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Geographical indications (GIs), as intellectual property (IP) instruments, are a value-adding strategy that can be driven by innovation. Innovation has been systematically studied in GIs since the mid-2000s, but this knowledge is fragmented. Our contribution seeks to fill this gap by organizing knowledge about innovation in GIs, identifying the types of innovation predominant in the literature and the returns associated with different types of innovation for GIs. To carry out the study, we conducted a systematic review with a sample of 40 scientific articles extracted from the Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Science Direct scientific databases. The results indicate a clear emphasis on innovation in production processes, in marketing and sales, and in the administration of GIs. However, product innovation remains a less explored area, due to challenges related to preserving the traditional characteristics of certified products. The innovative strategies adopted by GIs highlight the relevance of innovation in various domains, resulting in improvements in operational performance, differentiation, business management and improvement of the portfolio and product quality. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the agri-food sector, firms and local systems can utilize both Geographical Indications and technological advancements as key strategic assets for growth in many European regions, but the combined contribution of Geographical Indications and innovation activities to the economy of European regions is still poorly investigated. This study aims to understand how Geographical Indications and agri-food innovation affect the competitiveness of the agriculture and food industry in European regions and how these strategies interact. To achieve this goal, a longitudinal and original dataset has been organized, including data related to Geographical Indications and agri-food patents from 265 European NUTS-2 regions between 1996 and 2014. The data for Geographical Indications and agri-food patents are collected from the eAmbrosia and OECD RegPat databases, respectively. The results show that Geographical Indications have a positive and significant impact on regional competitiveness, while the effect of agri-food innovations is controversial. The implications of these findings in terms of policy design are further discussed. • Conducting a quantitative study on impact of GIs on regional competitiveness. • Constructing a longitudinal dataset with GIs and patents data for EU regions. • GIs and patents boost agri-food competition, despite no interactive relation. • New GIs entering market contribute 1% growth in gross value added for food sector. • Local policies promote knowledge transfer and innovation in agri-food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]