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AbstractThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heavily affects women from resource-limited settings who are vulnerable to potentially harmful mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). We aimed to conduct biomonitoring and ascertain the determinants of maternal mycotoxin exposure in pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation periods. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Harare, Zimbabwe. 175 and 125 random urine samples in pregnancy and 24 months after delivery (post-lactation) respectively were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and FB1 by ELISA. 6 weeks after delivery (lactation), 226 and 262 breast milk (BM) samples were analysed for AFM1 and OTA respectively by ELISA. The association of demographics and food consumption with mycotoxins was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. In HIV-infected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 46/94 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–0.46 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 47/66 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–1.01 ng mL−1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 86/94 (Median: 1.39; Range: 0.17–6.02 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 56/66 (Median: 0.72; Range: 0.20–3.81 ng mL−1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 28/110 (Median: 7.24; Range: 5.96–29.80 pg mL−1) and OTA in 11/129 (Median: 0.20; Range: 0.14–0.65 ng mL−1). In HIV-uninfected, urinary AFM1 was detected in 48/81 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–1.06 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 41/59 (Median: 0.05; Range: 0.04–0.52 ng mL−1) post-lactation. Urinary FB1 was detected in 74/81 (Median: 1.15; Range: 0.17–6.16 ng mL−1) in pregnancy and 55/59 (Median: 0.96; Range: 0.20–2.82 ng mL−1) post-lactation. BM AFM1 was detected in 38/116 (Median: 7.70; Range: 6.07–31.75 pg mL−1) and OTA in 4/133 (Median: 0.24; Range: 0.18–0.83 ng mL−1). Location, wealth, and peanut butter consumption were determinants of AFB1 exposure. HIV infection, BMI, location, rainy season, unemployment, and age were determinants of FB1 exposure. Women especially those pregnant and/or HIV-infected are at risk of adverse effects of mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the hormesis and toxicity of shortterm low-dose aflatoxin B1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Triplicate isonitrogenous and isocaloric aflatoxin B1 diets—CD (control, 0 ug/kg), D1 (20 ug/kg), and D2 (500 ug/kg)—were prepared and fed to grass carp with an initial mean body weight of (15.2 ± 0.1) g for 56 days. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of grass carp fed diet D2 were significantly higher, and the feed coefficient and crude fat content of the whole body were significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with those fed diet CD. Serum superoxide dismutase content of grass carp fed D1 diet increased significantly (P < 0.05) with an increasing dose of aflatoxin B1, but when the dose reached 500 ug/kg (D2), serum superoxide dismutase, complement C3, and immunoglobulin M of grass carp decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while malondialdehyde increased significantly (P < 0.05). After short-term feeding of aflatoxin B1-containing diets (D1 and D2), liver body index, visceral body index, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea nitrogen content of grass carp increased significantly (P < 0.05), total bile acid secretion decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and structural damages such as increase in vacuoles, organizational structure loosening, and nucleus translocation were observed in the liver. Meanwhile, liver function indexes such as serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly with the increase of aflatoxin B1 dose (P < 0.05). In addition, the height of intestinal villi, crypt depth, villus–crypt ratio, and tubular cell number, as well as the content of trypsin and lipase activities in the intestine of grass carp in the D2 group, were significantly higher than those in the CD group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, after a short-term intake of low doses of aflatoxin B1 (≤500 ug/kg), the toxicological damage of aflatoxin B1 was pronounced, although it produced a certain degree of hormesis on the growth performance and intestinal structure and function of grass carp. At a dose of 20 ug/kg, the non-specific immune system and liver structure and function of grass carp showed obvious toxic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a pro-carcinogenic compound bioactivated in the liver by cytochromes P450 (CYPs). In mammals, CYP1A and CYP3A are responsible for AFB1 metabolism, with the formation of the genotoxic carcinogens AFB1-8,9-epoxide and AFM1, and the detoxified metabolite AFQ1. Due to climate change, AFB1 cereals contamination arose in Europe. Thus, cattle, as other farm animals fed with grains (pig, sheep and broiler), are more likely exposed to AFB1 via feed with consequent release of AFM1 in milk, posing a great concern to human health. However, knowledge about bovine CYPs involved in AFB1 metabolism is still scanty. Therefore, CYP1A1- and CYP3A74-mediated molecular mechanisms of AFB1 hepatotoxicity were here dissected. Molecular docking of AFB1 into CYP1A1 model suggested AFB1 8,9-endo- and 8,9-exo-epoxide, and AFM1 formation, while docking of AFB1 into CYP3A74 pointed to AFB1 8,9-exo-epoxide and AFQ1 synthesis. To biologically confirm these predictions, CYP1A1 and CYP3A74 knockout (KO) BFH12 cell lines were exposed to AFB1. LC–MS/MS investigations showed the abolished production of AFM1 in CYP1A1 KO cells and the strong increase of parent AFB1 in CYP3A74 KO cells; the latter result, coupled to a decreased cytotoxicity, suggested the major role of CYP3A74 in AFB1 8,9-exo-epoxide formation. Finally, RNA-sequencing analysis indirectly proved lower AFB1-induced cytotoxic effects in engineered cells versus naïve ones. Overall, this study broadens the knowledge on AFB1 metabolism and hepatotoxicity in cattle, and it provides the weight of evidence that CYP1A1 and CYP3A74 inhibition might be exploited to reduce AFM1 and AFBO synthesis, AFB1 toxicity, and AFM1 milk excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coix seed is a good product for both medicinal and food use, which is highly susceptible to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination during field transport, storage, and processing. The aim of this study is to find microbial strains that can solve the problem of contamination of coix seed. In this study, the AFB1-degrading microorganism SX1-1 was isolated and identified as a Bacillus megaterium based on morphology, microscopy, and 16S rDNA sequencing. The optimum culture conditions for SX1-1 to degrade AFB1 were determined to be 12 h. The optimum degradation conditions were 72 h, 57°C, and an initial pH of 8.0. The highest degradation of AFB1 was observed in the fermentation supernatant of the SX1-1 strain, with a degradation rate of 97.45%. In addition, whole-genome sequencing analysis of this strain revealed the presence of a number of enzymes that could potentially degrade AFB1. Importantly, SX1-1 was able to degrade AFB1-contaminated coix seed in situ by 50.06% after co-culture. In conclusion, this strain had a high AFB1 degradation ability, and has great potential and great application as a biocontrol agent for AFB1 degradation of coix seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus pollution has posed the serious obstacle on the storage of dried red pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Particularly, the aflatoxins produced by A. flavus are the toxins with the strong carcinogenicity. It is a high demand to solve the aflatoxins contamination in the dried red peppers. Fortunately, a low-cost and safe sterilization, UV irradiation has been approved for use in food by the FAO/WHO. However, there is little research on the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the inhibition of A. flavus and the quality of dried red pepper. Therefore, this article aims to explore whether the UV-C ultraviolet radiation was an effective tool to control A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination on dried red pepper. The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the growth and aflatoxins production of A. flavus on the dried red pepper were investigated through in vitro antibacterial experiments, in vitro experiments, and determination of AFB1 production. A comparison was made on the color brightness value (L), red-green value (a), yellow-blue value (b), extractable color (ASTA), total content of natural coloring substance and capsaicin content of dried red pepper before and after ultraviolet irradiation. A systematic investigation was implemented to explore the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the quality of dried red pepper. The intracellular substance leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (GSH) activities of A. flavus were measured to further determine the inhibitory mechanism of UV irradiation on A. flavus. The results showed that the UV-C method was used to effectively control the growth and AFB1 production of A. flavus in vitro (on PDA and PDB media), indicating the full kill the non-germinating A. flavus spores. The inhibition rate of A. flavus reached 40% in the already-grown colonies. The irradiation time and distance were controlled after UV-C treatment. The radiation dose was dominated in the inhibitory effects of ultraviolet on A. flavus on the dried red pepper. UV-C method showed the similar inhibitory effects on the growth and AFB1 production of A. flavus on dried red pepper with and without A. flavus colonies. The total number of colonies decreased by two orders of magnitude (inhibition rate was greater than 95%) after 2.5 h UV treatment. In addition, there was no colony of A. flavus on the dried red pepper during the first four days of culture, indicating the very significant inhibitory effect. Once the UV irradiation time and distance were 2.5 h and 15 cm, respectively, the inhibition rate of AFB1 production on the dried red pepper was 59.74%. Moreover, the moisture content of dried red pepper decreased under UV irradiation, which was beneficial to the decreasing proliferation of microorganisms in the dried red pepper. Once the UV irradiation time was less than 2 h, UV irradiation was only reduced the red-green value in the color of dried red pepper, indicating no significant effect on the rest qualities. Further research has found that the damage mechanism of UV-C ultraviolet radiation to A. flavus was broken the integrity of the cell membrane, leading to the leakage of cell contents, damage to the intracellular antioxidant, cellular lipid peroxidation, and irreparable oxidative damage within the cell, thereby inhibiting the growth and AFB1 production of A. flavus on the dried red pepper. Therefore, the UV-C ultraviolet can be expected to serve as the potentially effective tool for the prevention of A. flavus and aflatoxins contamination in the dried red pepper. The finding can also provide the safety way to extend the storage period of dried red pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Materials & Methods Results Discussion Conclusion An individual’s genetic fingerprint is emerging as a pivotal predictor of numerous disease‐ and treatment‐related factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in drug‐metabolizing enzymes play key roles in an individual’s exposure to a malignancy‐associated risk, such as Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).This study aimed at reviewing literature on the polymorphisms that exist in CYP enzymes and their possible link with susceptibility to AFB1‐induced HCC.A set of keywords associated with the study subject of interest was used to search the Google Scholar and the PubMed database. The last ten years’ worth of research projects were included in the results filter. The research involved HCC patients and any connection between polymorphic forms of CYP enzymes and their susceptibility to AFB1‐induced HCC, including older but significant data.Variations in CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were reported to impact the rate and magnitude of AFB1 bio‐activation, thus influencing an individual’s vulnerability to develop HCC. In HCC patients, the activity of CYP isoforms varies, where increased activity has been reported with CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1, while CYP1A2, CYP2C8, and CYP2C19 exhibit decreased activity. CYP2D6*10 frequency has been discovered to differ considerably in HCC patients. Rs2740574 (an upstream polymorphism in CYP3A4 as detected in CYP3A4*1B) and rs776746 (which affects CYP3A5 RNA splicing), both of which influence CYP3A expression, thus impacting the variability of AFB1‐epoxide adducts in HCC patients.CYP1A2 is the primary enzyme accountable for the formation of harmful AFBO globally. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP2B7, and CYP3A3 are also implicated in the bio‐activation of AFB1 to mutagenic metabolites. It is thought that CYP3A4 is the protein that interacts with AFB1 metabolism the most.Polymorphic variants of CYP enzymes have a functional impact on the susceptibility to AFB1‐induced HCC. Outlining such variation and their implications may provide deeper insights into approaching HCC in a more personalized manner for guiding future risk‐assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing safe and nutritious food for children globally is a challenge. In Rwanda, an initiative was introduced in 2018 to tackle chronic malnutrition by offering fortified porridge flour to economically disadvantaged families during critical periods. However, flour-based products in the sub-region have caused public health concerns following aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. This study analyzed the levels of AFB1 in 197 porridge formulations from health centers, and 248 samples of porridge ingredients from open markets in three districts of Rwanda. Samples were collected between June 2021 and December 2022 and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 197 samples from health centers, 97.9 and 89.8% exceeded the European Union maximum limits for baby foods and foods for special medical purposes (0.1 µg/kg), and cereals and nuts (2 µg/kg), respectively with an average contamination level of 2.77 µg/kg (±0.98). Only four samples exceeded the East African Community maximum limits of 5 µg/kg for AFB1. Samples from open markets that exceeded the European Union and East African community limits of 0.1 µg/kg, 2 µg/kg, and 5 µg/kg ranged from 17 to 100%, 0 to 100%, and 0 to 100%, respectively. Site and processing significantly influenced levels of AFB1 contamination in open-market samples. The mean AFB1 levels were 17.85 µg/kg (±70.25) in Burera District, 36.04 µg/kg (±85.59) in Huye District, and 9.01 µg/kg (±18.49) in Nyarugenge District. The average AFB1 levels significantly varied between different products. Peanut samples showed higher contamination levels of 56.79 and 99.08 µg/kg for grain and flour, respectively. Flour samples in general had a higher mean of 51.65 µg/kg (±105.75), compared to grain samples, 16.5 µg/kg (±44). Thus, there are potential health risks associated with chronic exposure to AFB1 in children consuming flourbased foods from health centers and open markets. Interventions to mitigate AFB1 contamination and protect children should focus on food processing practices, implementing strict quality control measures, and raising awareness among stakeholders about the risks of AFB1 in flour-based products provided to children in Rwanda and similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a label-free electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was created by using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with polyaniline-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-PANI) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Various spectroscopic techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Zeta potential, and Raman spectra were employed to analyze the morphology and composition of the GO-PANI-Au nanocomposite, confirming its successful preparation. This aptasensor could be used for the detection of AFB1 with a broad linear range of 0.0001 to 50 ng/mL and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0377 pg/mL under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, the constructed aptasensor displayed remarkable selectivity, repeatability, and stability. To validate the practical usability of our aptasensor, we successfully tested it on millet and corn samples, yielding a satisfactory recovery rate of 98.87–106.10% for AFB1 detection. This outcome highlights the potential application of our methodology in real sample analysis. A highly efficient and sensitive electrochemical aptamer sensor was successfully developed using GO-PANI-AuNPs nanocomposites, and can be used for the detection of AFB1 with good selectivity, repeatability, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Thunbergia laurifolia extract (TLE) in the diets of Cherry Valley ducklings. Our investigation covered growth indicators, blood biochemical indices, meat quality, intestinal morphology, immune response, and CP450 enzyme-related gene expression. We conducted the study with 180 seven-day-old Cherry Valley ducks, randomly divided into five dietary treatments. These treatments included a basal diet without AFB1 (T1 group), TLE, or a commercial binder; the basal diet containing 0.1 mg AFB1/kg (T2 group), 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 100 mg TLE/kg (T3 group), 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 200 mg TLE/kg (T4 group), and 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 0.5 g/kg of a commercial binder (T5 group), respectively. Ducklings fed with the T2 diet exhibited lower final body weight (BW), average body weight gain (ADG), and poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the 42-day trials. However, all ducklings in the T3, T4, and T5 groups showed significant improvements in final BW, ADG, and FCR compared to the T2 group. Increased alanine transaminase (ALT) concentration and increased expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 indicated hepatotoxicity in ducklings fed the T2 diet. In contrast, ducklings fed T3, T4, and T5 diets all showed a decrease in the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, but only the T4 treatment group showed improvement in ALT concentration. AFB1 toxicity considerably raised the crypt depth (CD) in both the duodenum and jejunum of the T2 group, while the administration of 200 mg TLE/kg (T4) or a commercial binder (T5) effectively reduced this toxicity. Additionally, the villus width of the jejunum in the T2 treatment group decreased significantly, while all T3, T4, and T5 groups showed improvement in this regard. In summary, T. laurifolia extract can detoxify aflatoxicosis, leading to growth reduction and hepatic toxicosis in Cherry Valley ducklings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-mode fluorescence/visual aptasensor was developed for straightforward and accurate determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) based on an Au/metal–organic framework (Au/MOF) composite. Aptamer-modified Au/Fe3O4 (Apt/Au/Fe3O4) served as the recognition element, and Au/MOF modified with complementary chains and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (cDNA/TMB/Au/MOF) acted as the fluorescence and visual probes. These components are integrated to form conjugates (Apt/Au/Fe3O4-cDNA/TMB/Au/MOF). Upon the introduction of AFB1, some cDNA/TMB/Au/MOF dissociated from Apt/Au/Fe3O4, enabling the use of detached probes for visual detection. The undecomposed conjugates were isolated magnetically for use in fluorescence detection. As the AFB1 concentration increases, the visual signal intensifies and fluorescence intensity diminishes. Thus, the proposed aptasensor achieves the simultaneous fluorescence and visual determination of AFB1, obviating the need for material and reagent substitutions. The detection limits were established at 0.07 ng mL−1 for the fluorescence mode and 0.08 ng mL−1 for the visual mode. The effectiveness of the aptasensor was further validated by quantifying AFB1 in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a widespread contaminant in food and feeds, poses a threat to the health of animals and humans. Consequently, it is significant to develop a rapid, precise and highly sensitive analytical method for the detection of AFB1. Herein, we developed an immunochromatographic strip (ICS) based on a tetrahedral DNA (TDN) immunoprobe for AFB1 determination in rice bran oil. Three sizes of TDN immunoprobes (AuNP-TDN13bp-mAb, AuNP-TDN17bp-mAb, AuNP-TDN26bp-mAb) were constructed, and the performance of these three immunoprobes, including the effective antibody labeling density and immunoaffinity, was measured and compared with that of the immunoprobe (AuNP-mAb) developed using the physical adsorption method. Subsequently, the optimal TDN immunoprobe, namely AuNP-TDN13bp-mAb, was selected to prepare the immunochromatographic strip (ICS) for the qualitative and quantitative detection of AFB1 in rice bran oil. The visual limits of detection (vLODs) of the ICS based on AuNP-TDN13bp-mAb and AuNP-mAb were 0.2 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL, with scanning quantitative limits (sLOQs) of 0.13 ng/mL and 1.4 ng/mL, respectively. The ICS demonstrated a wide linear range from 0.02 ng/mL to 0.5 ng/mL, with good specificity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, a high consistency was observed between the constructed ICS and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in the quantification of AFB1. The results indicated that the introduction of TDN was beneficial for promoting efficient antibody labeling, protecting the bioactivity of immunoprobes, and increasing the sensitivity of detection, which would provide new perspectives for the achievement of the highly sensitive detection of mycotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is classified as a Class I carcinogen and common pollutant in human and animal food products. Prolonged exposure to AFB1 can induce hepatocyte apoptosis and lead to hepatotoxicity. Therefore, preventing AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity remains a critical issue and is of great significance. Baicalin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a variety of pharmacodynamic activities, such as antiapoptotic and anticancer activities. This study systematically investigated the alleviating effect of baicalin on AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity from the perspective of apoptosis and explored the possible molecular mechanism. In the normal human liver cell line L02, baicalin treatment significantly inhibited AFB1-induced c-Jun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and cell apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro mechanism study demonstrated that baicalin alleviates AFB1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through suppressing the translocation of phosphorylated JNK to the nucleus and decreasing the phosphorylated c-Jun/c-Jun ratio and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Molecular docking and drug affinity responsive target stability assays demonstrated that baicalin has the potential to target JNK. This study provides a basis for the therapeutic effect of baicalin on hepatocyte apoptosis caused by AFB1, indicating that the development of baicalin and JNK pathway inhibitors has broad application prospects in the prevention of hepatotoxicity, especially hepatocyte apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fungal toxins are highly toxic and widely distributed, presenting a considerable threat to global agricultural development. Addressing the issue of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in feed, it is crucial to ascertain the effectiveness and mechanisms of microbial strains in degradation. Results: This study used isotope tracing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate the degradation products of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 in complex substrates. By tracing 14C34-AFB1 and utilizing NMR, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF/MS) purification and identification techniques, it was confirmed that AFB1 was degraded by YUAD7 into C12H14O4, C5H12N2O2, C10H14O2, and C4H12N2O, effectively removing 99.7% of AFB1 (100 μg/kg) from alfalfa silage. YUAD7 targeted the ester bond in the vanillin lactone ring structure, the ether bond in the furan ring structure, and the unsaturated carbon–carbon double bond in the furan ring structure during AFB1 degradation, disrupting the toxic sites responsible for AFB1's carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects and achieving biodegradation. Moreover, B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 transformed AFB1 through processes like hydrogenation, enzyme modification, and the loss of the -CO group while also being associated with metabolic pathways such as alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Conclusions: The utilization of isotope tracing allowed for rapid identification of degradation products in complex substrates, while NMR elucidated the structures of these products. This deepens our understanding of AFB1 biodegradation mechanisms, providing technical support for the practical application of these bacteria in degradation, and new insights into studying the biological degradation mechanism. B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 can be used as a potential strain for degrading AFB1 in large-scale silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Organic trace minerals (TM) offer superior nutritional benefits because of their stable structure, making their addition to broiler diets potentially beneficial during challenging periods such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. The present study evaluated the impacts of different replacement levels of inorganic TM (ITM) with advanced chelate technology‐based TM (ACTM) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant indicators, and some inflammatory and immune parameters of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB1. A 42‐day experiment involved randomly assigning 1‐day‐old broiler chickens (n = 480) to one of five dietary treatments, each with six replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) NC: basal diet without AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (2) PC: basal diet with 0.5 mg kg−1 AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (3) TB: PC diet +1 g kg−1 toxin binder; (4) ACTM50: replacement of ITM with 50% ACTM in the PC diet; and (5) ACTM100: replacement of ITM with 100% ACTM in the PC diet.Compared with PC treatment, ACTM100 treatment resulted in increased (P < 0.05) body weight gain, serum zinc and glutathione concentrations, immunoglobulin Y level, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hepatic gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2, glutathione peroxidase‐1, superoxide dismutase‐1 and transforming growth factor beta 1. The ACTM100 group also exhibited decreased AFB1 residue in the liver and kidney, serum alanine transaminase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, and hepatic gene expression levels of nuclear factor‐kappa B and interferon‐gamma (P < 0.05). These values were comparable to those recorded in the TB and NC treatments.In conclusion, completely replacing ITM with ACTM can benefit the metabolism and mitigate AFB1‐induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage in chickens by altering the mRNA expression of nuclear factor‐kappa B and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2, and some genes downstream their signaling pathways. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are mycotoxins widely found as cereal contaminants, and their co-consumption is associated with liver cancer. Both are immunotoxic, but their interactions have been little studied. This work was aimed to evaluate in mouse spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) the effects of the exposure to AFB1 (5–50 µM), FB1 (25–250 µM), and AFB1–FB1 mixtures (MIX) on the in vitro differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg and Tr1-like) and Th17 cells, as well as elucidate the contribution of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) in such effects. AFB1 and mainly MIX induced cytotoxicity in activated CD4 cells via Ahr signaling. AFB1 (5 µM) increased the Treg cell differentiation, but its combination with FB1 (25 µM) also reduced Th17 cell expansion by Ahr-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, this mixture could enhance the Treg/Th17 cell ratio and favor immunosuppression and escape from tumor immunosurveillance to a greater extent than individual mycotoxins. Whereas, AFB1-FB1 mixtures at medium–high doses inhibited the Tr1-like cell expansion induced by the individual mycotoxins and affected Treg and Th17 cell differentiation in Ahr-independent and dependent manners, respectively, which could alter anti-inflammatory and Th17 immune responses. Moreover, individual FB1 altered regulatory T and Th17 cell development independently of Ahr. In conclusion, AFB1 and FB1 interact by modifying Ahr signaling, which is involved in the immunotoxicity as well as in the alteration of the differentiation of Treg, Tr1-like, and Th17 cells induced by AFB1-FB1 mixtures. Therefore, Ahr is implicated in the regulation of the anti- and pro-inflammatory responses caused by the combination of AFB1 and FB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent mycotoxin that can severely harm broiler health and performance, leading to reduced growth rates, compromised liver function, and weakened immune function. The study explored the effectiveness of two dietary supplements, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCASs), and discarded date pits (DDPs) in reducing the harmful effects of AFB1 on broiler chickens. The research involved feeding 240 chickens with different diets: a control diet, a control diet with AFB1, and an AFB1-contaminated diet with either HSCAS or DDP. The results showed that including HSCAS or DDP in the diet improved the chickens' body weight, feed efficiency, and overall health. These improvements were evident through better liver and kidney function, higher protein and glucose levels in the blood, and enhanced digestive efficiency. Remarkably, DDP supplementation also reduced liver size and improved total antioxidant capacity levels, while HSCAS increased protein digestibility. The study concluded that both HSCAS and DDP are effective in reducing the negative impacts of AFB1 on broiler chickens, suggesting they could be valuable natural feed additives in poultry farming to ensure healthier birds and safer food products for consumers. The research aimed to evaluate how effective hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCASs) and discarded date pits (DDPs) are as dietary adsorbents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in enhancing the performance and health of broiler chickens aged 16 to 30 days. A total of 240 Ross 308 straight-run broilers were randomly allocated into four dietary groups, each with 10 replicates: a control diet, a control diet with 1000 ppb AFB1, an AFB1-contaminated diet with 0.5% HSCAS, and an AFB1-contaminated diet with 4% DDP. Incorporating HSCASs or DDPs into the AFB1-contaminated diet resulted in significant improvements across various parameters, involving increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, higher dressing percentage, decreased relative weights of kidney and spleen, elevated serum levels of total protein, globulin, and glucose, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and heightened hepatic protein concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with diminished hepatic malondialdehyde content and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity. Moreover, both supplements led to increased ileal villus height and surface area, enhanced apparent nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy digestibility, and decreased AFB1 residues in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of DDPs significantly decreased relative liver weight, raised serum albumin concentration, lowered serum alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced hepatic total antioxidant capacity level, and augmented ileal villus width. Conversely, the dietary addition of HSCASs significantly heightened apparent crude protein digestibility. In conclusion, the inclusion of HSCASs and DDPs in AFB1-contaminated diets can mitigate the toxic effects of AFB1 on broiler chickens, with DDPs exhibiting additional advantages in optimizing liver function and gut morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows-up on our recently published work, which evaluated the impact of the addition of an alfalfa leaf-derived adsorbent in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet in regard to the production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology of turkey poults. This paper presents complementary results on microbial community, ileal morphology, barrier function, and immunity. For this purpose, 350 1-day-old female turkey poults were randomly distributed into five groups: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g; (3) alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) alfalfa + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; and (5) YCW + AF, AFB1-contaminated diet at 250 ng/g + 0.5% (w/w) commercial yeast cell wall-based adsorbent (reference group). In general, in the AF group, the growth of opportunistic pathogens was promoted, which lead to gut dysbacteriosis, mainly influenced by Streptococcus lutetiensis. Conversely, a significant increase in beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus catus) was promoted by the addition of the plant-based adsorbent. Moreover, the AF group had the lowest villus height and a compromised barrier function, as evidenced by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), but these negative effects were almost reversed by the addition of the alfalfa adsorbent. Furthermore, the AF + YCW and alfalfa + AF groups exhibited a significant increase in the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response compared to the rest of the experimental groups. Taken together, these results pointed out that the alfalfa counteracts the adverse effects of AFB1 in poults, facilitating the colonization of beneficial bacteria and improving the barrier function of the turkey poults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical aptasensor was prepared for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Composites of Au nanoparticles and polyethyleneimine-reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs/PEI-RGO) with good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area were employed as the supporting substrate, demonstrating the ability to provide more binding sites for aptamers and accelerate the electron transfer. Aptamers were immobilized on a AuNPs/PEI-RGO surface to specifically recognize AFB1 and OTA. A metal–organic framework of UiO-66-NH2 served as the signal carrier to load metal ions of Cu2+ and Pb2+, which facilitated the generation of independent current peaks and effectively improved the electrochemical signals. The prepared aptasensor exhibited sensitive current responses for AFB1 and OTA with a linear range of 0.01 to 1000 ng/mL, with detection limits of 6.2 ng/L for AFB1 and 3.7 ng/L for OTA, respectively. The aptasensor was applied to detect AFB1 and OTA in cereal samples, achieving results comparable with HPLC-MS, with recovery results from 92.5% to 104.1%. With these merits of high sensitivity and good selectivity and stability, the prepared aptasensor proved to be a powerful tool for evaluating contaminated cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. Findings in the literature has shown the potential of probiotic treatment to alleviate AFB1 toxicity. This study explores the effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Shirota (LcS) supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal health, and excretion of faecal AFB1 metabolite of AFB1- exposed rats. Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, AFB1, AFB1+LcS and LcS groups. AFB1 was given at a complete dosage of 25 µg AFB1/kg body weight, while LcS supplementation at 2×109 CFU/mL per day for four weeks. The average body weight of the AFB1 group showed no significant increase from week 2 to 4, while other groups had an increment throughout the study. The food intake of the AFB1 and AFB1+LcS groups had significantly reduced throughout the treatment period. AFB1 exposure caused several changes in the histomorphometry parameters but was normalised with LcS supplementation. The AFB1 group showed mild to moderate inflammation in all intestinal parts, whereas only mild inflammation was observed in the jejunum and ileum of the AFB1+LcS group. Faecal Bifidobacterium spp. counts showed an increment in three groups, while the AFB1 group showed a significant reduction. The faecal AFB1 in the AFB1 group was significantly lower than in the AFB1+LcS group. In conclusion, AFB1 affected growth performance and intestinal health, and wherein the effects were alleviated by LcS supplementation. Further investigation on intestinal permeability and serum and urinary AFB1 level is suggested to understand the mechanism of probiotic-AFB1 interaction in alleviating AFB1 toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FMB1), are common contaminants in cereal-based foods. Instances of contamination are predicted to increase due to the current challenges induced by climate change. Despite the health benefits of whole grains, the presence of mycotoxins in bran remains a concern. Nonetheless, previous research indicates that wheat bran can adsorb mutagens. Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of maize, wheat, and oat brans to adsorb AFB1 and FMB1 under varying in vitro conditions, including pH, binding time, temperature, particle size, and the amount of bran utilized. Maize bran demonstrated a high AFB1 adsorption capacity (>78%) compared to wheat and oat brans. However, FMB1 was not adsorbed by the brans, possibly due to its hydrophilic nature. Lower temperature (≤25 °C) enhanced AFB1 adsorption efficacy in wheat and oat bran, while for maize bran, the highest adsorption occurred at 37 °C. A linear model following Henry's law best explained AFB1 adsorption by the brans. Further studies identified the pericarp layer of bran as the primary site of AFB1 adsorption, with the initial liquid volume being a critical factor. The study concludes that bran could potentially act as an effective bioadsorbent. Further research is essential to confirm the adsorption efficacy and the bioavailability of AFB1 through in vivo experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescence biosensor for determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) based on polydiacetylene (PDA) liposomes and exonuclease III (EXO III)-assisted recycling amplification was developed. The AFB1 aptamer partially hybridizes with complementary DNA (cDNA), which is released upon recognition of AFB1 by the aptamer. Subsequently, the cDNA hybridizes with hairpin H to form double-stranded DNA that undergoes digestion by EXO III, resulting in the cyclic release of cDNA and generation of capture DNA for further reaction. The capture DNA then hybridizes with probe modified on PDA liposomes, leading to aggregation of liposomes and subsequent fluorescence production. This strategy exhibited a limit of detection of 0.18 ng/mL within the linear range 1–100 ng/mL with a determination coefficient > 0.99. The recovery ranged from 92.81 to 106.45%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 1.73 and 4.26%, for corn, brown rice, peanut butter, and wheat samples. The stability, accuracy, and specificity of the method demonstrated the applicability for real sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is harmful to the health and performance of domestic animals. The hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs), CYP1A1 and CYP2A6, are the primary enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of AFB1 to the highly toxic exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) in chicks. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of these CYP genes in the liver of chicks in AFB1 metabolism remains unknown. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, bioinformatics and site-directed mutation results indicated that specificity protein 1 (SP1) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) motifs were located in the core region −1,063/−948, −606/−541 of the CYP1A1 promoter as well as −636/−595, −503/−462, −147/−1 of the CYP2A6 promoter. Furthermore, overexpression and decoy oligodeoxynucleotide technologies demonstrated that SP1 and AP-1 were pivotal transcriptional activators regulating the promoter activity of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6. Moreover, bioactivation of AFB1 to AFBO could be increased by upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression, which was trans-activated owing to the upregulalion of AP-1, rather than SP1, stimulated by AFB1-induced reactive oxygen species. Additionally, nano-selenium could reduce ROS, downregulate AP-1 expression and then decrease the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6, thus alleviating the toxicity of AFB1. In conclusion, AP-1 and SP1 played important roles in the transactivation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression and further bioactivated AFB1 to AFBO in chicken liver, which could provide novel targets for the remediation of aflatoxicosis in chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of probiotic (Pro), curcumin (Cur), and sodium bentonite (SB) to alleviate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and hepatic gene expression in laying Japanese quails. A total of 420 37-day-old laying quails were randomly allocated into 7 treatment groups, with 6 replicates, each of 10 quails for 7 weeks. The treatments were: 1) Control, 2) Control + AFB1 (100 μg/kg), 3) Control + AFB1 + Pro (0.5 g/kg), 4) Control + AFB1 + Cur (100 mg/kg), 5) Control + AFB1 + SB (3 g/kg), 6) Control + AFB1 + Pro (0.5 g/kg) + Cur (100 mg/kg), 7) Control + AFB1 + Pro (0.5 g/kg) + SB (3 g/kg). The addition of dietary supplements, especially the combination of Pro + Cur or SB, ameliorated the adverse effects of AFB1-contaminated diets on egg production, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The dietary inclusion of supplements resulted in higher shell thickness and shell weight compared to the control + AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Villus height, villus height: crypt depth and villus surface area of the jejunum were increased by dietary inclusion of Pro, Cur, and SB in contaminated diets. However, the effects on these parameters were more pronounced in birds that received a combined of Pro + Cur (P < 0.05). The combined supplementation of Pro + Cur or SB in AFB1-contaminated diets synergistically increased the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the ileum and reduced the coliform and C. perfringens counts in the ileum and cecum, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum hepatic indices were improved by Pro, Cur, and SB, but a further increase in antioxidant enzymes and reduction in AST and MDA were observed by combination of Pro + Cur (P < 0.05). Increased expression of AHR1 and CYP1A1 genes due to AFB1 was alleviated by supplements. However, there was a synergistic effect of Pro + Cur in the down-regulation of these genes. Overall, these results showed that although dietary Pro, Cur, and SB may ameliorate the toxicity of AFB1, the synergistic effects of Pro + Cur or SB may further mitigate the AFB1-induced toxicity.

In nature, aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are the common mycotoxins, which cause serious health problems for humans and animals. This paper aimed to study the effects of AFB1 on flesh flavor and muscle development of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its mechanism. There were 1440 individual fish in total, with 6 treatments and each treatment replicated 3 times. The 6 treatments were fed a control diet with different doses of AFB1 (0.04, 29.48, 58.66, 85.94, 110.43 and 146.92 μg/kg diet) for 60 d. AFB1 increased myofiber diameter, as well as decreased myofiber density of grass carp muscle (P

Abstract Background Fungal toxins are highly toxic and widely distributed, presenting a considerable threat to global agricultural development. Addressing the issue of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in feed, it is crucial to ascertain the effectiveness and mechanisms of microbial strains in degradation. Results This study used isotope tracing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate the degradation products of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 in complex substrates. By tracing 14C34-AFB1 and utilizing NMR, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF/MS) purification and identification techniques, it was confirmed that AFB1 was degraded by YUAD7 into C12H14O4, C5H12N2O2, C10H14O2, and C4H12N2O, effectively removing 99.7% of AFB1 (100 μg/kg) from alfalfa silage. YUAD7 targeted the ester bond in the vanillin lactone ring structure, the ether bond in the furan ring structure, and the unsaturated carbon–carbon double bond in the furan ring structure during AFB1 degradation, disrupting the toxic sites responsible for AFB1's carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects and achieving biodegradation. Moreover, B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 transformed AFB1 through processes like hydrogenation, enzyme modification, and the loss of the -CO group while also being associated with metabolic pathways such as alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Conclusions The utilization of isotope tracing allowed for rapid identification of degradation products in complex substrates, while NMR elucidated the structures of these products. This deepens our understanding of AFB1 biodegradation mechanisms, providing technical support for the practical application of these bacteria in degradation, and new insights into studying the biological degradation mechanism. B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 can be used as a potential strain for degrading AFB1 in large-scale silage. Graphical Abstract

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic metabolite generated by Aspergillus species and is commonly detected during the processing and storage of food; it is considered a group I carcinogen. The hepatotoxic effects, diseases, and mechanisms induced by AFB1 owing to chronic or acute exposure are well documented; however, there is a lack of research on its effects on the intestine, which is a crucial organ in the digestive process. Dogs are often susceptible to chronic AFB1 exposure owing to lack of variation in their diet, unlike humans, thereby rendering them prone to its effects. Therefore, we investigated the effects of AFB1 on canine small intestinal epithelial primary cells (CSIc). Methods: We treated CSIc with various concentrations of AFB1 (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) for 24 h and analyzed cell viability and transepithelial-transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value. Additionally, we analyzed the mRNA expression of tight junction-related genes (OCLN, CLDN3, TJP1, and MUC2), antioxidant-related genes (CAT and GPX1), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL2, Bax, and TP53). Results: We found a significant decrease in CSIc viability and TEER values after treatment with AFB1 at concentrations of 20 μM or higher. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indiCATed a downregulation of OCLN, CLDN3, and TJP1 in CSIc treated with 20 μM or higher concentrations of AFB1. Additionally, AFB1 treatment downregulated CAT, GPX1, and BCL2. Conclusions: Acute exposure of CSIc to AFB1 induces toxicity, and exposure to AFB1 above a certain threshold compromises the barrier integrity of CSIc.

为促进漆酶在花生饼粕中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）脱除中的实际应用，以霉变花生饼为实验对象，利用漆酶降解AFB1，考察加酶量、体系pH、反应温度、反应时间及料液比对AFB1降解率的影响，优化漆酶降解花生饼中AFB1的工艺条件，并通过分子对接分析漆酶与AFB1的相互作用方式。结果表明：漆酶降解花生饼中AFB1的最优工艺条件为加酶量5 U/g、体系pH 6.0、反应时间48 h、反应温度45 ℃、料液比1∶ 10，在此条件下漆酶对花生饼中AFB1的降解率高达83.5%，AFB1残留量为15.8 μg/kg，符合国标要求（≤50 μg/kg）；分子对接分析表明AFB1与漆酶活性空腔中的氨基酸残基His109、Ser110、His111、Ser113、His452、Asp456间形成了氢键网络，漆酶降解AFB1的机制可能与该氢键网络有关。综上，漆酶对花生饼中AFB1具有高效的降解活性，在发霉花生饼脱毒处理中有较大应用前景。In order to promote the practical application of laccase in the removal of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut cake/meal, moldy peanut cake was used as the experimental object to degrade AFB1 by laccase. The effects of enzyme dosage, system pH, reaction temperature, reaction time and solid-liquid ratio on the degradation rate of AFB1 were investigated, and the process conditions for the degradation of AFB1 in peanut cake by laccase were optimized. The interaction model between laccase and AFB1 was analyzed by molecular docking. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the degradation of AFB1 in peanut cake by laccase were obtained as follows: enzyme dosage 5 U/g, system pH 6.0, reaction time 48 h, reaction temperature 45 ℃ and solid-liquid ratio 1∶ 10. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 in peanut cake was as high as 83.5%, and the residual amount of AFB1 was 15.8 μg/kg, which met the requirements of national standard(≤50 μg/kg). Molecular docking results showed that a hydrogen bond network was formed between AFB1 and the amino acid residues His109, Ser110, His111, Ser113, His452 and Asp456 in the active cavity of laccase. The mechanism of degradation of AFB1 by laccase might be related to the hydrogen bond network. In summary, laccase has high degradability to AFB1, which has great application prospect in detoxification treatment of moldy peanut cake.

This study analyzed the effects of radio frequency-hot air treatment under different conditions of initial corn moisture content (19.05%, 22.25%, and 25.55%), radio frequency heating temperature (55, 65, 75, and 85 ℃) and heating time (10, 15, 20, and 25 min) on the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and corn quality. The results showed that radio frequency-hot air treatment could effectively degrade AFB1. For corn with high initial water content, at the same heating temperature and time, higher initial moisture content resulted in higher residual amount of AFB1. At the same initial water content, the residual amount of AFB1 decreased with the increase in heating temperature and time. Heating time had a greater effect on AFB1 degradation than temperature. Radio frequency-hot air treatment affected corn quality. With increasing heating temperature and time, neither protein nor fat contents significantly changed compared with the control group (P > 0.05), while viscosity significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed marked changes in water mobility during radio frequency heating, and water mobility characteristics were significantly correlated with the gelatinization characteristics, protein, and fat contents of corn (P < 0.05).

This research aims to document the harmful effects of exposure to aflatoxin-B1 in the prepubertal stage on the reproductive efficiency of male rats after puberty. Sixty male rats (35 days old) were divided equally into control and treatment groups. Control males were orally supplemented with distilled water. Treatment males were orally supplemented with aflatoxin-B1 (0.3mg/kg/day). After 15 days (50 days old; prepubertal stage), 25 days (60 days old; pubertal stage), and 35 days (70 days old; postpubertal stage) of treatment, ten males from each group were weighed, anesthetized, and blood samples were collected for assessment the serum concentrations of reproductive hormones. Pituitary and testicular tissue samples were obtained to analyze the expression levels of pituitary and testicular genes. Testes and epididymis were obtained for histopathological examination. Compared to control, treated males showed a decrease in serum concentration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, and the expression level of pituitary GNRHR1, FSHβ, and LHβ genes and testicular LHR, FSHR, ABP, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD genes, in all experimental periods. Histological sections of the testicles of treated males showed atrophy of some seminiferous tubules, empty lumen, and massive vacuolization and exfoliation of the germ cells. The histological results of the epididymis showed obliteration of the lumen, necrosis of the epithelial layer, deformed cavities, a climbing epithelial layer, and epithelium hyperplasia compared to the control group. In conclusion, exposure to aflatoxin-B1 at the prepubertal stage can reduce reproductive efficiency at puberty.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination is a serious threat to nutritional safety and public health. The CotA-laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ANSB821 previously reported by our laboratory showed great potential to degrade AFB1 without redox mediators. However, the use of this CotA-laccase to remove AFB1 in animal feed is limited because of its low catalytic efficiency and low expression level. In order to make better use of this excellent enzyme to effectively degrade AFB1, twelve mutants of CotA-laccase were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. Among these mutants, E186A and E186R showed the best degradation ability of AFB1, with degradation ratios of 82.2% and 91.8% within 12 h, which were 1.6- and 1.8-times higher than those of the wild-type CotA-laccase, respectively. The catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of E186A and E186R were found to be 1.8- and 3.2-times higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type CotA-laccase. Then the expression vectors pPICZαA-N-E186A and pPICZαA-N-E186R with an optimized signal peptide were constructed and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. The optimized signal peptide improved the secretory expressions of E186A and E186R in P. pastoris GS115. Collectively, the current study provided ideal candidate CotA-laccase mutants for AFB1 detoxification in food and animal feed and a feasible protocol, which was desperately needed for the industrial production of CotA-laccases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin and is the most carcinogenic of all known chemicals. In view of the AFB1 characteristics of widespread distribution, serious pollution, great harm to humans, and animals and difficult to remove, it is urgent to develop a convenient and sensitive detection method. Moreover, chromatographic test strips (CTSs) are a rapid detection technology that combines labeling technology with chromatography technology. CTSs have been widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and food safety analysis in recent years. Different from other immune assays, they have the advantages of short measuring time, low cost, high efficiency and no need for professionals to operate. In addition, the introduction of nanomaterials has laid a good foundation for the detection of high sensitivity, high specificity and high efficiency via CTSs. Herein, we tend to comprehensively introduce the applications of chromatographic methods in AFB1 detection and pay attention to the signal detection modes based on nanomaterials in antibody-based immunochromatographic strips (ICSs), such as colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and Raman scattering sensing. Some typical examples are also listed in this review. In the end, we make a summary and put forward prospects for the development of CTSs. This review is the first systematic review about the applications of antibody-/aptamer-based chromatographic methods for rapid AFB1 detection. Pay attention to the signal detection modes based on nanomaterials in antibody-ICSs, such as colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent and Raman scattering sensing. Make a summary about some typical examples and put forward prospects for the development of CTSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food and feed is a global health and economic threat, necessitating the immediate development of effective strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecium HB2-2 (E. faecium HB2-2) as a potent AFB1-degrading microorganism, using morphological observation, biochemical profiling, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. An incubation of E. faecium HB2-2 at 32 °C for 96 h in a pH 10 nutrient broth (NB) medium resulted in a remarkable degradation rate of 90.0% for AFB1. Furthermore, E. faecium HB2-2 demonstrated 82.9% AFB1 degradation rate in the peanut meal, reducing AFB1 levels from 105.1 to 17.9 μg/kg. The AFB1 degradation ability of E. faecium HB2-2 was found to be dependent on the fermentation supernatant. The products of AFB1 degradation by E. faecium HB2-2 were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the identified degradation products. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays revealed a significant reduction in the toxicity of the degradation products compared to the parent AFB1. These findings highlight the potential of E. faecium HB2-2 as a safe and effective method for mitigating AFB1 contamination in food and feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of analysis, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is frequently utilized due to its capability to be fast and immediate. However, the biggest challenge of the LFIA is its low detection sensitivity and tolerance to matrix interference, making it impossible to enable accurate, qualitative analyses. In this study, we developed a new LFIA with higher affinity and sensitivity, based on a nanobody (G8-DIG) and CuS nanoflowers-Au (CuS NFs-Au), for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in maize. We synthesized the immunoprobe G8-DIG@CuS NFs-Au, stimulated the in situ development of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) on Cu NFs by electrical displacement, and obtained Cu NFs-Au for fixing the G8-DIG. G8-DIG@CuS NFs-Au probe-based LFIAs may, in ideal circumstances, use a strip chromatography reader to accomplish sensitive quantitative detection and qualitative visualization. AFB1 has a detection range of 2.82–89.56 µg/L and a detection limit of 0.87 µg/L. When compared with an LFIA based on CuS NFs, this sensitivity is increased by 2.76 times. The practical application of this method in corn flour demonstrated a recovery rate of 81.7% to 117%. Therefore, CuS NFs-Au show great potential for detecting analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), a frequent contaminant in silage, is a significant producer of aflatoxins, notably the potent carcinogen aflatoxin B1. This contaminant poses a potential risk during the initial aerobic phase of ensiling. The present work studied the impact of temperature on A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production in laboratory-scale sorghum silos during the initial aerobic phase. Growth curves of A. flavus were generated at various temperatures and modeled with the Gompertz model. Results indicated that the optimal temperature range for the maximum growth rate in sorghum mini-silos is between 25 and 30°C. Mold biomass and aflatoxin B1 levels were quantified using qPCR and HPLC, respectively. A predictive model for aflatoxin B1 synthesis in the initial ensiling phase was established, in function of grain moisture, external temperature, and time. Within the studied range, A. flavus's initial concentration did not significantly influence aflatoxin B1 production. According to the model maximum aflatoxin production is expected at 30% moisture and 25°C temperature, after 6 days in the aerobic phase. Aflatoxin B1 production in such conditions was corroborated experimentally. Growth curves and aflatoxin B1 production highlighted that at 48 h of incubation under optimal conditions, aflatoxin B1 concentrations in mini-silos exceeded national legislation limits, reaching values close to 100 ppb. These results underscore the risk associated with A. flavus presence in ensiling material, emphasizing the importance of controlling its development in sorghum silos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bacteria residing in the gut of the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on aflatoxin-contaminated corn kernels were isolated and evaluated for their ability to suppress Aspergillus flavus and to remove/degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Four morphologically distinct S. oryzae gut-associated bacterial isolates were isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis (RWGB1), Bacillus oceanisediminis (RWGB2), Bacillus firmus (RWGB3), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RWGB4) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These bacterial isolates inhibited A. flavus growth in the dual culture assay and induced morphological deformities in the fungal hyphae, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. All four bacterial isolates were capable of removing AFB1 from the nutrient broth medium. In addition, culture supernatants of these bacterial isolates degraded AFB1, and the degradation of toxin molecules was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bacterial isolates, B. subtilis RWGB1, B. oceanisediminis RWGB2, and P. aeruginosa RWGB4, were capable of producing antifungal volatile organic compounds that inhibited A. flavus growth. These results suggest that the bacterial isolates from S. oryzae gut have the potential to bind and/or degrade AFB1. Further research on their application in the food and feed industries could enhance the safety of food and feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were utilized to investigate potential interactions between aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug and inducer of several CYP enzymes, including CYP3A4. PBPK simulations were conducted in a North European Caucasian and Black South African population, considering different dosing scenarios. The simulations predicted the impact of EFV on AFB1 metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes (HLM) were performed to verify the PBPK predictions for both single- and multiple-dose exposures to EFV. Results showed no significant difference in the formation of AFB1 metabolites when combined with EFV (0.15 µM) compared to AFB1 alone. However, exposure to 5 µM of EFV, mimicking chronic exposure, resulted in increased CYP3A4 activity, affecting metabolite formation. While co-incubation with EFV reduced the formation of certain AFB1 metabolites, other outcomes varied and could not be fully attributed to CYP3A4 induction. Overall, this study provides evidence that EFV, and potentially other CYP1A2/CYP3A4 perpetrators, can impact AFB1 metabolism, leading to altered exposure to toxic metabolites. The results emphasize the importance of considering drug interactions when assessing the risks associated with mycotoxin exposure in individuals undergoing HIV therapy in a European and African context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination is a food safety issue threatening human health globally. Biodegradation is an effective method for overcoming this problem, and many microorganisms have been identified as AFB1-degrading strains. However, the response mechanisms of these microbes to AFB1 remain unclear. More degrading enzymes, especially of new types, need to be discovered. In this study, a novel AFB1-degrading strain, DDC-4, was isolated using coumarin as the sole carbon source. This strain was identified as Bacillus halotolerans through physiological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The strain's degradation activity was predominantly attributable to thermostable extracellular proteins (degradation rate remained approximately 80% at 90 °C) and was augmented by Cu2+ (95.45% AFB1 was degraded at 48 h). Alpha/beta hydrolase (arylesterase) was selected as candidate AFB1-degrading enzymes for the first time as a gene encoding this enzyme was highly expressed in the presence of AFB1. Moreover, AFB1 inhibited many genes involved in the nucleotide synthesis of strain DDC-4, which is possibly the partial molecular mechanism of AFB1's toxicity to microorganisms. To survive under this stress, sporulation-related genes were induced in the strain. Altogether, our study identified a novel AFB1-degrading strain and explained its response mechanisms to AFB1, thereby providing new insights for AFB1 biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of a peptidoglycan produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo in broiler chicks. 2. Toxin adsorption experiments were carried out firstly in vitro. These experiments indicated that the absorption efficiency of the peptidoglycan for AFB1 was 64.3–75.9%. 3. In the in vivo experiments, Hy-Line Brown chicks were fed a diet containing AFB1 at 71.43 µg/kg with and without peptidoglycan supplementation at concentrations of 100, 200, or 300 g/kg feed from 0–42 d of age. 4. The peptidoglycan supplementation in AFB1-contaminated diets resulted in significant improvements in terms of average daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, white blood cell count, haemoglobin content, glutathione peroxidase activity, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, IgM and Newcastle disease virus antibody titres (p < 0.05) and diminished liver steatosis. 5. In conclusion, peptidoglycan supplementation alleviated AFB1-induced toxicity through adsorbing toxins and improving growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and liver pathological changes in chicks. The optimal supplemental dose was 200 mg/kg in feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a paper‐based electrochemical aptamer sensor was developed for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using a combination of MXene–Ti3C2Tx and nucleic acid aptamers. The prepared single‐layer or few‐layer MXene suspension is suction‐filtered onto MXene paper, which is cut to prepare MXene electrodes. To accomplish AFB1 specific detection, an amino‐labeled AFB1 aptamer is mounted on the surface of the carboxy‐functionalized MXene electrode. When AFB1 is present, it particularly binds to the aptamer to form a 3D structure, reducing the efficiency of electron transmission on the sensor surface. The difference in impedance signal change at the electrode/electrolyte interface is used to quantify AFB1. The results indicated that the detection range is 0.05–100 ng/mL, the detection limit is 0.04 ng/mL, and the recovery rate of AFB1 in corn samples is 97.8%–111.52% with the optimal detection conditions. The MXene paper‐based label‐free aptasensor is versatile and can detect different targets by simply swapping out the aptamers of different targets. The sensor also has a wide range of applications in food analysis and environmental testing. Practical applications: A paper‐based electrochemical aptamer sensor was developed to detect aflatoxin B1 using a combination of MXene–Ti3C2Tx and nucleic acid aptamers.The design is based on the preparation of MXene electrodes by pumping and filtering monolayer or multilayer MXene suspensions onto MXene paper and cutting.The MXene paper‐based label‐free aptamer sensor was designed to be versatile, allowing the detection of different targets by simply replacing the aptamer with one from a different targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant prominence as sensing materials owing to their unique properties. However, understanding the correlation between the morphology, properties, and sensing performance in these MOF-based sensors remains a challenge, limiting their applications and potential for improvement. In this study, Zr-MOF was chosen as an ideal model to explore the impact of the MOF morphology on the sensing performance, given its remarkable stability and structural variability. Three luminescent MOFs (namely rod-like Zr-LMOF, prismoid-like Zr-LMOF, and ellipsoid-like Zr-LMOF) were synthesized by adjusting the quantities of the benzoic acid and the reaction time. More importantly, the sensing performance of these Zr-LMOFs in response to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was thoroughly examined. Notably, the ellipsoid-like Zr-LMOF exhibited significantly higher sensitivity compared to other Zr-LMOFs, attributed to its large specific surface area and pore volume. Additionally, an in-depth investigation into the detection mechanism of AFB1 by Zr-LMOFs was conducted. Building upon these insights, a ratiometric fluorescence sensor was developed by coordinating Eu3+ with ellipsoid-like Zr-LMOF, achieving a remarkably lower detection limit of 2.82 nM for AFB1. This study contributes to an improved comprehension of the relationship between the MOF morphology and the sensing characteristics while presenting an effective approach for AFB1 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi which can reduce the quality of several food commodities like hazelnut and hazelnut products. For the AFs, the data were fitted to polynomial response models using multiple regression analysis, resulting in high coefficients of determination (R2 values ranging from 0.8917 to 0.9674) for each type of aflatoxins. The optimal conditions for achieving maximum degradation percentages for total aflatoxins (AFT) and AFB1 were determined to be US power of 80W, enzyme treatment of 2.5 U g sample, and 20 min of US application for 12.5 µg kg AFT conditions after graphical and numerical optimizations. The optimum conditions resulted in 44.33% and 45.58% degradation for AFT% and AFB1 respectively, with predicted values of 43.93% and 44.17% for AFT% and AFB1. The data exhibited that, enzyme treatments were not significant for degradation for AFB1% and AFT%, whereas significant for AFB2 and AFG2. Depending on the initial AFT concentration, more than 50% degradation rate was achieved by current design parameters. Study results indicated that US treatment can alter certain quality parameters of hazelnut paste, including changes in aroma, a decrease in browning index, and a slight increase in peroxide value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxin production by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) -producing Aspergillus flavus Zt41 and sterigmatocystin (ST) -hyperproducer Aspergillus creber 2663 mold strains on corn and rice starch, both of high purity and nearly identical amylose-amylopectin composition, as the only source of carbon, was studied. Scanning electron microscopy revealed average starch particle sizes of 4.54 ± 0.635 µm and 10.9 ± 2.78 µm, corresponding to surface area to volume ratios of 127 1/µm for rice starch and 0.49 1/µm for corn starch. Thus, a 2.5-fold difference in particle size correlated to a larger, 259-fold difference in surface area. To allow starch, a water-absorbing powder, to be used as a sole food source for Aspergillus strains, a special glass bead system was applied. AFB1 production of A. flavus Zt41 was determined to be 437.6 ± 128.4 ng/g and 90.0 ± 44.8 ng/g on rice and corn starch, respectively, while corresponding ST production levels by A. creber 2663 were 72.8 ± 10.0 µg/g and 26.8 ± 11.6 µg/g, indicating 3–fivefold higher mycotoxin levels on rice starch than on corn starch as sole carbon and energy sources. Key points: • A glass bead system ensuring the flow of air when studying powders was developed. • AFB1 and ST production of A. flavus and A. creber on rice and corn starches were studied. • 3–fivefold higher mycotoxin levels on rice starch than on corn starch were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to address the issue of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, which posed severe health and economic consequences. This study involved exploring unique species resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, screening strains capable of degrading AFB1. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and NMR were employed to examine the degradation process and identify the structure of the degradation products. Results showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7, isolated from yak dung in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, removed 91.7% of AFB1 from TSB-AFB1 medium with an AFB1 concentration of 10 µg/mL (72 h, 37°C, pH 6.8) and over 85% of AFB1 from real food samples at 10 µg/g (72 h, 37°C), exhibiting strong AFB1 degradation activity. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7's extracellular secretions played a major role in AFB1 degradation mediated and could still degrade AFB1 by 43.16% after boiling for 20 min. Moreover, B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 demonstrated the capability to decompose AFB1 through processes such as hydrogenation, enzyme modification, and the elimination of the-CO group, resulting in the formation of smaller non-toxic molecules. Identified products include C12H14O4, C5H12N2O2, C10H14O2, C4H12N2O, with a structure consisting of dimethoxyphenyl and enoic acid, dimethyl-amino and ethyl carbamate, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and aminomethyl. The results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 could be a potentially valuable strain for industrial-scale biodegradation of AFB1 and providing technical support and new perspectives for research on biodegradation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-signal ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor has been developed for AFB1 detection using thionine/Au/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Thi/Au/ZIF-8) nanomaterials and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction. Thi/Au/ZIF-8 combined with DNA hairpin 2 (H2) was used as a signal probe. [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was served as another signal probe, and the IThi/Au/ZIF-8/I[Fe(CN)6]3−/4− ratio was for the first time utilized to quantify AFB1. AFB1-induced CHA was used to expand the ratio of electrical signals. In the presence of AFB1, H2/Thi/Au/ZIF-8 bound to the electrode via CHA, enhanced the current signal of Thi/Au/ZIF-8. H2 contained the DNA phosphate backbone hindered [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox reaction and resulted in a lower [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− current signal. This aptasensor exhibited high specificity for AFB1, a linear range of 0.1 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1, and a detection limit of 0.089 pg mL−1. It demonstrated favorable sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. The aptasensor was suitable for detecting AFB1 in peanuts and black tea and holds potential for real sample applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many additives are of essential importance for the taste and quality of products, however, many of them pose a danger to human health, and are subject to daily routine quality control of products intended for human consumption. In addition to additives, residues represent a major challenge as possible contaminants of products from the field to the dining table. Methods: Through the research, 85 samples of meat products (fresh meat, salami, sausages, dried meat products) were processed and all were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1), as well as for chlorides, nitrites and heavy metals (cadmium and lead). Results: The average content of AFL B1 in the meat samples was 0.048 µg/kg (0.019 to 0.105 µg/ kg) which is significantly lower than the recommended value in some European countries (1 μg/kg). Chloride content was detected in the range from 0.000 to 9.955 %m/m (average concentration 2.377 %m/m). The average nitrite content was 8.330 mg/kg (min. 0.550 - max. 45.705 mg/kg), and maximum permitted levels in meat products is 150 mg/kg. Among the 85 processed samples, lead and cadmium were detected in 79 and 29 products (92.94% and 34.11%), with an average of 0.136 and 0.042 mg/ kg, respectively. Lead was detected in the range from 0.000 to 3.474 mg/kg, and cadmium from 0.000 to 2.544 mg/kg. Maximum permitted level for lead si 0.1 mg/kg, and for cadmium is 0.05 mg/kg, so this results are very concerning Conclusion: The results show the need for continuous monitoring of the amount of additives in meet products on the market, and regular monitoring of residues in products intended for human consumption. It is necessary to stick to proper hygienic practices during the preparation of the product at all stages from the field to the dining table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology is the property of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an adsorbent material based on powdered alfalfa leaves added in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet of turkey poults on production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology. For this purpose, three hundred and fifty female Nicholas-700 poults were randomly assigned into five treatments: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g; (3) Alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) AF+alfalfa, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent, and (5) AF+ yeast cell wall (YCW), diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) of yeast cell wall (a commercial mycotoxin binder used as reference material). The in vivo efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves was assessed during a 28-day period. In general, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-free diet gave the best performance results (body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake) and improved the values of total protein, glucose, calcium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Moreover, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-contaminated diet enhanced body weight and body weight gain and significantly reduced the feed intake, compared to the AF and AF+YCW groups. Additionally, significant alterations in serum parameters were observed in poults intoxicated with the AFB1, compared to the Control group. Furthermore, typical histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of the AF group, which were significantly ameliorated with the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves. Conclusively, these results pointed out that low inclusion of powdered alfalfa leaves in the contaminated feed counteracted the adverse effects of AFB1 in turkey poults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widespread toxic contamination in feed for animals. The primary active component of turmeric, curcumin (Cur), is an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. However, it is yet unknown how AFB1 affects the intestinal epithelial barrier and whether Cur acts as a protective mechanism when exposed to AFB1. Here, we explored the mechanism of AFB1-induced intestinal injury from intestinal epithelial barrier, inflammation, pyroptosis, and intestinal flora, and evaluated the protective role of Cur. We found that AFB1 caused weight loss and intestinal morphological damage that is mainly characterized by shortened intestinal villi, deepened crypts, and damaged intestinal epithelium. Exposure to AFB1 decreased the expression of Claudin-1, MUC2, ZO-1, and Occludin and increased the expression of pyroptosis-related factors (NLRP3, GSDMD, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18) and inflammation-related factors (TLR4, NF-κB, IκB, IFN-γ, and TNF-α). Furthermore, ileal gut microbiota was altered, and simultaneously, the Lactobacillus abundance was decreased. The gut microbiota interacts with a wide range of physiologic functions and disease development in the host through its metabolites, and disturbances in gut microbial metabolism can cause functional impairment of the ileum. Meanwhile, Cur can ameliorate histological ileum injuries and intestinal flora disturbance caused by AFB1. We found that Cur reversed the effects of AFB1 through modulating both NLRP3 inflammasome and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, AFB1 can induce inflammatory damage and pyroptosis in duck ileum, while Cur has obviously protective effects on all the above damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin and is widespread in moldy feed. The use of biological removal methods to reduce AFB1 has become a research hotspot. This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) capable of removing AFB1 from moldy feeds and assessed the removal capacity under various environmental conditions. A strain named Lactobacillus brevis DN-1 was isolated from feed samples and showed 71.38% AFB1 percent removal. Furthermore, DN-1 showed good antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus BNCC336156 and Aspergillus parasiticus BNCC335939. The optimum growth temperature and pH of DN-1 were 37 °C and 6.0, respectively, and DN-1 grew well in the concentration range of 0–20 µg/L AFB1. Under a temperature of 20–40 °C, pH of 3.0–9.0, and anaerobic conditions, the percent removal of AFB1 was more than 60%. An analysis of the different components of DN-1 showed that cell wall adsorption was the main removal method and suggested the pathway for AFB1 removal by LAB. In addition, strain DN-1 was used as a biological preservative in artificially contaminated peanut and sunflower cakes, which significantly inhibited the growth of mold and production of AFB1. In brief, this study highlights the potential use of DN-1 as a preventive agent against aflatoxicosis via strong removal capability in the application of fermented feed or food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]