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In 2021, the law “16/2021, de 14 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley 12/2013, de 2 de agosto, de medidas para mejorar el funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria” came into effect. The law has been adopted to transpose the Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. However, the national legislation incorporates novelties that go beyond the Community act. This commentary aims to analyse the regulatory provisions of the Food Chain Act, following the amendments introduced, from a public law perspective. This is because most of the studies on the subject have been carried out from the perspective of private law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo traz o resultado da pesquisa sobre os canais de comercialização do tucumã, produto do extrativismo e que expressa um aspecto da cultura alimentar dos amazonenses. A pesquisa foi realizada em três comunidades (São Francisco do Mainã, Jatuarana e Novo Progresso) localizadas à margem esquerda do Amazonas, e com agricultores da região do Puraquequara, Manaus – AM. A pesquisa teve um viés quantitativo e qualitativo. Ao todo, foram entrevistados 30 agricultores que fazem o extrativismo do tucumã. A pesquisa mostrou a dinâmica de comercialização do tucumã, quantificando e lançando luz sobre os canais de comercialização, as relações que se estabelecem na comercialização e mostra as debilidades dos atores envolvidos, de um modo especial os agricultores extrativistas. As informações podem auxiliar na elaboração de ações de apoio aos atores envolvidos na atividade.

The use of agrochemicals in agriculture and the increase in poisoning resulting from their handling has led to discussions about their danger to human health and the environment. Objetive: the objective of this research was to know the causes of poisoning due to the use of agrochemicals and describe proposals to face the problem from the perspective of rural producers, health agents and rural extension workers of Cerro Azul (Misiones, Argentina). Methodology: the methodology used was qualitative, exploratory-descriptive, 14 interviews were carried out with the different actors, which were transcribed and analyzed with the support of the Atlas ti software. Results: as a result, it was found that the causes of poisoning identified by the actors were: not using protective clothing, not following appropriate biosafety measures, not having the means of protection, lack of awareness of the danger of agrochemicals, and lack of compliance with the law regarding the use of agrochemicals by both producers and input sellers. Proposals to address the problem were proposed: becoming aware of the danger and correctly using protective means, providing training, visiting productive properties, enforcing the law and establishing residue controls on agricultural products. Conclusion: As a discussion and conclusions, it was identified that the use of agrochemicals has effects on human health and the environment; this statement should be sufficient to generate and promote more and more devices, programs and production models that reduce or eliminate their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the adoption rate of innovations of the cultivation of arracacha in the municipality of Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. A simple random sampling design was used to select a sample of 104 producers from a known population with a 90% confidence level and a maximum permissible error of 10%. Twenty-eight crop-related innovations were evaluated, in addition to a producer characterization. The innovation adoption rate were calculated, in addition to a descriptive univariate and multivariate multiple correspondences statistical analysis. There was a trend towards the adoption of practices aimed at increasing productivity in arracacha cultivation, although the lack of technical assistance and rural extension services was evident, as well as the need to strengthen associativity processes and active farmer participation in learning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential way to enhance farmers’ self-development ability, off-farm employment plays an indispensable role in farmers’ multidimensional poverty reduction in many countries. Employing a survey of 1926 farmers in five provinces of the Yellow River Basin in China, this paper examined the multi-dimensional poverty reduction effect of off-farm employment and the heterogeneous influence of different dimensions of off-farm employment (modes, levels, distances and frequency). The results showed that (1) although absolute poverty in the income dimension was largely eliminated in the Yellow River Basin, the poverty in social resources, transportation facilities, employment security were the key bottlenecks restricting farmers’ self-development. (2) The province with the best multidimensional poverty reduction effect for non-farm employment was Shaanxi, with the largest contribution to employment security. (3) Improving off-farm employment level, distance and time can significantly alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers. Therefore, to lessen the multi-dimensional poverty of farmers in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to focus on the governance of multi-dimensional key poverty-stricken areas, such as the middle and upper courses of the Yellow River, adopting multidimensional poverty alleviation strategy of off-farm employment according to local conditions, working on the farmers’ deficiencies in social resources, mobility, employment security, and deepening the effect of off-farm employment on benefiting farmers and helping the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el índice de adopción de innovaciones del cultivo de arracacha en el municipio de Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo aleatorio simple para seleccionar una muestra de 104 productores a partir de una población conocida, con un nivel de confianza del 90% y un error máximo permisible del 10%. Se evaluaron 28 innovaciones relacionadas con el cultivo, además de una caracterización de productores. Se calculó el índice de adopción de innovaciones, la tasa de adopción de innovaciones, además de un análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado y el análisis multivariante de correspondencias múltiples. Se observó una tendencia hacia la adopción de prácticas destinadas a aumentar la productividad en el cultivo de arracacha, aunque se evidenció la falta de asistencia técnica y servicios de extensión rural, así como la necesidad de fortalecer los procesos de asociatividad y la participación de los agricultores en procesos de aprendizaje.

Se propuso fomentar la incorporación del extracto natural del Muicle (Justicia spicigera) en la producción de chocolate, utilizando dos variedades de cacao: Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl y Theobroma cacao L. Para evaluar los efectos, se implementó un diseño estadístico completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial, compuesto por 6 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones. Como factor A se evaluó dos tipos de Theobromas y factor B las concentraciones del extracto de Justicia Spicigera (0%, 3% y 6%). Se realizó la toma de las variables morfológicas para la comparación entre variedades, Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl presentó un peso de mazorca promedio de 969, mientras que Theobroma cacao L. tubo un promedio de 787 g. Durante la fermentación se tomó la temperatura inicial que fue de 21 - 48°C, pH inicial de 3,88 - 5,46 y °Brix 21- 6°Brix. La capacidad antioxidante se determinó mediante los métodos ABTS y DPPH, con valores de 239,83 y 176,49 µmol. Se requirió de 25 catadores semientrenados, se evaluó el aroma, intensidad, color y sabor. La adición del extracto de Justicia Spicigera mejoró significativamente las notas sensoriales y la aceptabilidad del chocolate.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar sistemas productivos de repollo en cuatro cooperativas rurales en Jinotega, con énfasis en aspectos socioeconómicos, agronómicos y fitosanitarios. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal de tipo no experimental, se evaluaron 60 sistemas de producción, la información obtenida fue de fuentes primarias (encuestas y entrevistas), las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis descriptivo. La edad de los productores estuvo en un rango de 20 a 80 años, su principal actividad económica es la agricultura, con niveles de educación inicial, las condiciones de la vivienda están en el rango de regular a buena, el área cultivada oscila entre 0,34 a 5,0 ha, cuentan con capacitación, las principales prácticas de manejo del cultivo fueron: manejo de arvenses, preparación del suelo, uso de trampas, monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades, uso de semillas certificadas, variedades resistentes, manejo de rastrojo y riego. Las principales enfermedades son: Rhizoctonia spp, Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp y Mycosphaerella spp y plagas insectiles Plutella xylostella L. Brevicoryne spp y ácaros. Todas controladas mediante el manejo químico sintético.

This article explores the financial literacy and business resilience of alabio duck farmers in the North Hulu Sungai District. The study reveals that these farmers are motivated to engage in financial planning in order to effectively manage their businesses. Their goal is to achieve optimal profits and create sustainable businesses for future generations. However, the research also reveals that these farmers have limited understanding of financial literacy. The article suggests that providing simpler financial reporting and enhancing financial education could be beneficial for these farmers. The research methodology involves collecting data through interviews and field observations, and analyzing the data to identify patterns and draw conclusions. The article emphasizes the importance of financial planning and capital management for the farmers, and recommends further research in different locations. [Extracted from the article]

The context of the research is the coffee monoculture in Huila and its point of analysis is those Laboyana peasant families that carry out these agroecological transition processes. The objective of the research was to analyze the social perceptions that coffee-growing peasant families from a rural community in the department of Huila in Colombia have about their agroecological transition process from conventional coffee cultivation to a crop with agroecological principles. The methodology used is a qualitative and ethnographic approach, a case study in the Los Cauchos village, in the Municipality of Guadalupe, where coffee-growing families were interviewed about their perception of the agroecological transition process. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, categorized and the findings were written up. As part of the results, it was found that for coffee-growing households, four determining components in the agroecological transition process of their agroecosystem are: 1) technical-productive, 2) economic, 3) socio-humanistic, and 4) practical knowledge, linking care, effort, dedication, patience, support networks, stigmatization and frustration as significant concepts to understand their agroecological process. By way of conclusions, there is that locally there is a struggle between two conceptions of agriculture, one naturalized and with an entire institutional and market apparatus, and another initial one that opens spaces for a better location within the market and with greater incidence in the administrative sphere. and social relations in Guadalupe, Huila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Neste artigo, examinamos os efeitos negativos gerados pela produção de energia eólica em duas comunidades rurais do município de Caetés, PE. Por meio da análise de informações obtidas por entrevistas semiestruturadas com pequenos agricultores e da observação direta no ambiente onde as turbinas estão situadas, foi possível sistematizar os incômodos de viver próximo aos parques eólicos. A partir das narrativas compartilhadas, identificamos processos de desterritorialização, incluindo o êxodo rural, problemas de saúde que impactam sobre a qualidade de vida da comunidade.

Introducción. El sistema de producción de cacao forma parte de la agricultura colombiana en las subregiones de Montes de María y La Mojana en el departamento de Sucre. En la literatura no hay evidencia de un estudio de caracterización y tipificación del sistema de producción. Objetivo. Analizar los aspectos socioeconómicos y tecnológicos del cultivo del cacao para la subregión de los Montes de María y La Mojana, y definir grupos homogéneos de productores que compartan las mismas características que sirvan de dominio de recomendación. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñaron y aplicaron encuestas a los agricultores de la región de Montes de María y La Mojana durante el año 2019. Se seleccionaron, por muestreo determinístico, veintidós agricultores. El análisis consistió en la tipificación de los agricultores por el método de distancias y agrupamiento jerárquico de Ward. Resultados. Se obtuvieron tres grupos de agricultores. El grupo GI con nivel tecnológico bajo, la escolaridad de los agricultores fue primaria incompleta, la producción presentó bajos rendimientos (420 kg ha-1). El Grupo GII agricultores con secundaria incompleta, rendimientos más altos que los del GI (491 kg ha-1), incorporaban prácticas como podas de formación y mantenimiento. El grupo GIII con mayor nivel de escolaridad, uso de opciones tecnológicas como mejores materiales de siembra y técnicas de manejo del cultivo, obtuvieron los rendimientos más altos entre todos los agricultores (550 kg ha-1). Conclusión. Las fincas tipificadas mostraron diferencias entre los grupos y se llegó a concluir que el grupo G3 fue el que obtuvo mayor rendimiento por hectárea, lo cual se atribuyó a la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías.

Inner phenomena, such as personal motivations for pursuing sustainability, may be critical levers for improving conservation outcomes. Most conservation research and policies, however, focus on external phenomena (e.g., ecological change or economic processes). We explored the factors shaping 9 conservation attitudes toward forest and wildlife protection among colonist farmers around an Amazonian deforestation frontier. Our data comprised 241 face‐to‐face quantitative surveys, complemented with qualitative insights from open‐ended questionnaire responses and opportunistic semistructured interviews. To account for the full spectrum of possible inner motivations, we employed measures of nature connection (indicating biospheric motivation) and personal values organized around the traditionalism (traditionalist through to high openness to change) and universalism dimensions (egoistic through to altruistic motivations). We used averaged beta‐binomial generalized linear models to assess the role of external factors (socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and environmental) and personal (inner) motivations on the variation in attitudes. Each attitude was modeled separately. The relative importance of each predictor was judged by the proportion of models where it appeared as significant. Proconservation views were expressed by the majority (at least 65%) of the respondents in 7 out of the 9 attitude models. The most consistent predictors were emotional nature connection and personal values (significant in 4–6 out of 9 models), rather than external phenomena (significant in 0–5 models). However, the poorest farmers had lower scores on the agreement with prioritizing nature over development (훽 = –0.52, 95% CI: –0.96 to –0.07). Qualitative data also indicated that economic barriers hinder forest conservation on farms. These results suggest that biospheric, traditionalistic, and altruistic motivations promote people's proconservation attitudes, but nurturing these latent motivations is unlikely to improve conservation outcomes if material poverty remains unaddressed. Integrating the inner–outer perspective into conservation thinking and practical interventions could foster environmental stewardship and increase human well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of @limentech: Ciencia y Tecnología Alimentaria is the property of Journal @limentech, University of Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the goal of income increasing, this research uses the DEA-BCC model under the input and the output orientation to estimate the differences and changes in the technical efficiency of wheat production by farmers of different scales based on the survey data of 1669 farmers' wheat production from China's main wheat-producing regions. Results showed that there are significant differences in the technical efficiency of farmer's wheat production and the optimal scale of efficiency under the input and the output orientation. The relationship between farmers' planting scale and efficiency is characterized by U-shaped curves and inverted U-shaped curves respectively. The wheat production technical efficiency of farmers in most major grain production areas is in a DEA ineffective state, and agricultural technical efficiency needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No Brasil, o acesso e desenvolvimento de tecnologias para aplicação na agricultura é um fato, destacando-se o uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras, mesmo na agricultura familiar. No entanto, alguns fatores agravam os riscos relativos ao uso de agrotóxicos nesta última, como baixo nível escolar, falta de conhecimento sobre os riscos e não seguimento de instruções de segurança. Assim, o presente trabalho visou identificar os agrotóxicos utilizados pelos agricultores familiares da União das Associações do Vale do Salitre (UAVS), analisando o método de uso empregado e os possíveis riscos que essas substâncias oferecem à saúde dos agricultores. O trabalho foi realizado com 31 agricultores familiares do distrito do Junco (Juazeiro/BA) que utilizam agrotóxicos em suas plantações. As informações foram obtidas com a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados. Como resultados, identificou-se que 100% dos agricultores são do sexo masculino, com média de idade entre 34 e 41 anos, e, que apesar da baixa escolaridade, não foram identificados agricultores analfabetos entre os participantes. A maior parte dos agrotóxicos (utilizados por 68% dos entrevistados) é classificada toxicologicamente como extremamente tóxica; além disso, foi identificada a prática da realização de misturas de agrotóxicos. Verificou-se também que grande parte dos agrotóxicos empregados era aplicada em plantas não indicadas nas bulas. Os achados deste estudo servem de orientação para ações da sociedade e do poder público, no sentido de prover uma atividade mais segura e produtiva para o agricultor familiar.

The Participatory Selection of Cultivars has been shown to be effective in promoting the participation of different stake holder in the genetic improvement process and to know about the preferences of producers. The aim of the study was to identify cultivars with the greatest acceptance and the agronomic criteria of greatest consideration from participants' perspective. The participatory selection was carried out at the Agrodiversity Fair in the Scientific and Technological Unit de Base "Los Palacios", located in the Los Palacios Municipality, Pinar del Río province where growers, technicians and decision-makers of both sexes participated. The effective diversity percentage was determined, cultivars with the greatest acceptance and the most relevant agronomic criteria were identified. Female participation reached 44.8 % and effective diversity was 75 %. DI-77, DN-12 and DI-11 cultivars stood out for their good performance for the locality; the characters with the highest degree of acceptance at the time of selection were number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, grain size and plant erection. Participatory cultivars selection in chickpea could be an excellent methodology to accelerate cultivars adoption, enrich genetic diversity of this crop and increase yields, also allow training, the interaction of various stake holders and promote gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study focuses on analyzing the institutional context and collaborative networks affecting farmers' entrepreneurial capacity in Mexico. Originality/value: Both the institutional framework and collaborative networks are part of the environment faced by the farmer and empower them to decide about their business, being decisive elements to generate confidence in the environment and reduce the risk of assuming economic responsibilities. Design/methodology/approach: We incorporate the moderating effect of the institutional context considering its influence on collaboration networks. The statistical technique of structural equation models was used to test the hypotheses. The sample comprised 192 farmers from the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Findings: The results showed significant and positive effects of institutional pillars and collaborative networks on the capacity to undertake. Regarding the non-significant effects of the institutional context as a moderating variable, further research is suggested to review the relationship of institutional pillars with collaboration networks and their possible negative relationship. Institutional pillars represent the perception of the social structure relevant to measuring society's position regarding the capacities, in this case, of rural entrepreneurship, especially when making public policies. The impact of current government actions on the commercial activity should be considered. Subsequently, public policies must have a practical application by the legal framework and the formation of an environment of certainty based on the normative and cognitive pillars of the institutional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Este estudo se concentra em analisar o contexto institucional e as redes colaborativas que afetam a capacidade empreendedora dos agricultores no México. Originalidade/valor: Tanto o quadro institucional quanto as redes colaborativas fazem parte do ambiente enfrentado pelo agricultor e o capacitam para decidir sobre seu negócio, sendo elementos decisivos para gerar confiança no meio ambiente e reduzir o risco de assumir responsabilidades econômicas. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Incorporamos o efeito moderador do contexto institucional considerando sua influência nas redes de colaboração. A técnica estatística de modelos de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar as hipóteses. A amostra foi composta por 192 agricultores do estado de Aguascalientes, México. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos e positivos dos pilares institucionais e das redes colaborativas sobre a capacidade de empreender. Em relação aos efeitos não significativos do contexto institucional como variável moderadora, sugerem-se novas pesquisas para revisar a relação dos pilares institucionais com as redes de colaboração e sua possível relação negativa. Os pilares institucionais representam a percepção da estrutura social, relevante para mensurar o posicionamento que a sociedade tem em relação às capacidades, nesse caso, do empreendedorismo rural, principalmente na elaboração de políticas públicas. Deve ser considerado o impacto que as atuais ações governamentais estão causando na atividade comercial. Posteriormente, é necessário que as políticas públicas tenham uma aplicação efetiva pelo arcabouço legal e a formação de um ambiente de certeza baseado nos pilares normativos e cognitivos do contexto institucional. / ABSTRACT Purpose: This study focuses on analyzing the institutional context and collaborative networks affecting farmers’ entrepreneurial capacity in Mexico. Originality/value: Both the institutional framework and collaborative networks are part of the environment faced by the farmer and empower them to decide about their business, being decisive elements to generate confidence in the environment and reduce the risk of assuming economic responsibilities Design/methodology/approach: We incorporate the moderating effect of the institutional context considering its influence on collaboration networks. The statistical technique of structural equation models was used to test the hypotheses. The sample comprised 192 farmers from the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Findings: The results showed significant and positive effects of institutional pillars and collaborative networks on the capacity to undertake. Regarding the non-significant effects of the institutional context as a moderating variable, further research is suggested to review the relationship of institutional pillars with collaboration networks and their possible negative relationship. Institutional pillars represent the perception of the social structure relevant to measuring society’s position regarding the capacities, in this case, of rural entrepreneurship, especially when making public policies. The impact of current government actions on the commercial activity should be considered. Subsequently, public policies must have a practical application by the legal framework and the formation of an environment of certainty based on the normative and cognitive pillars of the institutional context.

La sequía, es un evento climático extremo que genera grandes impactos y pérdidas en la agricultura, provocando el aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria global e insostenibilidad de medios de vida rurales. A partir de esto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos que han reportado la relación entre percepción de riesgo y las estrategias de adaptación de agricultores ante la sequía. Para esto, la revisión siguió los lineamientos y recomendaciones de la declaración PRISMA. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Web of Science, Scopus y EBSCO. En total, se revisaron 50 estudios empíricos, en español y en inglés, publicados entre los años 2010 y 2021, que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Los resultados destacan la presencia de distintos factores que influyen en la percepción de riesgo (años de experiencia, el nivel de escolaridad, entre otros) y sobre las estrategias de adaptación (tamaño de la finca, sexo, acceso a crédito, etc.). Por último, se identificaron los efectos de la sequía a nivel de cultivos, ganado, personales y ambientales. A modo de conclusión, discutimos sus implicaciones y limitaciones, relevando la ausencia de estudios en la región latinoamericana y en idioma español. Estudios futuros deben hacerse con una perspectiva basada en el lugar, bajo la cual se puedan reconocer saberes, creencias, prácticas y acciones adaptativas. Por otro lado, se deben proponer e implementar políticas y programas de mitigación ante en el cambio climático a escala local.

Objective. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain and associated risk factors among coffee pickers. Methods. The participants completed a survey and underwent tests to determine flexibility and .... Results. Among 98 coffee pickers with an average age of 44.7 (±13.7), 58.2% had experienced low back pain. The average duration and intensity of low back pain in the patients were 6.0 ± 6.5 years and 47.1 ± 21.0 mm/100 mm respectively. The average values of body fat and ... were 13.2 ± 2.8% y 32.5 ± 8.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 respectively. Regression analysis showed that for a higher ... value decreased the probability of experiencing low back pain, while a higher body fat content increased the probability of suffering from low back pain. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of low back pain among coffee pickers from Chinchiná and Palestina. Higher body fat content increases the likelihood of experiencing lumbar pain, while elevated levels of ... decrease it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology in banana, melon, and tomato workers in north-eastern Guatemala, and to evaluate the usefulness of a cystatin C blood test for early detection of renal disease. Methods. This was a cross-sectional, farm-based study of 462 agricultural workers conducted from June to September 2021. Epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the workers were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose, creatinine and cystatin C levels. Anthropometric and clinical data were also recorded. Results. The prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology was 3.03% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36--4.70%) based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR-EPI) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, with a significantly higher prevalence in banana workers (5.67%; 95% CI: 2.16--9.18%) than melon workers (p = 0.009) and tomato workers (p = 0.044). Ten workers (2.16%) had reduced kidney function (GFR-EPI 60--90 mL/min/1.73 m2). The levels of cystatin C showed less variability (coefficient of variation 46.4%) than those of creatinine (coefficient of variation 67.0%), and cystatin C levels in cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function were significantly different from cases with normal kidney function (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Surveillance of the health of active farm workers and improvement of working conditions, such as sun protection, adequate hydration, and sufficient breaks, are recommended. The significant differences in cystatin C levels between cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function and those with normal kidney function suggest that cystatin C could be a useful measure for early detection of renal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is an extreme climatic event that generates large impacts and losses in agriculture, causing the increase of global food insecurity and unsustainability of rural livelihoods. Based on this, the objective of this research was to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that have reported the relationship between risk perception and adaptive strategies of farmers in the face of drought. For this reason, the review followed the guidelines and recommendations of the PRISMA statement. The databases consulted were Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCO. In total, 50 empirical studies, in Spanish and English, published between 2010 and 2021, that met the selection criteria were reviewed. The results highlight thdifferent factors influencingisk perception (years of experience, level of schooling, among others) and adaptation strategies (farm size, gender, access to credit, etc.). Finally, the effects of drought at the crop, livestock, personal and environmental levels were identified. In conclusion, we discuss its implications and limitations, highlighting the absence of studies in the Latin American region and in Spanish language. Future studies should be done with a place-based perspective, under which adaptive knowledge, beliefs, practices and actions can be recognized. On the other hand, climate change mitigation policies and programs must be proposed and implemented at a local scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este texto relaciona aspectos da perspectiva educacional de Paulo Freire incorporados ao trabalho do agrônomo-educador. Estabelecemos essa relação com as práticas de organizações não governamentais vinculadas à Articulação Nacional de Agroecologia. A base de nossa reflexão é a obra Extensão ou comunicação? em que Freire analisa o problema da comunicação entre o camponês e o profissional da extensão rural, compreendendo que este último pode estabelecer a mesma relação presente na educação bancária, devendo sua atuação, que é de caráter educativo, se dar na perspectiva da comunicação. Referências BARRINHA, Roselaine Navarro. A agricultura para o capital: uma perspectiva histórica da relação Estado-Capital e teoria do desenvolvimento agrícola. In: NUNES, Sidemar P. (org.). Agroecologia: uma abordagem crítica. Ijuí: Editora Unijuí, 2014. BRASIL. Lei nº 12.188, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural para a Agricultura Familiar e Reforma Agrária - PNATER e o Programa Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural na Agricultura Familiar e na Reforma Agrária - PRONATER. Diário Oficial da União: seção 1, Brasília, DF, ano 147, n. 7, p. 1-2, 12 jan. 2010. CAMPOLIN, Aldalgiza Inês; FEIDEN, Alberto. Metodologias participativas em agroecologia. Corumbá: EMBRAPA Pantanal, 2011. EHLERS, Eduardo. Agricultura sustentável: origens e perspectivas de um novo paradigma. 2. ed. Guaíba: Agropecuária, 1999. FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do Oprimido. 17 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987. FREIRE, Paulo. Extensão ou comunicação? 7. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1983. FREIRE, Paulo. Cartas à Guiné-Bissau: registros de uma experiência em processo. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1978. GRAZIANO DA SILVA, José. A modernização dolorosa: estrutura agrária, fronteira agrícola e trabalhadores rurais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1982. IPEA. Texto para discussão. Agricultura familiar, assistência técnica e extensão rural e a política nacional de ATER. Brasília: Rio de Janeiro: Ipea, 2017. MOÇAMBIQUE. Diagnóstico (Participativo) Rápido Rural: Manual de Técnicas. Comissão Nacional do Meio Ambiente, s/d. PETERSEN, Paulo. Participação e desenvolvimento agrícola participativo: uma visão estratégica com ênfase na etapa do diagnóstico. In: PETERSEN, P.; ROMANO, J. O. (Orgs.). Abordagens participativas para o desenvolvimento local. Rio de Janeiro: AS-PTA, 1999. TORRES-REGO, Thelmely. Formação em agroecologia: Programa do Contestado da AS-PTA. 2016. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Centro de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2016. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/172586/343442.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. VERDEJO, Miguel Expósito. Diagnóstico Rural Participativo: A caixa de ferramenta. Secretaria da Agricultura Familiar. MDA. 2006.

A transposição do rio São Francisco prevê o acesso à água para uma população estimada em 12 milhões de pessoas na região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro. Uma parcela da população atingida por esse projeto é também potencialmente beneficiária do mesmo. Referimo-nos aqui aos agricultores reassentados em Vilas Produtivas Rurais (VPR), pelo Projeto Básico Ambiental (PBA), que visou reassentar os agricultores (proprietários ou não) atingidos ao longo das margens dos dois canais da transposição (Eixo Norte e Eixo Leste). Nosso estudo analisa um fenômeno socioambiental complexo ligado a uma política pública compensatória focada no reassentamento de populações atingidas, expropriadas e potencialmente beneficiárias do projeto de transposição em oito vilas pertencentes ao estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de uma análise da situação das famílias reassentadas, como se dá o acesso dessas famílias à água e consequentemente a reprodução econômica e social da população envolvida.

El desarrollo económico y sus desigualdades han impulsado emprendimientos de economía social (EES), donde se destacan las cooperativas, siendo las agrícolas y campesinas responsables por 28% de estas entidades en Chile y 52% en la XIV Región, las cuáles, en general, son de reducido tamaño. En este sentido, se analiza la construcción y establecimiento de la estrategia empresarial de cuatro pequeñas cooperativas agropecuarias de la XIV Región chilena para competir y mantener la sostenibilidad de pequeños productores en el medio rural. Para esto, se adoptó el enfoque metodológico cualitativo, utilizándose de revisión documental y entrevista semiestructurada para la obtención y análisis de datos. Los resultados muestran que la estrategia parte de gerentes sin experiencia o capacitación anterior en cooperativas o administración, y se relaciona diferentemente con el tipo de servicio que brindan las cooperativas, indicando la necesidad de fortalecer el capital humano y social de cooperativas, el conocimiento de la red de oportunidades en proyectos del gobierno, además de mezclar y madurar actuales estrategias, para impulsar el desarrollo de pequeñas actividades agropecuarias y la sostenibilidad en el medio rural.

Resumo Introdução Apesar da vulnerabilidade social existente na população rural brasileira, o uso de medicamentos entre agricultores é um tema ainda pouco estudado no país. Objetivo Analisar o uso de medicamentos e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, laborais, comportamentais e autoavaliação do estado de saúde em agricultores. Método Estudo epidemiológico transversal com 790 agricultores de 18 a 59 anos, de ambos os sexos, do município de Santa Maria de Jetibá. Os medicamentos foram agrupados segundo o Sistema de Classificação Anatômico-Terapêutico-Químico (ATC) nos níveis 1 e 2. Foram realizadas análise descritiva (frequências absolutas e relativas) e associações entre as variáveis e o uso de medicamentos pelo teste de qui-quadrado. As variáveis que se mostraram associadas com o desfecho com nível de significância de 5% no teste de qui-quadrado foram testadas por regressão logística binária. Resultados A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 44,2%, sendo menor no sexo masculino (30,3%) do que no feminino (59,4%). Após a análise ajustada, o uso de medicamentos esteve associado ao sexo feminino, à faixa etária de 40 anos ou mais e à pior autoavaliação do estado de saúde. A prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 6,6%. Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram os anti-hipertensivos (19,3%). Conclusão O estudo evidenciou a importância de se avaliar populações rurais a fim de subsidiar políticas e recursos em saúde pública.

Entre os riscos ocupacionais do trabalho agrícola, destaca-se o uso de agrotóxicos, que estão relacionados às intoxicações agudas, doenças crônicas e problemas reprodutivos. Assim, faz-se necessário estudos nesta temática para monitoramento de incidência de intoxicação pelo uso de agrotóxico em trabalhadores rurais. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a frequência de intoxicação por agrotóxicos pela análise de micronúcleo da mucosa bucal de agricultores expostos a esses compostos. Todos os participantes do estudo são do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos, não fumantes, não etilistas e residem em um município do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras da mucosa bucal para análise de micronúcleos de 27 agricultores na estação do verão, quando há intenso uso de agrotóxicos. Foram confeccionadas três lâminas por indivíduo, coradas com Giemsa, analisadas em microscopio óptico, contadas 1.000 células por lâmina, perfazendo 3.000 células por participante. Foram contabilizadas células com micronúcleo e com anormalidades nucleares. Os dados foram analisados no software estatístico R. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul. Como resultado principal observa-se que 74,0% dos trabalhadores rurais possuíam mais que três células com micronúcleos em 3.000 células, com diferença significativa comparado ao grupo controle. Isso evidencia intoxicação aguda devido ao uso de agrotóxicos, que pode estar associada ao não uso do Equipamento de Proteção Individual (EPI), incluindo outros fatores de exposição. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de monitoramento de trabalhadores rurais expostos a agrotóxicos.

A mediados del siglo XX, el Partido Comunista de la Argentina fue la fuerza política que procuró generar un movimiento de masas rurales, liderando las organizaciones sindicales y de productores agropecuarios, que actuara en un “frente democrático, antioligárquico y antiimperialista” con otros actores sociales para lograr una reforma agraria profunda y otros derechos específicos. En este artículo se reconstruye ese accionar en el período 1958-1962, vinculándolo con las políticas agrarias del gobierno de Arturo Frondizi, perjudiciales para estos sectores, empleando fuentes diversas generadas por los actores mencionados.

The increase in phytosanitary problems faced by corn producers in the department of Meta has generated the need to identify the management that each producer carries out on his crop. In this way, it is possible to determine the factors that differentiate producers and the technological gaps that must be overcome in the extension and technical assistance plans, so the objective of this work was to characterize the technified corn production system, from the point of view of phytosanitary management. This work used a sample of 45 producers, selected by stratified random sampling with allocation proportional to the size of the stratum, to whom a survey was applied that allowed grouping by means of principal component analysis, multiple correspondences and conglomerates. With the results obtained, the following typologies were defined: 1) older adult producers with medium farms of high productivity, 2) adult producers with small farms of high productivity, 3) adult producers with small farms of low productivity and 4) adult producers with large farms of medium productivity. The relevant aspects in each typology were defined, allowing the design of work and research plans in the sanitary component of the crop in the region according to each one of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the social vulnerability that exists in the Brazilian rural population, the drug use is a topic still little studied in the country. Objective: The present work aims to analyze drug use and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, behavioral, and self-rated health characteristics in farmers. Method: A cross-sectional epidemiological study of 790 male and female farmers from 18 to 59 years old, from Santa Maria de Jetibá. The drugs were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification System (ATC) at levels 1 and 2. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed (in absolute and relative frequencies) and associations between study variables and drug use by the chi-square test. The variables that were associated with the outcome with a significance level of 5% in the chi-square test were tested by binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of drug utilization was 44.2%, being lower in males (30,3%) than in females (59,4%). After adjusted analysis, the drug use was associated with female gender, age 40 years and older and worse self-rated health status. The prevalence of polypharmacy was 6,6%. The most used drugs were antihypertensive (19,3%). Conclusion: The study showed the importance of evaluating rural populations to subsidize policies and resources in Public Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La reducción de la brecha entre el rendimiento actual y el alcanzable de maíz, representa una oportunidad para incrementar los beneficios de los productores, para el efecto como primer paso, es pertinente evaluar la producción de biomasa del maíz. En un diseño de bloques completos aleatorizados, se estudiaron tres híbridos de maíz, en los que se determinó la distribución de biomasa a nivel de tallo, hojas y mazorca, y la absorción de nutrientes a la cosecha. Se realizó análisis de varianza, prueba de Tukey y análisis de regresión, considerando la acumulación de biomasa en función del tiempo. Los híbridos evaluados alcanzaron la máxima acumulación de biomasa total a los 60 días. La acumulación de biomasa vegetativa total (tallo más hoja) y biomasa reproductiva, se ajustó a una curva sigmoidea, mientras que la desacumulación de biomasa vegetativa total, mantuvo una tendencia lineal simple. El rendimiento de los híbridos modernos evaluados es mayor que el observado en el híbrido antiguo, lo que responde a una mayor absorción de nutrientes y no a la acumulación y distribución de biomasa. En conclusión, sugiere que la selección de materiales con mayor capacidad de acumulación/desacumulación podría contribuir a incrementar el rendimiento de los productores de maíz.

Antecedentes: La finca campesina se conduce con propósitos diferentes a la empresa, sin embargo, su objetivo es económico; por lo que resultaría práctico conocer indicadores para la gestión de su ganadería vacuna. Objetivo. Determinar la existencia de elementos de gestión estratégica en una finca vacuna de doble propósito del suroeste de Holguín. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de caso de una finca ganadera con flujo zootécnico de doble propósito. Se caracterizó su gestión organizacional mediante una lista de chequeo de la metodología del cuadro de mando integral (CMI) en la cría vacuna. Resultados: El sistema de trabajo está dividido por propósitos. El hato lechero desempeña una labor estratégica, mientras el de crecimiento-ceba juega un rol táctico. Sobre la visión y estrategia se seleccionó “elevación de la tasa de retorno por cabeza”. La perspectiva financiera emplea la “tasa de concepción” que no es financiero. En la Cliente se prefiere “porcentaje de ganado que califica para una determinada categoría”, con la categoría primera para el 80% de los animales de la venta anual. En Procesos internos el “costo unitario” constituye la medida, que ante las restricciones ambientales requiere un manejo innovador. La Formación y crecimiento seleccionó la “tasa de concepción”, que no se relaciona con las habilidades de los equipos de trabajo. Conclusiones: La finca posee elementos de gestión estratégica que subyacen en la práctica y no muestra una racionalidad campesina distinta; aspectos que sirven para reflexionar sobre la innovación institucional y el aprendizaje social en el sector.

RESUMO A partir dos anos 2000, diversas ações voltadas para a agricultura urbana e periurbana no município de São Paulo surgiram e ganharam força, impactando diretamente a atividade agrícola da maior metrópole brasileira. No extremo sul, houve a atuação do poder público, da Universidade de São Paulo e de diversas ONG, o que levou ao incentivo da prática agroecológica, ao surgimento da única cooperativa de agricultores paulistanos, a Cooperapas, e à ampliação da produção e comercialização de alimentos agroecológicos para a cidade de São Paulo.

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: El pterigión es una enfermedad oftalmológica frecuente a nivel mundial, considerado como un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Determinar los factores laborales asociados al pterigión en un grupo de trabajadores de la agricultura y de la construcción atendidos en centros hospitalarios del municipio Playa, de La Habana, entre mayo de 2017 y mayo de 2018. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en una muestra intencional no probabilística de 98 constructores y 82 obreros agrícolas, que fueron sometidos a un pesquisaje oftalmológico en el municipio Playa durante el periodo 2017-2018. Se llevó a cabo la exploración ocular y B biomicroscópica con lámpara de hendidura, una entrevista estructurada atendiendo a los objetivos del estudio, así como la observación científica de las condiciones de trabajo en las áreas investigadas. Se clasificaron en 2 grupos, uno con pterigión y otro sin el mismo. Se cumplieron con los principios éticos de investigación. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edades de 41 a 60 años en un 63,3 %. La frecuencia de pterigión en los constructores fue de 58 casos (59,2 %) y en los agricultores de 20 (24,4 %); el trastorno prevaleció en trabajadores con más de 15 años de antigüedad. Preponderó el pterigión grado II; los más vulnerables a la exposición a polvo fueron los albañiles y montadores. Conclusiones: Se determinaron como factores laborales asociados al pterigión en agricultores y constructores el polvo y el tiempo prolongado de exposición. Introduction: Pterygium is a common ophthalmologic disease worldwide, considered a public health problem. Objective: To determine the occupational factors associated with pterygium in a group of workers of the agriculture and construction that were attended in hospitals of Playa municipality, of Havana City, from May 2017 to May 2018. Material and method: It was carried out an observational and transverse descriptive study in an intentional sample, no probabilistic, of 98 builders and 82 agricultural workers that were subjected to an ophthalmologic screening in the municipality of Playa during 2017-2018. It was carried out the ocular and biomicroscopic exploration with fissure lamp, a structured interview assisting to the objectives of the study; as well as the scientific observation of the work conditions in the investigated areas. They were classified into two groups: one with pterygium and the other without this. They have fulfilled the ethical principles of investigation. Results: It prevailed the masculine sex and the age group from 41 to 60 years old in 63,3 %. Pterygium frequency in builders was 58 cases (59,2 %) and in farmers 20 (24,4 %); the illness prevailed in workers with more than 15 years of work was preponderant pterygium of degree II, the most vulnerable to the exhibition of the dust were the bricklayers and linkers. Conclusions: Dust and prolonged exposure time were determined as occupational factors associated with pterygium in farmers and builders.

Objetivo: estudiar la presencia de sesgos conductuales entre abril de 2019 y enero de 2020 en 53 agricultores del municipio de Guasave, Sinaloa, México cuando deciden qué producir. Metodología: es un estudio exploratorio que utiliza la combinación de los enfoques cualitativo y cuantitativo. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría de los agricultores son personas responsables, aversos al riesgo, que conocen su negocio y que prefieren permanecer sin cambio, lo cual provoca que su elección no sea la mejor. Limitaciones: no se conoce el número de agricultores de Sinaloa y sus municipios debido a la dificultad de acceso a datos precisos, recientes y oficiales. Valor: ofrecer un primer acercamiento a la influencia de sesgos conductuales en la decisión de producción. Conclusiones: conocer la incidencia de sesgos será útil para el agricultor a la hora de decidir sobre qué producir. Así, los resultados pueden ser de utilidad en la formulación de políticas gubernamentales orientadas a apoyar la agricultura.

Introduction: Currently, as exogenous poisonings are extremely relevant public health problems throughout Brazil, requiring an intervention or an end to reduce this situation. Objective: Therefore, this study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of exogenous pesticide poisoning in the city of Patrocínio - MG, in the period 2007-2020, as well as to develop an intervention project capable of reducing the death and poisoning rates in this city. Methods: The database of the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) was used with the help of the TabNet tab, analyzing epidemiological and descriptive data from the city of Patrocínio-MG. Thus, it sought data restricted to the disease: exogenous poisoning by agricultural pesticides. Clinical and sociodemographic variables related to pesticides were included. A systematic literature review was carried out in the Scielo, Google Academic and Nescon Virtual Library databases from 2000-2021 to propose interventions. Results: no period of analysis of 164 cases of exogenous poisoning by agricultural pesticides in Patrocínio. The most reported cases were among the population aged 20-39 years, with incomplete primary education. The circumstances at the time of intoxication occurred predominantly during work in which the injured had, for the most part, a favorable evolution. Discussion: An intervention proposal was based on two articles selected based on the inclusion and exclusion requirements and is based on reducing intoxication by farmers' capacity, population awareness, data collection to create a reliable epidemiological profile and training of professionals of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]