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Human activity recognition (HAR) is a technology that infers current user activities by using the available sensory data network. Research on activity recognition is considered extremely important, particularly when it comes to delivering sensitive services such as healthcare services and live tracking assistance and autonomy. For this purpose, many researchers have proposed a knowledge-driven approach or data-driven reasoning for identification techniques. However, there are multiple limitations associated with these approaches and the resulting models are typically not complete enough to capture all types of human activities. Thus, recent works have suggested combining these techniques through a hybrid model. This paper's goal is to give a brief overview of activity recognition implementation approaches by looking at various sensing technologies used to gather data from internet of things (IoT) gadgets, looking at preprocessing and feature extraction approaches, and then comparing methods used to identify human activities in smart homes, and highlighting their strengths and weaknesses across various fields. Numerous pertinent works were located, and their accomplishments were assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cyberattacks are getting more complex and sophisticated, stringent, multi-layered security measures are required. Existing approaches often rely on tokenization or encryption algorithms, both of which have drawbacks. Previous attempts to ensure data security have primarily focused on tokenization techniques or complex encryption algorithms. While these methods work well on their own, they have proven vulnerable to sophisticated cyberattacks. This research presents new ways to improve data security in digital storage and communication systems. We solve data security issues by proposing a multi-level encryption strategy that combines double encryption technology along with tokenization. The first step in the procedure is a byte-level byte-pair encoding (BPE) tokenizer, which tokenizes the input data and adds a layer of protection to make it unreadable. After tokenization, data is encrypted using Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) to create a strong initial level of security. To further enhance security, data encrypted with RSA has an additional layer of encryption applied using the advanced encryption standard (AES) method. This article describes how this approach is implemented in practice and shows how it is effective in protecting data at a higher level than single-layer encryption or tokenization systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing use of digital images, it is essential to protect confidential image data from unauthorized access. In view of the security problems of digital image in the fields of communication, storage and transmission, this study proposes a digital envelope technology encryption scheme with high security and high speed based on the advantages of symmetric algorithm model and asymmetric algorithm model. This method is based on AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) and ECC(Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and optimized ECC hardware architecture is used for symmetric key sharing to enhance the security of the key. The traditional AES is optimized by adding pseudo- random numbers, using column shift instead of column obfuscation, and three dimensional Sbox box to maintain the Shannon diffusion and obfuscation principle while reducing the time complexity. This study the digital image encryption simulation and performance test of AES algorithm are carried out on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The test results show that the proposed encryption scheme has the advantages of rapidity, high security and effectiveness, and can better achieve image encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audio cryptography is the practice of encrypting audio data to prevent illegal access to and listening to it. This paper presents an innovative technique of audio cryptography based on the Python computer language. To ensure secrecy and integrity, the suggested system encrypts and decrypts audio signals using advanced cryptographic techniques. A crucial component of AES, the cryptographic key is dynamically created to improve security. Python's broad library support and ease of use make it an ideal platform for implementing the AES algorithm, which ensures dependable and effective audio data encryption. The system utilizes Python's cryptography library for seamless integration and ease of implementation. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the AES algorithm in securely encrypting and decrypting audio data with reduced noise compared to traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substitution boxes (S-boxes) play an important role in symmetric key cryptography because they add complexity and resist cryptanalysis, improving the overall security of encrypted data. The conventional construction of substitution boxes (S-boxes) has long relied on associative algebras such as Galois fields and cyclic groups. However, recent developments have motivated researchers to investigate non-associative algebras. This study contributes to this evolving narrative by using the Möbius transformation over power associative loop for S-box construction. The S256 symmetric group’s permutations are applied to further enhance the design of the S-box. This deliberate variation contributes to greater non-linearity and confusion, both of which are necessary elements for cryptographic strength. The practical importance of the S-box was further assessed by using a variety of criteria, including nonlinearity, strict avalanche criteria, bit independence criteria, differential probability, and linear approximation probability. To evaluate the reliability of the S-box, its performance results are compared to the results of previously created S-boxes. Furthermore, we employed the proposed S-Box to encrypt text using the AES algorithm. The Avalanche Effect test is used to examine the effectiveness of our technique, and it confirmed the robustness and security of our encryption scheme.

Compared to other social media data, email data differs from it in various topic-specific ways, including extensive replies, formal language, significant length disparities, high levels of anomalies, and indirect linkages. In this paper, the creation of a potent and computationally effective classifier to categorize spam and ham email documents is proposed. To assess and validate spam texts, this paper employs a variety of data mining-based classification approaches. On the benchmark Enron dataset, which is open to the public, tests were run. The final 7 Enron datasets were created by combining the six different types of Enron datasets that we had acquired. We preprocess the dataset at an early stage to exclude any useless phrases. This method falls under several categories, including Logistic Regression (LR), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forests (RF), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and suggested Deep Neural Networks (DNN). Using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), email documents may be screened for spam and labeled as such. In performance comparisons, DNN-BiLSTM outperforms other classifiers in terms of accuracy on all seven Enron datasets. In comparison to other machine learning classifiers, the findings demonstrate that DNN-BiLSTM and Convolutional Neural Networks can categorize spam with 96.39 % and 98.69 % accuracy, respectively. The report also covers the dangers of managing cloud data and the security problems that might occur. To safeguard data in the cloud while maintaining privacy, hybrid encryption is examined in this white paper. In the AES-Rabit hybrid encryption system, the symmetric session key exchange-based Rabit technique is combined with the benefits of the AES algorithm for faster data encryption.

Communication system and internet dominance in our society, has made image security a matter of paramount concern. Cryptography involves encrypting data to protect information exchange between senders and receivers, establishing a foundation for secure communication. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an exceptional algorithm that plays a pivotal role in this area because of its ability to consistently transform plain data into cipher data using the same encryption key. This algorithm engages intricate encryption techniques, harnessing a variety of algorithms and transformations to ensure robust data security. This study introduces an image encryption technique to comprehensively address security requirements. The proposed approach uses encryption to provide high reliability and security, effectively protecting sensitive media from unauthorized access. The sender's file is divided into multiple pieces to maximize confidentiality, using an advanced algorithm. Upon proper decryption, these pieces seamlessly reconstruct the original file. The suggested technique enables customers to securely keep information on cloud storage, addressing concerns about possible leakage, damage or corruption. By integrating cloud storage and digital signatures, this method ensures protection and reliability for sensitive information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cloud computing technology is developing rapidly, and cloud platforms as a new type of information service mode. The importance of its security is self-evident. This paper builds a comprehensive database for agricultural administrative law enforcement based on the cloud platform. It constructs a hybrid data encryption algorithm that utilizes the AES algorithm and ECC algorithm in parallel. The ECC algorithm uses the public key to encrypt the secret key, and after that, the AES algorithm converts plaintext data in the database into ciphertext data. Following the testing of the hybrid encryption algorithm’s security and operational performance through experiments, the database’s security and privacy performance are also evaluated. The comprehensive agricultural law enforcement database constructed in this paper is able to rapidly reduce the degree of trust in users with abnormal behavior in the monitoring of user behavior that is not conducive to data security and privacy protection and reduce the degree of user trust to 0.022 when the number of times of dynamic monitoring is 20 times, which effectively protects the data security and privacy in the database. The hybrid encryption algorithm database designed in this paper provides a reference for data security and privacy protection. It has strong practical application value in the field of comprehensive agricultural administrative law enforcement.

In this paper, firstly, the e-commerce green supply chain management strategy of multivariate blockchain is explored, and digital assets are traded on the e-commerce supply chain platform through the information anchoring model. Secondly, the Diffie-Hellman algorithm is used to generate the key, the AES algorithm is used to encrypt the information, and the account data, transaction data and IoT data, are stored in three independent chains. Finally, the selection strategies of different e-commerce sales models and the green supply chain management strategies of e-commerce platforms are visually analyzed through numerical arithmetic examples. The results show that when E0 = 10, it is optimized by the ecological R&D efforts of supply chain members. When E0 = 50, the greenness of the product is decreasing. When it finally tends to the steady state, E∞C > E∞BR > E∞MR. The three green supply chain management models proposed in this study are conducive to enhancing consumer utility and in line with the sustainable development strategy.

The out-of-band management system defined by IPMI only supports IIC bus for inter-node communication, which has low communication rate and poor flexibility for multi-node layout, and it is not suitable for cluster management applications with large data volume of multiple nodes. This article adopts Ethernet instead of IIC to realize the structure layout of multi-node distributed cluster management system. The operation and maintenance information are trans-mitted by RMCP+, but the original RMCP + is rate limited and less stable in the transmission of large data volume in multi-cluster management system due to the use of AES-CBC encryption algorithm. This article optimizes the RMCP + communication process logic to reduce the redundancy in the system cascade data about transmission encryption and decryption calculation, and proposes the method of using parallel CTR for data block encryption instead of serial CBC data block encryption, which realizes the loose coupling of database decryption in data packets, in-creases the decryption rate of data cipher text at remote clients, educes the error transmission caused by tight coupling of data blocks, and improves the communication efficiency. The experimental environment of QEMU-based multi-node management system is built to verify that the communication method proposed in this article is suitable for the operation and maintenance management of distributed multi-node complex ATCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a description, and analysis of a novel 3-D dimension hyperchaotic system is implemented. The proposed system oscillation is twoorder autonomous and consisted of a nine-term and symmetric oscillation w.r.t x-axis. It is proved analysis by Kaplan-York dimension, waveform analysis, phase portrait, and Lyapunov exponent. This work-study stability and equilibrium point and Routh stability criteria produced that the new system has one unstable point from the type saddle-focus point. One of the characteristics of the proposed system is hyperchaotic since this system has two Lyapunov large than zero. This system is applied to generate a chaotic matrix16∗16 (S-box) based in advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm for text encryption and gives a high level of security. In addition to the description, and analysis S-box. Therefore. the proposed algorithm is satisfied the high randomness of entropy value and passes the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) parameters and another test. Mathematica and MATLAB programs simulated some results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many ways to ensure data security, one of the classic way but still effective is to use encryption. Encryption itself has two techniques or algorithms: symmetric-key (also called secret-key) and asymmetric-key encryption (also called public key). In this paper, we proposed an analysis of two algorithm of encryption: RSA and AES algorithm in term of securing digital data. The method used in this research are: RSA and AES analysis, then retrieving the result. The two algorithm is deeply and thoroughly analyzed to discover the effectiveness to secure the data. The Technological Readiness Level (TKT) is at level 6, which means demonstration of a model or prototype or the analysis result of a system or subsystem or a study in a relevant environment. The result concluded that the application of the AES encryption algorithm is more optimal than RSA encryption in digital data security. Because the encryption and decryption process of using the AES algorithm is faster, although the difference in testing time of the two encryption algorithms is not too significant. The entropy value of 4.96 in AES encryption is greater than that of RSA proving that the even distribution of characters in the chiper text code does not accumulate on certain characters so that it will be difficult to attack using frequency analysis.

Cryptographic circuits, because they contain confidential information, are subject to fraudulent manipulations, commonly called attacks, by ill-intentioned people. Several attacks have been identified and analyzed. One of the most efficient attacks, called DFA (Differential Fault Analysis) cryptanalysis, exploits the presence of faults, injected voluntarily by the attacker, for example with a laser, in the calculations. Countermeasures are then developed and validated to protect the hardware implementation of cryptographic algorithms such as AES algorithm. The present paper aims to protect the AES algorithm against fault injection attacks. In this paper, an efficient fault detection method for the AES algorithm has been developed. In our proposed design, the AES round architecture is devised into three parts and two pipelines registers are inserted in between. Our simulations show that fault detection capabilities of the proposed method for random fault archives 99.539%. The error detection structure can detect the inserted faults with good coverage using the proposed approach. In order to verify the accuracy of our results, we compare our implementation result with the results presented in the literature. Note that the results obtained are competitive with existing implementations. Our fault detection method has the ability to achieve a compromise of safety level and low implementation cost.

Based on a polynomial basis, this paper constructs a finite field operation to optimize the S-box of the AES algorithm. By searching for the isomorphic mapping matrix between the fields, the inverse operation over finite field GF(28) is converted to the composite field GF((24)²). By using the SAT solver to search for the multiplication inverse operation over the finite field GF(24), two different polynomial basis optimization schemes are proposed. Scheme 1 uses the classic Class 3 gate circuit to construct the composite field. Based on Scheme 1, Scheme 2 uses a bit-level optimization method that introduces a MUX gate, and has less circuit area and smaller number of gates than those in Scheme 1. This paper uses the SMIC130 nm and SMIC65 nm processors to evaluate the circuit area. The evaluation shows that the results of this paper are better than the existing schemes using the same kind of gate circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the security of images or information is very important. This paper introduces a proposed hybrid watermarking and encryption technique for increasing medical image security. First, the secret medical image is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Then, the secret report of the patient is embedded into the encrypted secret medical image with the Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermarking algorithm. After that, the encrypted secret medical image with the secret report is concealed in a cover medical image, using Kekre's Median Codebook Generation (KMCG) algorithm. Afterwards, the stegoimage obtained is split into 16 parts. Finally, it is sent to the receiver. We adopt this strategy to send the secret medical image and report over a network securely. The proposed technique is assessed with different encryption quality metrics including Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation Coefficient (Cr), Feature Similarity Index Metric (FSIM), and Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM). Histogram estimation is used to confirm the matching between the secret medical image before and after transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves good performance with high quality of the received medical image and clear image details in a very short processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security of data is a major concern in this digital era. In general text and image data are well protected with the help of existing standards, meanwhile, securing voice communications is a challenging task. In the literature, there are some methods found using oscillators and chaotic signals for protecting direct voice communications, but they have limited functionalities due to synchronization problems between chaotic signals and oscillators. This paper gives an idea of encrypting voice signals over peer to peer communication with the help of a modified and lightweight AES algorithm. This algorithm is similar to the traditional AES algorithm in most of the aspects but does not imply the use of mix column that is used in the traditional AES algorithm. The lightweight algorithm is tested on two different Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and the designs are analyzed with respect to time delay and effective utilization of resources.

One of the most important communication technologies of our day is the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT system faced issues with device power consumption, battery life, memory space, and cost of performance. Cyberattacks and security dangers are on the rise. Cybersecurity aims to lower the threats it poses to computer systems by safeguarding sensitive data and ensuring privacy during transmission. Encryption algorithms are one of the most crucial ways to guarantee the confidentiality of data while it is being transmitted. One of the most used encryption algorithms is called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). In this paper, the Tiny Advanced Encryption Standard (TAES) algorithm has been proposed with two scenarios to improve the AES algorithm's encryption speed and exibility when used for small data. It is also proposed to achieve a high level of encryption and reduce the complexity of the algorithm while maintaining a level of security that is higher than or equal to the level of security found in the original AES algorithm. Using the MATLAB program, the performance of the suggested algorithm was compared to that of the original AES algorithm on texts, and images. From the results, it can be concluded that when the first scenario of the proposed algorithm was implemented on data with a size of 2048 bytes, the speed of encryption implementation increased by 82.69 %. And in the second scenario, it went up by 57.54%. Additionally, throughput rates grew at a rate similar. For images, the encryption speed ratio for the four scenarios was 75% and 61.41% when the scenarios of the proposed algorithm were applied to an image of size (280Γ - 280 pixels). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new era of cryptography, Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes) are very important to raise confusion in cipher text and the security of encryption directly depends on the algebraic strength of S-box. To avoid a hacker attack, researchers are focusing on creating dynamic S-boxes that are much stronger. The dominating concept for developing S-boxes is linear fractional transformation. In this article, we proposed a novel technique to generate cryptographically strong S-box by using fractional transformation based on finite field. The substitute box is constructed in two phases. Firstly, general form of dynamic fractional transformation designed which work for odd exponents in the range [1-255]. The S-box is then constructed using quantic fractional transformation as an example. Secondly, in order to increase the unpredictability of proposed S-box, we use the symmetric group’s S256 permutation. The usefulness of the constructed S-box was also tested using several criteria such as nonlinearity, differential uniformity, strict avalanche criteria, linear approximation probability and bit independence criteria. To assess the reliability of S-box, its performance outcomes are compared to those of previously developed S-boxes. Furthermore, we utilized the suggested S-Box to the image encryption approach. Then, to determine the effectiveness of the encryption scheme, use several tests such as contrast, correlation, homogeneity, entropy, and energy. We have compared our results with different algorithms which ensured that the proposed strategy for ciphered image is excellent.

In the modern block cipher, the substitution box (S-box) is a nonlinear constituent that plays a substantial role to create the confusion in ciphertext. S-boxes with low value of differential uniformity and high value of nonlinearity are considered more secure against cryptanalysis attacks. For the construction of $8\times 8$ S-boxes, an efficient and novel scheme is presented in this paper. This scheme based on polynomial mapped and finite field which work only for even integers without multiple of 4 in the range (2-254). Firstly, we take a quadratic polynomial mapped for the construction of S-box from the newly designed map. To keep the S-box bijective, swap each missing entries with repeating entries after that we acquire the initial box. Secondly, to increase the randomness of initial S-box special permutations of symmetric group S256 used and generated the proposed S-box. Lastly, to examine the validity of the suggested S-box we used various tests such as nonlinearity (NL), bit independence criteria (BIC), strict avalanche criteria (SAC), differential uniformity (DU) and linear approximation probability (LAP) which all certify algebraic properties of S-box. Moreover, the features of newly constructed S-box compared with recent S-boxes from literature which show superior performance against intruders’ attacks. Further, S-box is utilized in image encryption scheme and apply MLC (majority logic criterion) and histogram analysis to examined the encryption quality. Our results shows that proposed S-box based encryption scheme is very good as compared to other encryption methods.

The wide range of applications of 3D meshes and the birth of very high-speed networks for storing 3D models in remote multimedia databases have made the copyright protection of these objects a necessity. In order to contribute to safe sharing, transfer and indexing of 3D multiresolution meshes, a new crypto-watermarking approach is proposed based on spherical harmonics and AES encryption algorithm. Data to be inserted, in this case, is a grayscale image already encrypted using AES256 algorithm. The host mesh, to be watermarked, is decomposed using spherical harmonics to extract frequency coefficients and to compute optimal order for reconstruction. These coefficients undergo two watermarking iterations. During each round, modulation, insertion using quantification method and demodulation steps are implemented. Finally, reconstruction of watermarked mesh using a minimal number of coefficients is conducted. The results established show clearly that our algorithm protects the mesh quality even with the insertion of a large amount of information (a whole image) while ensuring real time execution. The application of various attacks (noise addition, coordinate quantization, smoothing, translation, rotation, uniform scaling and compression) to a watermarked mesh did not prevent the correct retrieval of inserted information. Our approach presents then an enhancement compared to existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptographic circuits, because they contain confidential information, are subject to fraudulent manipulations, commonly called attacks, by ill-intentioned people. Several attacks have been identified and analyzed. One of the most efficient attacks, called DFA (Differential Fault Analysis) cryptanalysis, exploits the presence of faults, injected voluntarily by the attacker, for example with a laser, in the calculations. Countermeasures are then developed and validated to protect the hardware implementation of cryptographic algorithms such as AES algorithm. The present paper aims to protect the AES algorithm against fault injection attacks. In this paper, an efficient fault detection method for the AES algorithm has been developed. In our proposed design, the AES round architecture is devised into three parts and two pipelines registers are inserted in between. Our simulations show that fault detection capabilities of the proposed method for random fault archives 99.539%. The error detection structure can detect the inserted faults with good coverage using the proposed approach. In order to verify the accuracy of our results, we compare our implementation result with the results presented in the literature. Note that the results obtained are competitive with existing implementations. Our fault detection method has the ability to achieve a compromise of safety level and low implementation cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]