic Temple, Jean Abega Ndjana, and Michael Brice Talla Sadeu
- Subjects
E90 - Structure agraire ,Qualité des aliments ,Amélioration des plantes ,systèmes d'innovation agricole ,F01 - Culture des plantes ,Agriculture durable ,Theobroma cacao ,systèmes d'innovation ,Innovation ,Durabilité ,E10 - Économie et politique agricoles - Abstract
With an output of 250,000T, Cameroun is the fifth cocoa producer in the African continent. The provision of support services for cocoa sectors experienced a transformation at the beginning of the 90's. In fact, with liberalization, the cocoa sector suffered from the effects of the disengagement of the State when it came to production and post-harvest support, and in the regulation of the cocoa market and prices. A decline in cocoa quality and production volumes has resulted from this situation. In this paper, we focus on the emergence of innovation support services dedicated to supporting the improvement of cocoa quality and sustainability. We conclude by identifying the main challenges and opportunities for the development of these new services, with a holistic and systemic approach that includes social, technical and organizational dimensions.
- Published
- 2023
45. Agroecological crop protection for sustainable agriculture
- Author
-
Deguine, Jean-Philippe, Aubertot, Jean-Noël, Bellon, Stéphane, Côte, François-Xavier, Lauri, Pierre-Eric, Lescourret, Françoise, Ratnadass, Alain, Scopel, Eric, Andrieu, Nadine, Bàrberi, Paolo, Becker, Nathalie, Bouyer, Jérémy, Brévault, Thierry, Cerdan, Claire, Cortesero, Anne-Marie, Dangles, Olivier, Delatte, Hélène, Dinh, Phuong Thi Yen, Dreyer, Hans, Duru, Michel, Flor, Rica Joy, Gardarin, Antoine, Husson, Olivier, Jacquot, Maxime, Javelle, Aurélie, Justes, Eric, Lam, Mai Thi Xuan, Launay, Marie, Le, Vang Van, Longis, Sandrine, Martin, José, Munier-Jolain, Nicolas, Nguyen, Nga Thi Thu, Nguyen, Truc Thi Ngoc, Penvern, Servane, Petit, Sandrine, Poisot, Anne-Sophie, Robin, Marie-Hélène, Rolland, Bernard, Rusch, Adrien, Sabourin, Eric, Sanguin, Hervé, Sarthou, Jean-Pierre, Sester, Mathilde, Simon, Sylvaine, Sourisseau, Jean-Michel, Steinberg, Christian, Tchamitchian, Marc, Thoumazeau, Alexis, Tibi, Anaïs, Tivet, Florent, Tixier, Philippe, Trinh, Xuan Thi, Vialatte, Aude, Wyckhuys, Kris, Lamichhane, Jay Ram, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement (ECODEVELOPPEMENT), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Direction du département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Direction Persyst), Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche et à la Stratégie (Cirad-Dgdrs), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa] (SSSUP), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Tan Tao University (TTU), Office Fédéral de l'Agriculture - Federal Office for Agriculture - Bundesamtes für Landwirtschaft [Berne] (OFAG), International Rice Research Institute [Philippines] (IRRI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), International Rice Research Institute [Cambodia] (IRRI-Cambodia Office), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Groupe de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique (GRAB), Can Tho University [Vietnam] (CTU), Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Dijon, Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Dijon, FAO Plant Production and Protection Division (FAO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Santé et agroécologie du vignoble (UMR SAVE), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité Expérimentale de Recherches Intégrées en Production Fruitière (UERI), Département sciences pour l'action, les transitions, les territoires (ACT), Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, General Directorate of Agriculture - Cambodia (GDA), Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries - Cambodia (MAFF), JEAI HealthyRice, Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Chrysalis Consulting
- Subjects
H01 - Protection des végétaux - Considérations générales ,Agroecosystem ,F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,Cropping systems ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,agroécologie ,Natural enemies ,Gestion intégrée des ravageurs ,Functional biodiversity ,Soil health ,Agriculture durable ,Ecosystem services ,Landscape ,Paradigm shift ,One health ,[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering ,Protection biologique des plantes ,Food system ,Pesticide reduction ,Plant pathogens ,Weeds ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Agroecology ,Animal pests - Abstract
International audience; Crop losses from pests threaten global food security and safety. In the last six decades, pest control using chemical pesticides has resulted in important yield gains per unit area, worldwide. However, the long-term sustainability of chemical pest control has been increasingly thrown into doubt due to the negative impact on human health, biodiversity, and the environment. Consequently, there is an urgent need to improve the science of crop protection in order to tackle the five key challenges of 21st century agriculture holistically: (i) maintaining or improving agricultural productivity, (ii) producing healthy food, (iii) reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on ecosystem and human health, (iv) ensuring the economic viability of farms, and (v) adapting agriculture to climate change. Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP) can be a powerful approach to address these challenges, as we demonstrate in this paper. ACP is the application of the principles of agroecology to crop protection in order to promote virtuous and sustainable changes in agriculture and food systems. ACP combines multiple approaches and disciplines including ecology, agroecology, and Integrated Pest Management. It promotes a crop protection system compatible with healthy agricultural and food systems, agroecological principles and the “one health” approach. We predict that ACP will meet the challenge of pesticide-free agriculture in the future. In this paper, we will first present the scientific, agricultural and social components of ACP. We will then analyze the research approaches, questions, methods and tools needed to adopt ACP. Finally, we suggest key mechanisms to facilitate the transition to ACP, which will ultimately provide sustainable food, feed, and fuel in a context of major global change.
- Published
- 2023
46. Local value-chains dedicated to sustainable production (coffee agroforestry business-driven clusters or CaFC): A new organizational model to foster social and environmental innovations through farm renovation [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
- Author
-
Meter, Andrew, Penot, Eric, Vaast, Philippe, Etienne, Hervé, Ponçon, Eric, and Bertrand, Benoît
- Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture ,Coffea arabica ,Analyse économique ,Agroforesterie ,bonnes pratiques agricoles ,Analyse de système ,E16 - Économie de la production ,Agriculture durable ,Reproductibilité - Abstract
Background: Worldwide coffee production, especially Arabica coffee, is threatened by climatic change, plants diseases and vulnerability of smallholders. Meanwhile, consumers' demand for socially and environmentally sustainable products is steadily increasing, driving the engagement of stakeholders in agro-ecological and social initiatives. Here we present a new organizational model, the “Coffee agroforestry business-driven cluster” (CaFC), which aims at preserving ecosystems while offering producers a fair income. Based on an original local micro value-chain dedicated to sustainable production of high-quality Arabica coffee under agroforestry systems, the CaFC model stands out by addressing the issues around plantation renovation, a crucial process that requires considerable investments from producers. Methods: Based on a pilot project in Nicaragua, we illustrate how the operational principles of CaFC can be applied in a real setting. Using data shared by key stakeholders involved in the project, we assess the profitability of the CaFC model by comparing different scenarios and applying sensitivity analysis. We then reflect on the reproducibility of the model in other contexts, building on lessons learned from ongoing implementations in Vietnam and Cameroon. Results: For producers renovating their plantations, the CaFC model consistently outperforms other scenarios, offering high quality premiums coupled with capacity building, access to highly productive varieties that perform well under agroforestry systems and adapted credit with favourable repayment schemes. Implementation in Vietnam and Cameroon show that the model can be successfully replicated with some adaptation to local contexts. These cases also highlight the importance of mutual interests, trust and communication in enabling collaboration between stakeholders. Conclusions: The CaFC model has great potential for positive environmental and economic impact and offers strong incentives for stakeholders involved in its resulting micro value-chain. The concept was initially developed in Nicaragua for coffee but could also be adapted in other countries or even to other commodities such as cocoa.
- Published
- 2023
47. Understanding drought as a physical phenomenon experienced by farmers: a necessity for adaptation management and sustainable rural development. The case of the Central Beqaa in Lebanon
- Author
-
Nasser, Tarek, Touchart, Laurent, Faour, Ghaleb, and Romero, Christine
- Subjects
sustainable agriculture ,Sécheresse ,changement climatique ,climate change ,agriculture durable ,Drought ,adaptation - Abstract
The relationship between agriculture and its natural environment is an important starting point for defining drought from an agricultural perspective. Indeed, farmers may perceive drought, as a climatic risk, differently. This could depend on the physical environment of the farmer, the type and degree of involvement in his agricultural activities as well as the level of impact on his financial well-being (Ashraf and Routray, 2013). In Lebanon and particularly in the Beqaa plain, the majority of agricultural areas are strongly related to groundwater resources during the summer period. Due to the lack of sustainable local development, these resources would be threatened in the case of a probable climate change or a human factor allowing a possible evolution of water stress in the region. Questioning the origin of this phenomenon and its definition from the farmer's point of view can help us to better understand this problem. The objective of this study is therefore to identify the drought by crossing the human and physical elements in the perimeter of the study area. La relation entre l'agriculture et son environnement naturel est un point de départ important pour définir la sécheresse d'un point de vue agricole. En effet, la sécheresse, en tant que risque climatique, peut être perçue différemment par les agriculteurs. Cela pourrait dépendre de l'environnement physique de l'agriculteur, du type et du degré d'implication dans ses activités agricoles ainsi que du niveau d'impact sur son bien-être financier (Ashraf et Routray, 2013). Au Liban et particulièrement dans la plaine de la Beqaa, la majorité des zones agricoles sont fortement liées aux ressources en eau souterraine pendant la période estivale. En raison de l'absence de développement local durable, ces ressources seraient menacées dans le cas d'un probable changement climatique ou d'un facteur humain permettant une possible évolution du stress hydrique dans la région. S'interroger sur l'origine de ce phénomène et sa définition du point de vue de l'agriculteur peut nous aider à mieux comprendre ce problème. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d'identifier la sécheresse en croisant les éléments humains et physiques dans le périmètre de la zone d'étude.
- Published
- 2022
48. Stimulation des défenses naturelles de la tomate et de l’olivier et induction de la résistance vis-à-vis de la verticilliose par les poly/oligosaccharides d’algues marines des côtes marocaines
- Author
-
Aitouguinane, Meriem, Institut Pascal (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Cadi Ayyad (Marrakech, Maroc). Faculté des sciences Semlalia, Cédric Delattre, and Zaïnab El Alaoui-Talibi
- Subjects
Verticillium dahliae ,[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Polysaccharides ,SDPs ,Sustainable agriculture ,Agriculture durable ,Oligosaccharides ,Algues marines ,Seaweed - Abstract
This work is based on the principles of plant-parasitic interactions in terms of the induction of defense mechanisms in order to develop a new generation of biosourced molecules capable of stimulating the natural defenses of plants in a context of sustainable development. It is known that the induction of plant responses is a result of the recognition of an elicitor by the host cells. This elicitor could be exogenous (produced by the pathogen) or endogenous (produced by the host plant). Most of these molecules are polysaccharides, and particularly oligosaccharides. Due to their richness in carbohydrate polymers, seaweed constitutes a natural resource that can be used to hunt for bioactive compounds with eliciting potential. The main aims of this work are the research and characterization of poly/oligosaccharides from seaweed, stimulators of natural defenses (SDPs) of tomato and olive trees, and inducers of resistance against Verticillium wilt.First, this study enabled the extraction, chemical and structural characterization, and production of low molecular weight derivatives of non-sulfated polysaccharides (alginates) from Moroccan brown algae (Cystoseira myriophylloides and Sargassum muticum), as well as sulfated polysaccharides (arabinogalactans and fucoidans) from green and brown algae (Codium decorticatum and C. myriophylloides). The elicitor activities of these molecules were evaluated on tomato plants and olive tree leaves by monitoring the main defense mechanisms involved in plant resistance to phytopathogenic agents (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), key enzyme of phenolic metabolism, tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), accumulation of soluble polyphenols and lignin). These were performed with an assessment of the main factors influencing the induced responses (structure of the molecules, mode of application, and synergy between different saccharide molecules). The treatment of tomato seedlings and olive tree leaves with fractions from brown and green algae revealed a significant elicitor potential for all the different poly/oligosaccharide extracts. The elicitor activities showed variability depending on the duration of the incubation, the structure of the molecules and the mode of treatment. In addition, these saccharide molecules showed a protective potential against the development of verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahlia in tomato seedlings, with a considerable reduction of disease severity and mortality, compared to laminarin, the active substance of commercial SDP Iodus 40®. These results open up a new orientation to managing vascular phytopathogens using an approach that is in accordance with the principles of eco-sustainable agriculture.; Ce travail repose sur les fondamentaux des interactions plante-parasite en matière d’induction des mécanismes de défense des plantes en réponse aux agents phytopathogènes afin de développer une nouvelle génération de molécules biosourcées susceptibles de stimuler les défenses naturelles des plantes dans un contexte de développement durable. Il est ainsi admis que le déclenchement du système de défense de la plante résulte d’une reconnaissance par la cellule-hôte d’un éliciteur souvent produit par le pathogène (éliciteur exogène) ou par la plante-hôte (éliciteur endogène). La plupart des éliciteurs sont des polysaccharides et particulièrement des oligosaccharides. Compte tenu de leur richesse en polymères de glucides, les algues constituent une source naturelle pouvant être valorisée en matière de recherche d’éliciteurs des défenses naturelles des plantes. L’objectif majeur de ce travail consiste en la recherche et la caractérisation des poly/oligosaccharides d’algues marines, stimulateurs des défenses naturelles (SDPs) chez la tomate et l’olivier et inducteurs de la résistance vis-à-vis de la verticilliose. Le travail a permis tout d’abord l’extraction et les caractérisations chimique et structurale des polysaccharides non sulfatés (alginates) à partir des algues brunes marocaines (Cystoseira myriophylloides et Sargassum muticum) et la production de leurs dérivés de faibles poids moléculaires, ainsi que les polysaccharides sulfatés (arabinogalactanes et fucoïdanes) à partir des algues verte et brune (Codium decorticatum et C. myriophylloides). Le pouvoir éliciteur de l’ensemble de ces molécules a été évalué sur les plants de tomate et les disques foliaires de l’olivier par le suivi des principaux mécanismes de défense reconnus par leur implication dans la résistance des plantes aux agents phytopathogènes (la phénylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), enzyme clé du métabolisme phénolique, la tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), l’accumulation des polyphénols solubles et la lignine). Cette évaluation a permis d’opérer les principaux paramètres conduisant à des réponses optimales (structure des molécules, mode d’application et synergie entre différents motifs éliciteurs). Le traitement des plants de tomate et les disques foliaires de l’olivier par les fractions extraites des algues brunes et verte a révèle un potentiel éliciteur significatif pour tous les différents extraits poly/oligosaccharidiques. Les activités électrices ont montré une variabilité en fonction de la durée de l’incubation, la structure des molécules et le mode de traitement. Ces motifs saccharidiques ont montré également un potentiel protecteur des plants de tomate vis-à-vis du développement de la verticilliose causée par Verticillium dahliae avec une réduction considérable de la sévérité de la maladie et de la mortalité, comparée à la laminarine qui représente la substance active du SDP commercial Iodus 40®. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour la gestion des phytopathogènes vasculaires à travers une stratégie compatible avec les principes d’une agriculture durable respectueuse de l’environnement.
- Published
- 2022
49. Good agricultural practices and sustainability of onion production (Allium fistulosum L.) in the Tota Lake basin (Boyacá, Colombia)
- Author
-
Rodríguez-Robayo, Karla Juliana, Pulido-Blanco, Víctor Camilo, Rojas Ramírez, Diego Alejandro, and Martínez Camelo, Fabián E
- Subjects
Agricultura sustentável ,Colombie ,campesinos ,systèmes de production ,Colombia ,cebolla de rama ,cebolas galesas ,paramos ,Agricultura sostenible ,oignon ,sistemas de producción ,monoculture ,Universidad de Los Andes ,production systems ,Agriculture durable ,écosystèmes stratégiques d´haute montagne ,onion ,sistemas de produção ,paysans ,Revistas ,pequenos proprietários ,Sustainable agriculture ,Articulo 8 [Agroalimentaria] ,Colômbia ,Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales ,monocultivo ,smallholders ,monocultura ,páramos ,moorland - Abstract
En Colombia, cerca de un tercio del área nacional sembrada de cebolla de rama está concentrada en la cuenca del lago de Tota (departamento de Boyacá). A pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales en promover las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA), el manejo del cultivo se continúa realizando bajo el sistema convencional, basado en la siembra intensiva del monocultivo varietal, el uso elevado de agroquímicos y el uso de materia orgánica sin compostar. El análisis de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos cobra mayor relevancia en escenarios como la cuenca del lago de Tota, que además de ofrecer la mayor producción de cebolla de rama del país, cuenta a su vez con ecosistemas estratégicos proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos para actores locales, regionales y nacionales. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sostenibilidad en el sistema productivo de cebolla de rama a partir de 25 indicadores ambientales, socioeconómicos y de gobernanza, estimados a través de entrevistas estructuradas a productores de cebolla con certificación vigente en BPA, certificación vencida e interesados en certificarse. Los resultados señalan que contar con la certificación vigente incrementa el número de indicadores de sostenibilidad con puntuación elevada. Sin embargo, 12 de los 25 indicadores presentaron en los tres grupos una valoración de intermedia a baja, indicando que producir con BPA es diferente a producir sosteniblemente; de modo particular, en el componente ambiental se identificaron grandes diferencias. Se resalta por tanto la relevancia de identificar nuevos caminos, concomitantes a las BPA, para avanzar hacia la sostenibilidad del cultivo, así como la necesidad de consolidar un mercado para los productos que cuenten con certificaciones orientadas hacia este propósito. Es crucial el creciente interés de un importante grupo de productores de la zona en adoptar la certificación, aunada a compromisos éticos para alcanzar procesos de reconversión productiva del cultivo estudiado hacia la sostenibilidad, con base en las BPA. In Colombia, about one-third of the national area planted with green onions is concentrated in the Lake Tota basin (Department of Boyacá). Despite government efforts to promote good agricultural practices (GAP), the crop is still managed under the conventional system, based on intensive planting of varietal monoculture, high use of agrochemicals, and the use of non-composted organic matter. The analysis of the sustainability of production systems becomes more relevant in scenarios such as the Lake Tota basin, which, in addition to offering the largest production of onions in the country, also has strategic ecosystems that provide ecosystem services for local, regional and national stakeholders. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of the onion production system based on 25 environmental, socioeconomic, and governance indicators estimated through structured interviews with producers with current GAP certification, expired certification, and those interested in becoming certified. The main results show that having current certification increases the number of sustainability indicators with high scores. However, 12 of the 25 indicators in the three groups had intermediate to low scores, indicating differences between GAP and sustainability, particularly in the environmental component, in which large differences were identified. These findings highlight the importance of identifying new ways, concomitant to GAP, to advance towards crop sustainability, as well as the need to consolidate a market for products with certifications oriented towards this purpose. Crucial here is the growing interest of an important group of producers in the area in adopting certification, together with ethical commitments to achieve processes of productive reconversion of the crop under study towards sustainability, based on GAP. En Colombie, environ un tiers de la superficie nationale plantée en oignons de printemps est concentrée dans le bassin du lac Tota (département de Boyacá). Malgré les efforts du gouvernement pour promouvoir les bonnes pratiques agricoles (BPA), la culture continue d'être dirigée selon le système conventionnel, basé sur la plantation intensive de monoculture variétale, l'utilisation élevée de produits agrochimiques et l'utilisation de matières organiques non compostées. L’analyse de la durabilité des systèmes productifs revêt une importance accrue dans des scenarios comme le bassin du lac de Tota, région qui, en plus d'offrir la plus grande production d'oignons de printemps du pays, possède également des écosystèmes stratégiques qui fournissent des services écosystémiques aux acteurs locaux, régionaux en nationaux. L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaluer la durabilité du système de production d'oignons sur la base de 25 indicateurs environnementaux, socio-économiques et de gouvernance, estimés par le biais d'entretiens structurés avec des producteurs d'oignons disposant d'une certification BPA actuelle, d'une certification expirée et de ceux intéressés par une certification. Les résultats de l’enquête montrent que le fait d’avoir une certification en vigueur augmente le numéro d’indicateurs de durabilité avec un score élevé. Cependant, 12 des 25 indicateurs ont été classés comme intermédiaires ou faibles dans les trois groupes, ce qui indique que la production selon les BPA est différente de la production durable ; en particulier, de grandes différences ont été identifiées dans la composante environnementale. Cela souligne l'importance d'identifier de nouveaux moyens, concomitants aux BPA, pour progresser vers la durabilité des cultures, ainsi que la nécessité de consolider un marché pour les produits avec des certifications orientées dans ce sens. L'intérêt croissant d'un groupe important de producteurs de la zone pour l'adoption de la certification, ainsi que les engagements éthiques pour réaliser des processus de reconversion productive de la culture étudiée vers la durabilité, sur la base des BPA, sont ici déterminants. Na Colômbia, cerca de um terço da área plantada de cebola de rama está concentrada na bacia do lago de Tota (Departamento de Boyacá). Apesar dos esforços governamentais em promover as boas práticas agrícolas (BPA), o manejo do cultivo continua sendo realizado sob o sistema convencional, baseado na semeadura intensiva de monocultivos varietal, com o uso elevado de agroquímicos e de matéria orgânica não-compostada. A análise da sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos cobra relevância em cenários como a bacia do lago de Tota, que além de oferecer a maior produção de cebola de rama do país, corresponde a um ecossistema estratégico na oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos para atores locais, regionais e nacionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo de cebola de rama a partir de 25 indicadores ambientais, socioeconômicos e de governança, analisados a partir de entrevistas estruturadas realizadas junto a produtores de cebola com certificação vigente em BPA, com certificação vencida, bem como com interessados em certificar-se. Os resultados mostram que contar com a certificação vigente aumenta o número de indicadores de sustentabilidade, assegurando uma pontuação elevada. Não obstante, 12 dos 25 indicadores apresentaram, nos três grupos examinados, uma avaliação que vai de intermediária a baixa, indicando que produzir com BPA é diferente de produzir de forma sustentável. De modo particular, do ponto de vista do componente ambiental, foram identificadas algumas diferenças. Se destaca, portanto, a importância de identificar novos caminhos, concomitantes às BPA, no sentido de avançar em direção à sustentabilidade do cultivo, assim como a necessidade consolidar um mercado para os produtos que contem com certificações orientadas a este propósito. Torna-se crucial o crescente interesse de um importante grupo de produtores desta zona no afã de adotar a certificação conjugada aos compromissos éticos para alcançar processos de reconversão produtiva da cultura estudada em direção à sustentabilidade e com base nas BPA. 139-169 agroalimentaria@ula.ve / ciaal.ula@gmail.com kjrodriguez@agrosavia.co vpulido@agrosavia.co darojas@agrosavia.co fmartinez@agrosavia.co Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/agroalimentaria
- Published
- 2022
50. Peak Everything : Waking Up to the Century of Declines
- Author
-
Richard Heinberg and Richard Heinberg
- Subjects
- Human ecology, Social history--21st century, Sustainable agriculture, Energy conservation, E´cologie humaine, Histoire sociale--21e sie`cle, Agriculture durable, E´conomies d'e´nergie
- Abstract
The 20th century saw unprecedented growth in population, energy consumption and food production. As the population shifted from rural to urban, human impacts on the environment increased dramatically. The 21st century ushered in an era of declines, including: Oil, natural gas and coal extraction Yearly grain harvests Climate stability Economic growth Fresh water Minerals and ores, such as copper and platinum To adapt to this profoundly different world, we must begin now to make radical changes to our attitudes, behaviors and expectations. Now in paperback and featuring a foreword by James Howard Kunstler, Peak Everything addresses many of the cultural, psychological and practical changes we will have to make as nature dictates our new limits. This landmark work from Richard Heinberg, author of three of the most important books on Peak Oil, touches on vital aspects of the human condition at this unique moment in time. A combination of wry commentary and sober forecasting on subjects as diverse as farming and industrial design, this book describes how to make the transition from The Age of Excess to the Era of Modesty with grace and satisfaction, while preserving the best of our collective achievements. Peak Everything is a must-read for individuals, business leaders and policy makers serious about effecting real change.
- Published
- 2010
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.