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Traditionally, dental identification techniques are used to establish identity or assist in reconstructing an individual's biological profile. However, other aspects of identity, namely socioeconomic status (SES), can be estimated through teeth. This work aims to evaluate the influence of SES on third molar agenesis in a Portuguese population. X-rays from 448 subjects (223 belonging to a high and 225 to a low socioeconomic status) were assessed and demographic data (age, sex) and dental history were registered. Frequencies and associations between the variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. For each group, differences between third molar agenesis were studied using the Wilcoxon test. The significance level was 5%. X-rays displaying at least one agenesis were more common in females (in both SES groups). Differences between socioeconomic status were found in female subjects' upper right and lower left third molars, with a higher frequency of agenesis in the lower SES group. Agenesis of lower third molars displayed fluctuant asymmetry in both groups, whereas agenesis of upper third molars was also present in the lower SES group. These results suggest that socioeconomic status can affect third molar agenesis prevalence, and fluctuant asymmetry seems more prevalent in the lower SES, as it affects all third molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to changes in the dietary habits, functional load for the teeth has relatively reduced nowadays. This had increased the agenesis of third molars. This study aims to create awareness about the increasing existence of agenesis of third molars. Aim: To examine the rate of third molar agenesis in the population of western Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 5,000 digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) of patients aged 10–16 years to observe the prevalence of third molar agenesis in Western Tamil Nadu. The quadrant without the evidence of a crypt was considered agenesis. Each digital OPG was evaluated in accordance with age, sex, and quadrants. Descriptive analysis and Pearson’s Chi–square test were performed. Results: The overall prevalence of third molar agenesis was 15.34%. The incidence of third molar agenesis was observed to be higher among individuals aged 10 and 11 years. OPGs of patients under the age group of 10 years had a prevalence of agenesis of 18 (88.4%) and 28 (84.5%). There were no significant differences in accordance to sex. The third molar agenesis in this study listed in descending order of frequency were, 18 (32.2%), 28 (31.0%), 48 (18.6%), 38 (18.1%) Conclusion: The prevalence of third molar agenesis in Western Tamil Nadu was 15.34%, with higher rates observed among 10- and 11-year-olds. Thus, this study proposes that the concept of increasing prevalence of third molars agenesis should be remembered when choosing third molars as a tool for age estimation.

The main objectives of the present prospective clinical study were to evaluate the survival and success rates of implant-supported zirconia single crowns fabricated with a full digital workflow for the rehabilitation of mono- and bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors after 2 years of clinical function; biological and technical parameters affecting the prosthetic restorations were recorded, as well as the patient-satisfaction score. Twenty-two patients showing mono- or bilateral agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisors were included in this study, and a total of 30 narrow-diameter implants were inserted. Thirty screw-retained monolithic cubic zirconia single crowns with internal connections were fabricated. Objective outcome evaluations were performed by means of the Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score, whereas the patient-satisfaction score was evaluated using Visual Analog Scales. Descriptive statistics were performed and the Kaplan–Meier analysis was run to analyze time-to-event data. After 2 years of clinical function, the overall FIPS found in the present study was 9.2, whereas the average patient-satisfaction score was 8.7. The Kaplan–Meier analysis at the 2-year follow-up reported a cumulative survival rate of 100% and a cumulative success rate of 93.3%. The implant-prosthetic rehabilitation with a full digital workflow proved to be an effective and reliable procedure for the functional and aesthetic treatment of the agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors in the short-term. Clinical investigations with wider sample populations and longer observational follow-ups could be useful to validate, in the long-term, the clinical outcomes of the present prospective clinical study.

The main objectives of the present prospective clinical study were to evaluate the survival and success rates of implant-supported zirconia single crowns fabricated with a full digital workflow for the rehabilitation of mono- and bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors after 2 years of clinical function; biological and technical parameters affecting the prosthetic restorations were recorded, as well as the patient-satisfaction score. Twenty-two patients showing mono- or bilateral agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisors were included in this study, and a total of 30 narrow-diameter implants were inserted. Thirty screw-retained monolithic cubic zirconia single crowns with internal connections were fabricated. Objective outcome evaluations were performed by means of the Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score, whereas the patient-satisfaction score was evaluated using Visual Analog Scales. Descriptive statistics were performed and the Kaplan–Meier analysis was run to analyze time-to-event data. After 2 years of clinical function, the overall FIPS found in the present study was 9.2, whereas the average patient-satisfaction score was 8.7. The Kaplan–Meier analysis at the 2-year follow-up reported a cumulative survival rate of 100% and a cumulative success rate of 93.3%. The implant-prosthetic rehabilitation with a full digital workflow proved to be an effective and reliable procedure for the functional and aesthetic treatment of the agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors in the short-term. Clinical investigations with wider sample populations and longer observational follow-ups could be useful to validate, in the long-term, the clinical outcomes of the present prospective clinical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report an unusual case of combined Lie's types A and D of internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis, diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Methods: A 60-year-old woman with dizziness underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRA of the intracranial region for the evaluation of brain and vascular lesions. The magnetic resonance machine was a 3.0-T scanner. Results: MRI showed no abnormalities, except for multiple small white matter lesions. MRA showed that the left ICA was absent, except for the supraclinoid segment, and an anastomotic vessel was present between the paraclinoid segments of the bilateral ICAs, indicating Lie's type D ICA agenesis. The left posterior communicating artery (PCoA) was also present. Thus, there were also features of type A ICA agenesis. The anastomotic vessels between the bilateral ICAs and ipsilateral PCoA were relatively small in caliber. Conclusion: Lie's type D ICA agenesis usually does not communicate with the anterior and posterior circulations. We encountered a case of combined type D and type A ICA agenesis. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported in the English literature. This is the second case of type D ICA agenesis with patent ipsilateral PCoA. We speculate that in case of type A ICA agenesis, when the development of the PCoA is insufficient to support collateral blood flow, an anastomotic vessel between bilateral ICAs may develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The carcinoma of thyroid incidences is increasing rapidly in men and women. Thyroidectomy is the ultimate treatment plan for the majority of cases. The lack of knowledge about embryological and anatomical variations can cause iatrogenic injuries and leads into mortality. Aims and Objectives: The aim was to carry out a descriptive observational study on embryological and anatomical variations in the thyroid gland through cadaver. Materials and Methods: The present study comprises an adult male human cadaver, Scalpel, forceps, scissors, and probe. The blunt dissection was carried out to clear the fat and fascia in the midline of neck region to expose the sternothyroid muscle. Loosened and transected the muscle, then examined the thyroid gland carefully. Results: The current study has shown that the agenesis of isthmus, lobes of thyroid gland positioned more anteriorly, and the presence of levator glandulae thyroideae. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge of embryolgical and anatomical anomalies in the thyroid gland can cause major complications during surgery and also post operatively. The complete awareness of these various anomalies helps in the accurate diagnosis and better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The vermiform appendix is a highly variable vestigial organ among different individuals. Despite the common embryological process, there are congenital abnormalities of the vermiform appendix such as duplicity and agenesis. Agenesis is a rare occurrence in which the vermiform appendix is absent; however, there is no effect on the individual. Case information: Six cases of appendicular agenesis within a select adult South African population are reported. Type III appendicular agenesis was prevalent (83.33 %). There was one case of type V appendicular agenesis. Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix can assist the clinician during intra-abdominal surgeries. It will ensure thorough preparation as agenesis is an anomalous occurrence.

Knowledge about the proximity of important anatomical structures is crucial for all surgical interventions, including those in the lower jaw region. One of these important structures is the mental foramen, which transmits the mental nerve, whose branches provide sensory innervation to the chin, lower lip, and gingiva. The mental foramen variations can influence the effectiveness of the mental nerve anesthesia and can also be related to complications during surgical procedures such as implant placement, apicoectomy, vestibuloplasty, etc. We present a very rare case of agenesis of left mental foramen coexisting with two right mental foramina incidentally found in a patient examined by cone-beam computed tomography.

Congenital variants of the pancreas are being increasingly detected with the widespread use of modern imaging techniques. The underlying embryologic aberration predicts the final appearance of pancreatic development. It is essential to recognize these congenital variants, as many of these have been proven to be associated with pancreatic diseases like recurrent pancreatitis and chronic abdominal pain. Cross-sectional techniques like multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are the most used imaging techniques for the pancreas, where a radiologist comes across these variants. This pictorial aims to classify the type of variant anatomy of the pancreas, their imaging appearances, and their clinical significance.

Different studies have established that the mineralization stages of the second mandibular molar can be used in forensic age estimation. Nowadays, the estimate's accuracy is an ethical concern, producing as few false positives (individuals incorrectly classified as older than a determined threshold) and false negatives (individuals incorrectly classified as younger than a determined threshold) as possible. Some have hypothesized that changes in teeth number may influence tooth mineralization, altering the age estimate process. This paper analyzes whether third molar agenesis affects the second mandibular molar mineralization time frame. To do so, 355 orthopantomograms were evaluated for third molar agenesis, and the second mandibular molar mineralization stage was assessed using the Demirjian stages. Student's t-test was used to compare the difference in the mean age at which the various stages of 37 mineralization were reached in the groups with and without third molar agenesis. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. The results pointed to a delay in second mandibular molar mineralization in the case of agenesis, suggesting the need to consider this when estimating age using dental techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of health professionals who have some type of disability brings benefits, such as the increase in empathy that facilitates the relationship with patients. In this work, we present a case study on the inclusion of an undergraduate Dentistry student with upper limb agenesis. In order to improve the quality of life for people with upper limb agenesis, it is urgent to establish inclusion strategies in the educational field. This process included the use of assistive technologies to allow the manipulation of instruments used in the practice of dental clinical activities, enabling future Dentists with upper limb agenesis to have an equal education in relation to their academic peers. The case study presented in this work consists of the follow-up of G., a 23-year-old female Dentistry student. The developed adaptations were made using a low-temperature thermoplastic. The expert team that participated in this process was formed by three occupational therapists and three Dentistry professors. The process included several stages, being the last one the integration, in which training sessions were performed. The process was accessed using two main tools: quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews. After the proposed intervention, the volunteer presented a gradual evolution in her occupational performance with the use of most adaptations, promoting her functional training. Most adaptations allowed G. to perform the activities satisfactorily, with the precision inherent to these tasks, even with little training time. This case study demonstrates the high applicability of the proposed technologies. In order to improve the quality of life for people with upper limb agenesis, it is urgent to establish inclusion strategies in the educational field, as assessed in this study case The inclusion process of Dentistry students can include the use of assistive technology to allow the manipulation of instruments for the practice of clinical activities Our study suggests that the assistive adpatations promote a gradual evolution in the students' occupational performance, functional training and motor qualification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental Anomaly Pattern (DAP) is a collection of morphologic, numeric, and eruptive anomalies of teeth that are often observed together, suggesting a potential genetic relationship. Our objective was to assess the potential associations of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), a common developmental defect of enamel mineralization with a controversial etiology, with two specific components of DAP: (1) agenesis (AG) and (2) infraoccluded deciduous molars (IODM). Establishing such an association between MIH and one or both anomalies would provide evidence supporting a genetic link between MIH and DAP. Methods: We examined pretreatment intraoral standardized photographies and panoramic radiographs from 574 children aged 8–14 years, 287 having MIH and 287 without MIH, comparing the frequencies of AG and IODM in both groups. The subject samples were sourced from the databases of the orthodontic department at a university hospital. Results: The frequencies of AG in the MIH and non-MIH groups were 7% and 8%, respectively (p = 0.751). The corresponding frequencies of IODM were 27% and 19.2%, respectively (p = 0.082). That is, children with MIH did not exhibit an increased frequency of AG or IODM compared to those without MIH. Conclusions: These findings do not support the inclusion of MIH in DAP. Nevertheless, further analysis of possible associations is necessary to definitively validate or invalidate this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital variants of the pancreas are being increasingly detected with the widespread use of modern imaging techniques. The underlying embryologic aberration predicts the final appearance of pancreatic development. It is essential to recognize these congenital variants, as many of these have been proven to be associated with pancreatic diseases like recurrent pancreatitis and chronic abdominal pain. Cross-sectional techniques like multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are the most used imaging techniques for the pancreas, where a radiologist comes across these variants. This pictorial aims to classify the type of variant anatomy of the pancreas, their imaging appearances, and their clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,843 radiographs were collected from five different cities in Palestine. Two experienced dentists independently examined the panoramic radiographs and demographic data (age and gender). Results: Among the 1,843 radiographs, 1,039 were for females (57.37%) and 804 were for males (43.63%); 13 cases had at least one congenitally mandibular second premolar. The prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars in the study population was 0.7%. There was no significant association between gender and mandibular second premolar agenesis. Unilateral agenesis was more common than bilateral, and the left side had more cases of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars than the right side. Conclusions: The prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars in this study population was 0.7%, within the range reported in other populations.

Abstract Introduction Agenesis of the right hepatic lobe is a rare congenital anomaly. Developmental anomalies of the right lobe of the liver were first reported in 1870 by Heller [6]. Anatomical variations of the liver are common, occur during the normal development of the organ, and correspond to variations in the distribution of liver territories. Agenesis of the right lobe of the liver is an incidental finding revealed by the popularization of ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging due to the condition being asymptomatic. Case presentation A 35-year-old Ethiopian female patient presented to the outpatient clinic with a complaint of right upper abdominal pain for 1 year, along with symptoms of fatty meal intolerance and long-standing epigastric burning pain. Her examination was unremarkable, and imaging investigations were suggestive of right hepatic lobe agenesis with multiple gallstones. Therefore, the patient was operated on and discharged with no perioperative complications. Conclusion Surgical understanding of such anatomical anomalies is necessary for surgical planning, the appropriate interpretation of intraoperative surgical findings, and the design of postoperative therapy. Here we report a case of right hepatic lobe agenesis with cholelithiasis and cholidocholithiasis and a brief review of right lobe agenesis in the literature.

Agenesis of the left hepatic lobe is a rare anomaly described as the absence of liver tissue on the left side of the gallbladder fossa or falciform ligament. Here we report a case of agenesis of the left hepatic lobe identified during educational dissection of an 84-year-old male formalin-fixed cadaver. The gross anatomical characteristics, embryological origin, and clinical relevance of this rare variation are described in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External iliac agenesis is an uncommon congenital issue characterized by the absence or incomplete development of the external iliac artery, a significant blood vessel supplying the lower limbs, potentially causing symptoms like pain, weakness, ischemia, and numbness. We are currently discussing a case of a 23-year-old woman who complained of pain in her left lower limb. A thorough work-up was conducted to rule out ischemia, and during the diagnostic process, a CT scan revealed the complete absence of the right external iliac artery. It can be concluded that this is a rare vascular anomaly that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt management are crucial for preventing complications such as limb ischemia and gangrene.

Agenesis and hypoplasia affecting multiple flexor tendons within the same hand represent an exceedingly uncommon occurrence, with no previous studies addressing this condition. This report details a 4-year-old girl with agenesis of the right third and fourth fingers, who sought consultation due to the inability to flex her seemingly unaffected second and fifth fingers. Ultrasound examination revealed substantial thinning of the flexor tendons in the second to fifth digits, with a notable absence of attachment to the middle phalanx. In addition to flexor tendon hypoplasia, hypoplasia of the third and fourth middle phalanges was observed. Hand deformities featuring both finger agenesis and flexor tendon hypoplasia across multiple fingers were exceptionally rare. In such instances, ultrasound, in conjunction with radiography, emerges as the recommended initial imaging tool for comprehensive evaluation of both the phalangeal bones and flexor tendons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,843 radiographs were collected from five different cities in Palestine. Two experienced dentists independently examined the panoramic radiographs and demographic data (age and gender). Results: Among the 1,843 radiographs, 1,039 were for females (57.37%) and 804 were for males (43.63%); 13 cases had at least one congenitally mandibular second premolar. The prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars in the study population was 0.7%. There was no significant association between gender and mandibular second premolar agenesis. Unilateral agenesis was more common than bilateral, and the left side had more cases of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars than the right side. Conclusions: The prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular second premolars in this study population was 0.7%, within the range reported in other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Agenesis of the right hepatic lobe is a rare congenital anomaly. Developmental anomalies of the right lobe of the liver were first reported in 1870 by Heller [6]. Anatomical variations of the liver are common, occur during the normal development of the organ, and correspond to variations in the distribution of liver territories. Agenesis of the right lobe of the liver is an incidental finding revealed by the popularization of ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging due to the condition being asymptomatic. Case presentation: A 35-year-old Ethiopian female patient presented to the outpatient clinic with a complaint of right upper abdominal pain for 1 year, along with symptoms of fatty meal intolerance and long-standing epigastric burning pain. Her examination was unremarkable, and imaging investigations were suggestive of right hepatic lobe agenesis with multiple gallstones. Therefore, the patient was operated on and discharged with no perioperative complications. Conclusion: Surgical understanding of such anatomical anomalies is necessary for surgical planning, the appropriate interpretation of intraoperative surgical findings, and the design of postoperative therapy. Here we report a case of right hepatic lobe agenesis with cholelithiasis and cholidocholithiasis and a brief review of right lobe agenesis in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person’s face being a visible element, instant physical care and mental support is mandatory for patients affected with maxillofacial defects. Defects in noticeable locations like the ear create a lacuna which deteriorates the quality of life of the victims. Immediate restoration of the defect with artificial prosthesis becomes crucial. Two such cases of acquired auricular defects rehabilitated with maxillofacial prosthesis are described in this manuscript. This case report briefs about two patients with auricular defects reported for restoration. Case one had a congenital agenesis of his right ear whereas case two presented with a history of trauma. Immediate management with artificial ear prosthesis was decided to restore the patients to normalcy of life. Hence an effective restoration was carried out using maxillofacial auricular prosthesis made from medical grade silicone and acrylic. They were retained onto to the residual external structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different treatment options exist for replacement of an anterior tooth, and as implant‐supported single crowns (ISSC) and resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis (RBFDPs) both are widespread treatment options, it is of clinical relevance to know which treatment modality can be considered superior. Purpose: The purpose of this comparative study was to evaluate the 3‐ and 5‐year survival and failure rate of tooth‐supported resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis compared to implant‐supported single crowns. The null hypothesis was that there was no significant difference in survival rate, occurrence of complications or patient‐reported outcome between RBFDPs and ISSCs. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 resin‐bonded FDPs were inserted in 27 young patients (test group) with tooth agenesis in the anterior part of the maxilla or mandible and a control group of 28 patients also with tooth agenesis in the anterior region but treated with 40 implant‐supported single crowns were included in this study. All patients and treatments were followed with a baseline and a 3‐ or 5‐year examination. All patients had to fill out an Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐49) questionnaire at baseline and at the 3‐ or 5‐year examination. The restorations were evaluated according to the Copenhagen Index Score (CIS). Results: For the RBFDP (test) group there was an 82% survival rate and 18% failure rate, that is, four RBFDPs were not in situ after 3 years and four RBFDPs were not in situ after 5 years. Correspondingly, the ISSC showed a survival rate of 98% and a failure rate of 2%, that is, only one failure (ceramic fracture) after 3 and none after 5 years. Of the 82% RBFDPs in situ, there were no complications in 78% of the cases, whereas 22% had complications after 3 (4 complications) and 5 years (4 complications). There were 92% of the ISSCs without any complications and 8% (ie, 3 ISSCs) with complications after 3 or 5 years. In general, there was a significant reduction in the OHIP‐49 scores, for example, an improved oral health quality of life for both treatment options. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that ISSCs have lower complication and failure rates than RBFDPs. In general, the OHIP‐scores were significantly reduced regardless of whether RBFDPs or ISSC were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Oligodontia (OD) is a rare developmental condition characterized by the absence of six or more teeth. Dental implant placement may be challenging due to anatomical factors. This study aims to evaluate the alveolar bone dimensions in OD patients compared with controls. Materials and Methods: On maxillary and mandibular cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT), bone height and width were measured at every tooth and edentulous site. The distance to the inferior alveolar nerve was also measured. Fifty‐three OD patients (40 maxillary and 32 mandibular CBCT) and 82 controls (51 maxillary and 31 mandibular CBCT) were compared using mixed models. Results: Compared with those in OD patients, maxillary permanent teeth and edentulous sites showed significantly higher mean height in control patients (incisive‐canine site height: +2.12 mm; edentulous incisive‐canine site height: +4.46 mm [p >.001]). For the mandibular permanent teeth, mean height was higher in controls than in OD patients at the incisive‐canine (+3.82 mm [p >.001]) and premolar areas (+2.06 mm [p >.001]). Only edentulous incisive‐canine sites were significantly different between controls and OD patients (mean: +0.52 mm [p >.001]). Changes in alveolar nerve position were observed in case of molar agenesis. Conclusion: Maxillary and mandibular bone dimensions are reduced in OD patients compared with controls both in sites with permanent teeth and in edentulous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tracheal agenesis is a rare and often fatal congenital anomaly that occurs early in fetal development. Tracheal agenesis occurs in one in 50,000 to 100,000 live births. This case study describes the nursing aspect of caring for this type of patient. Clinical Findings: Airway anomalies in neonates can be diagnosed immediately at birth or later when the infant develops respiratory distress or respiratory failure. Diagnosis and management of tracheal agenesis is difficult and a complex problem requiring a multidisciplinary medical team's expert approach for its treatment. Primary Diagnosis: Respiratory distress syndrome versus tracheoesophageal fistula was suspected. Interventions: The infant quickly decompensated, requiring intubation and eventual transfer to our tertiary care center for further evaluation of a possible airway anomaly. Because of deteriorating status, surgery was performed, and it was discovered the patient had tracheal agenesis, requiring the development of a 3-dimensional trachea specific for this patient. Outcomes: This article describes the nursing aspect of caring for this type of patient. Practice Recommendations: This article describes the success of nursing interventions and teamwork among nursing and the multidisciplinary team for the successful discharge of this patient home to her family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agenesis of gallbladder (AGB) is a rare clinical entity first reported by Bergman in 1702. The incidence is about in 10–65 cases/1,00,000 population. It is seen in 1/6th cases of biliary atresia. It is of unknown etiology and is believed to be due to abnormal embryonic development. Nearly 70% cases are sporadic. AGB may be associated with other congenital abnormalities including the biliary system. The majority (nearly 50%) of the patients are symptomatic with misinterpreted signs and symptoms of cholecystitis and lands up to unnecessary surgery. Our series of four cases have male: female ratio of 3:1. Two of the cases underwent laparoscopic surgery. Among the other two, one had biliary pancreatitis due to primary calculous in the common bile duct (CBD) with upstream dilation. Other cases had chronic pancreatitis with dilated pancreatic duct and a proximal calculous close to ampulla causing proximal dilation of CBD. Two operated cases were postoperatively diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and the non-operated patients were also diagnosed by MRCP. Symptomatic AGB is often wrongly interpreted as cholecystitis with cystic duct obstruction or as sclero-atrophic gallbladder, therefore leading to pointless surgical interventions. In case of false-positive ultrasonography (USG) of AGB, it has been suggested that either a loop of gas-containing bowel located in the gallbladder fossa or periportal tissue and subhepatic peritoneal folds impersonate a contracted gallbladder containing gallstones. When USG reveals such reports or in cases of non-visualization in other imaging modalities, the need of additional preoperative imaging investigation must be in the surgeon’s mind such as MRCP to avoid surgery which is not at all required.

Background: Palmaris longus (PL) is one of the most common muscles in the human body that has anatomical variants of surgical importance. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the frequency of PL agenesis among Urhobo people in Delta State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study adopted the cross-sectional design, conducted among 400 Urhobo subjects (182 males and 218 females) from the student population of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, using the nonprobability convenience sampling technique. We performed Schaeffer’s test to detect the PL tendon in the subjects. If the tendon was still not visualized or palpable, two additional tests (Thompson’s and Pushpakumar’s tests) were conducted. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21.0. The findings were summarized in percentages, while the Chi-square test was used to assess the association of PL agenesis with laterality and gender. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of less than 5%. Results: The tendon of PL was present in 309 (77.25%) and absent in 91 (22.75%) subjects. The agenesis of this muscle showed a significant association with laterality (P = 0.001) but lacked sexual dimorphism bilaterally (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The tendon of PL is absent among some subjects of the Urhobo ethnic group (22.75%). These subjects, therefore, may require alternative tendon sources for reconstructive surgeries.

Background: Duodenal ulceration (DU) in dogs derives from different causes but has never previously been related to gallbladder agenesis (GA). GA is a rare congenital disorder in dogs and is considered a predisposing factor for DU in humans. Case description: A 5-month-old intact female Maltese was presented for acute vomiting and diarrhea. Abdominal ultrasound suggested duodenal perforation and absence of the gallbladder. Exploratory laparotomy was performed to treat the perforation and confirmed GA. Hepatic ductal plate malformation (DPM) was histologically diagnosed in liver biopsy, but no signs of liver dysfunction were detected by blood work at first admission. Two months later, the dog developed signs of portal hypertension and medical treatment was started. However, the clinical condition gradually worsened until liver failure and the dog was euthanized 8 months after surgery. Necropsy confirmed hepatic abnormalities. Conclusion: This report describes a case of DU associated with GA and DPM in a dog. As in humans, GA may represent a hepatobiliary disease predisposing to gastroduodenal ulcerations. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(3.000): 376-381]

Key Clinical Message: Pulmonary agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality. Patients with hemithorax white‐out on x‐rays should be treated with caution, especially in resource‐limited countries where chest CT and bronchofibroscopy are not available to confirm the diagnosis. Pulmonary agenesis is an uncommon congenital abnormality defined by the complete absence of the lung parenchyma, as well as the bronchial and vascular structures. Right‐sided pulmonary agenesis is less frequent, has a worse prognosis, and is usually associated with other congenital abnormalities. We reported the clinical case of a 31‐year‐old woman with right pulmonary agenesis, and no other congenital abnormalities, whose diagnosis was confirmed by thoracic computed tomography and bronchofibroscopy and who has a good prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 28-year-old male musical student has been presented with visible inability of active abduction and extension of the thumbs in both hands beyond the neutral position. The student has not been previously diagnosed and claimed no history of trauma or surgical procedures in the area of hands and no family history of such disabilities. The student remained capable of playing on keyboard instruments on high level due to compensation by hyperextension of the interphalangeal joint of both thumbs and showed no increased frequency of the injuries or playing-related disorders. The ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed complete bilateral agenesis of extensor pollicis brevis muscles and was classified as isolated congenital clasped thumb syndrome. Due to the age of the student and the agenesis of the muscles the conservative treatment was deemed inadequate and due to high functionality of the student as a musician and unforeseeable results it might have on a musician’s career, surgical treatment has been disadvised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agenesis of gallbladder (AGB) is a rare clinical entity first reported by Bergman in 1702. The incidence is about in 10–65 cases/1,00,000 population. It is seen in 1/6th cases of biliary atresia. It is of unknown etiology and is believed to be due to abnormal embryonic development. Nearly 70% cases are sporadic. AGB may be associated with other congenital abnormalities including the biliary system. The majority (nearly 50%) of the patients are symptomatic with misinterpreted signs and symptoms of cholecystitis and lands up to unnecessary surgery. Our series of four cases have male: female ratio of 3:1. Two of the cases underwent laparoscopic surgery. Among the other two, one had biliary pancreatitis due to primary calculous in the common bile duct (CBD) with upstream dilation. Other cases had chronic pancreatitis with dilated pancreatic duct and a proximal calculous close to ampulla causing proximal dilation of CBD. Two operated cases were postoperatively diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and the non-operated patients were also diagnosed by MRCP. Symptomatic AGB is often wrongly interpreted as cholecystitis with cystic duct obstruction or as sclero-atrophic gallbladder, therefore leading to pointless surgical interventions. In case of false-positive ultrasonography (USG) of AGB, it has been suggested that either a loop of gas-containing bowel located in the gallbladder fossa or periportal tissue and subhepatic peritoneal folds impersonate a contracted gallbladder containing gallstones. When USG reveals such reports or in cases of non-visualization in other imaging modalities, the need of additional preoperative imaging investigation must be in the surgeon’s mind such as MRCP to avoid surgery which is not at all required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the association of dental dysplasia with childhood cancer. We examined the occurrence of agenesis, microdontia, and enamel changes of permanent teeth in pediatric cancer survivors. Methods: Seventy-six patients with pediatric cancer and hematologic diseases were referred to our department for the first time from October 2005 to December 2019. Of these, 17 patients who presented for a checkup in our department fulfilled the study criteria and were analyzed. Clinical examinations and panoramic radiographs were performed to investigate dental dysplasia of permanent teeth. A total of 34 developmental abnormalities (18 missing teeth, 16 cases of microdontia) occurred in 5 patients. The patients' medical records were also analyzed to assess the relationships of specific types of dysplasia with the treatment duration and cumulative drug dose administered. Results: All five pediatric cancer survivors had dental dysplasia; all five had tooth agenesis, and four had microdontia. All five patients were < 4 years of age and had undergone high-dose chemotherapy. Conclusion: In this study, childhood cancer survivors who received high-dose chemotherapy before age 4 years experienced the dental dysplasia, including tooth agenesis, microdontia. These findings highlight the need for careful dental monitoring and early intervention in pediatric patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. Clinical trial number: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Kobe (protocol code No. B230066, 1 September 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Manoj. Nayak, Nerbadyswari. Bag, Biswajit. Sahoo A 5-year-old male presented with a developmental delay since mid-infancy with one episode of seizure 10 days before presentation to the hospital. His [...]

Corpus callosum agenesis is a rare phenomenon that might be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We present a 28-year-old woman with complete corpus callosum agenesis who presented with mood disturbance, psychosis, and delusional symptoms with schizophrenia diagnosis. She had a good response to antipsychotic therapy with risperidone.

Key Clinical Message Pulmonary agenesis is a rare congenital abnormality. Patients with hemithorax white‐out on x‐rays should be treated with caution, especially in resource‐limited countries where chest CT and bronchofibroscopy are not available to confirm the diagnosis. Abstract Pulmonary agenesis is an uncommon congenital abnormality defined by the complete absence of the lung parenchyma, as well as the bronchial and vascular structures. Right‐sided pulmonary agenesis is less frequent, has a worse prognosis, and is usually associated with other congenital abnormalities. We reported the clinical case of a 31‐year‐old woman with right pulmonary agenesis, and no other congenital abnormalities, whose diagnosis was confirmed by thoracic computed tomography and bronchofibroscopy and who has a good prognosis.

Dorsal agenesis of the pancreas is an exceedingly rare congenital anomaly where the dorsal part of the pancreas fails to develop properly during embryonic development. We report a case of partial agenesis of the dorsal pancreas in a 27-year-old female who presented with progressively worsening abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, generalized weakness, easy fatigability, and dizziness. Physical examination revealed fair general condition with stable vital signs and normal abdominal and other system findings. Laboratory evaluations and abdominal computed tomography scan revealed an absence of the pancreatic body, tail, and duct of Santorini, confirming the diagnosis of partial agenesis of the dorsal pancreas. Only around 100 cases have been reported in the literature, making it a diagnostic challenge. Our case illustrates the rarity and challenges in diagnosing dorsal agenesis of the pancreas. Further research is needed to fully understand its causes and associations.

Purpose: During reconstructive planning for mandibular resection and reconstruction, it was noted that the left internal and external jugular veins were absent, with a considerable compensatory internal jugular vein present on the contralateral side. Methods: An accidental finding in the CT angiogram of the head and neck was assessed. Results: Osteocutaneous fibular free flap is a well-established reconstructive surgery for mandibular defects that can involve anastomosis of the internal jugular vein and its tributaries. A 60-years-old man with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma, initially treated with chemoradiation, developed osteoradionecrosis of his left mandible. The patient then underwent resection of this portion of the mandible with reconstruction by osteocutaneous fibular free flap with virtual surgical planning. During reconstructive planning for the resection and reconstruction, it was noted that the left internal and external jugular veins were absent, and a noteworthy compensatory internal jugular vein was present on the contralateral side. We report a rare case of this combination of anatomical variations within the jugular venous system. Conclusion: Unilateral agenesis of the internal jugular vein has been reported, but a combined variation with ipsilateral agenesis of the external jugular vein and compensatory enlargement of the contralateral internal jugular vein has, to our knowledge, not been reported on previously. The anatomical variation reported in our study will be useful during dissection, central venous catheter placement, styloidectomy, angioplasty/stenting, surgical excision, and reconstructive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To present two cases of Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) agenesis and conduct a systematic review to assess for associations with other anomalies and intracranial aneurysms. Methodology: We performed a retrospective review of published cases of patients with ICA agenesis with intercavernous anastomosis in MEDLINE database on August 2022 using search terms "internal carotid artery", "agenesis" and "transcavernous anastomosis". We also included two cases of ICA agenesis with type D collateral that we encountered. Results: Total of 46 studies that included 48 patients and two of our cases resulted in 50 patients. Only 70% of studies reported the location of a collateral vessel of which more than two-thirds were on the floor of sella. More than half of the vessels connected cavernous segments of ICA. A1 segment ipsilateral to the side of ICA agenesis was absent in most of the cases but was not true for all cases. Aneurysm was seen in more than one-quarter of the patients. It can also mimic microadenoma as in prior reported cases as well as in one of our cases. Conclusion: ICA agenesis with type D collateral is a rare anomaly but clinically relevant due to the increased risk of an aneurysm or mimic microadenoma or false alarm for occlusion of ICA but knowledge of this rare variant can help in better management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the presence and distribution of third molars (M3) regarding their autotransplantation in patients with congenital absence of second premolars (PM2). Additionally, M3 development in relation to patients' age and gender was investigated. Panoramic radiographs of non-syndromic patients with at least one congenitally absent PM2 were used to assess the localization and number of missing PM2 and the presence or absence of M3 (minimum age 10 years). The alternate logistic regression model was applied to analyze associations between the presence of PM2 and M3. A total of 131 patients with PM2 agenesis were identified (82 females, 49 males). At least one M3 was present in 75.6% and all M3 were present in 42.7% of patients. A statistically significant association between the number of PM2 and M3 agenesis was found; the effects of age and gender were not significant. More than half of M3 in patients between 14–17 years old had completed ¼ of their root development. The congenital absence of maxillary PM2 was associated with the absence of maxillary PM2, M3, and no correlation was found in the mandible. In patients with PM2 agenesis, at least one M3 is often present and can be considered as a donor tooth for autotransplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Retention of primary teeth beyond the expected time of exfoliation is uncommon; this condition is known as persistence. A retained primary tooth, with the crown in good condition, roots, and supporting alveolar bone can serve adults for many years. Aims: To determine the prevalence of retained primary teeth and investigate the consequences of their persistence. Materials and Methods: ORTHOPANTAMOGRAM (OPG) data obtained from pedodontics and preventive dentistry of 500 patients, were investigated and examined for the presence of retained primary teeth. Result: The total occurrence of retained primary teeth was 64 out of a sample of 500. The Occurrence of Ankylosed teeth, ectopic eruption, agenesis, Impaction being 0, 15, 48, 1 respectively. The prevalence of retained primary teeth in the selected population is 12.8%. The prevalence of Ankylosed teeth, ectopic eruption, agenesis, Impaction is 0%, 3%, 8.6%, 0.2% and respectively. Conclusion: We found that primary teeth were retained in 12.8% of the study population. The most frequent causes of primary molar retention were agenesis of the permanent successor, followed by ectopic eruption and impaction of the successor teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital absence of pericardium is an exceedingly rare condition with a prevalence of 0.002%-0.004%. Due to its rarity and absence of association with any specific clinical examination finding, the diagnosis may be challenging. Due to the absence of symptoms and clinical awareness, pericardial agenesis is commonly misdiagnosed. It is important to consider this as a differential diagnosis of exertional chest pains. We report the case of a 9-year-old boy who attended our institution for non-specific but frequent symptoms and was diagnosed with congenital complete absence of the pericardium. The rarity of the condition can hinder timely diagnosis, as a physician or radiologist may never encounter a single case in their lifetime.