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Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on certain cognitive functions known to be affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a particular emphasis on sex differences. Methods: A total of 53 patients, with a mean age of 70.54 ± 0.88 years and moderate AD, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (EG), which participated in a 20-min moderate-intensity cycling session (60% of the individual maximum target heart rate recorded at the end of the 6-min walk test); and the control group (CG), which participated in a 20-min reading activity. Cognitive abilities were assessed before and after the physical exercise or reading session using the Stroop test for selective attention, the forward and backward digit span test for working memory, and the Tower of Hanoi task for problem-solving abilities. Results: At baseline, both groups had comparable cognitive performance (p > 0.05 in all tests). Regardless of sex, aerobic acute exercise improved attention in the Stroop test (p < 0.001), enhanced memory performance in both forward (p < 0.001) and backward (p < 0.001) conditions, and reduced the time required to solve the problem in the Tower of Hanoi task (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the number of movements. In contrast, the CG did not significantly improve after the reading session for any of the cognitive tasks (p > 0.05). Consequently, the EG recorded greater performance improvements than the CG in most cognitive tasks tested (p < 0.0001) after the intervention session. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that, irrespective to sex, a single aerobic exercise session on an ergocycle can improve cognitive function in patients with moderate AD. The results suggest that acute aerobic exercise enhances cognitive function similarly in both female and male patients, indicating promising directions for inclusive therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on certain cognitive functions known to be affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a particular emphasis on sex differences.MethodsA total of 53 patients, with a mean age of 70.54 ± 0.88 years and moderate AD, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (EG), which participated in a 20-min moderate-intensity cycling session (60% of the individual maximum target heart rate recorded at the end of the 6-min walk test); and the control group (CG), which participated in a 20-min reading activity. Cognitive abilities were assessed before and after the physical exercise or reading session using the Stroop test for selective attention, the forward and backward digit span test for working memory, and the Tower of Hanoi task for problem-solving abilities.ResultsAt baseline, both groups had comparable cognitive performance (p > 0.05 in all tests). Regardless of sex, aerobic acute exercise improved attention in the Stroop test (p 0.05). Consequently, the EG recorded greater performance improvements than the CG in most cognitive tasks tested (p

Abstract Introduction Although aerobic physical exercise may improve osteoporosis during ageing, the underlying mechanism of the favorable effects remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the localized and generalized proinflammatory indicators and the adaptive skeletal responses to treadmill training in aged rats to explore the potential mechanisms by which treadmill training impacts bone deterioration in a natural aged rat model. Materials and methods A total of 24 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were included in this study. Sixteen of all these animals were twenty-four months natural aged male SD rats, which were distributed into two groups (n = 8/group): AC group with sham treadmill training, and AT group with 8 weeks treadmill training. The remaining 8 were six months male SD rats matched subline and supplier, which were used as the adult control group with sham treadmill training (YC group, n = 8). The serum, bone marrow, fresh femur, tibia, and lumbar spine were harvested for molecular biological analysis, bone mineral density (BMD) testing, and micro-CT analysis after 8 weeks of treadmill training. Results After 8 weeks of intervention, the results showed that treadmill training increased BMD and inhibited deterioration of bone microarchitecture of hind limb bones. Further analysis showed that treadmill training increased serum P1CP concentration and decreased serum CTX-1level. Interestingly, treadmill training down-regulated the protein expressions of proinflammatory indicators, including NLRP3, proCaspase1, cleaved Caspase1, IL-1β, and GSDMD-N, and the mRNA levels of NLRP3, Caspase1, and IL-1β of the bone marrow. In addition, treadmill training also inhibited serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentration. However, 8 weeks of treadmill training did not increase BMD and bone microarchitecture in the lumbar spine. Conclusion Treadmill training mitigates the ageing-induced bone loss and reverses the deterioration of bone microarchitecture in hind limbs probably through inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase1/IL-1β signaling to attenuate low-grade inflammation and improve the inflammatory bone microenvironment.

We evaluated the influence of aerobic physical exercise (EX) on gene-encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure (HF). Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: Control sedentary (C); Control exercise (C-Ex); Sedentary aortic stenosis (AS); Aortic stenosis exercise (AS-Ex). Exercised rats trained 5 times a week for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. In the final echocardiogram, animals with aortic stenosis subjected to exercise demonstrated improvement in systolic function compared to the sedentary aortic stenosis group. In diaphragm muscle, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde malondialdehyde concentration, protein carbonylation, and protein expression of p65 and its inhibitor IκB did not differ between groups. Alterations in gene expression of sources that generate reactive species of oxygen were observed in AS-Ex group, which showed decreased mRNA abundance of NOX2 and NOX4 compared to the aortic stenosis group (p < 0.05). We concluded that aerobic exercise has a positive impact during heart failure, ameliorating systolic dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the influence of aerobic physical exercise (EX) on gene-encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure (HF). Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: Control sedentary (C); Control exercise (C-Ex); Sedentary aortic stenosis (AS); Aortic stenosis exercise (AS-Ex). Exercised rats trained 5 times a week for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. In the final echocardiogram, animals with aortic stenosis subjected to exercise demonstrated improvement in systolic function compared to the sedentary aortic stenosis group. In diaphragm muscle, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde malondialdehyde concentration, protein carbonylation, and protein expression of p65 and its inhibitor IκB did not differ between groups. Alterations in gene expression of sources that generate reactive species of oxygen were observed in AS-Ex group, which showed decreased mRNA abundance of NOX2 and NOX4 compared to the aortic stenosis group (p < 0.05). We concluded that aerobic exercise has a positive impact during heart failure, ameliorating systolic dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure.

The World Health Organization recommends infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. Various factors can affect the maintenance of lactation. Increased physical activity and stress are thought to negatively affect breastfeeding success. The aim of this case study was to examine the effect of high serum creatine-kinase (CK) values and the success of breastfeeding after sports competition. It is assumed that continuous aerobic exercise is a stress for the body that can have a negative impact on lactation and extended breastfeeding. Methods. The level of acute muscle damage (AC) was measured before and after the competition in order to confirm continuous exposure to aerobic exercise. Results. After the competition, elevated serum creatine-kinase levels were noted. Prolactin and TSH values remained within optimal values. Conclusion. Several months of preparation for the competition had an impact on increasing acute muscle damage (AC) after the competition. No negative effect of continuous aerobic exercise on breastfeeding success was observed in this case study.

Introduction: Although aerobic physical exercise may improve osteoporosis during ageing, the underlying mechanism of the favorable effects remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the localized and generalized proinflammatory indicators and the adaptive skeletal responses to treadmill training in aged rats to explore the potential mechanisms by which treadmill training impacts bone deterioration in a natural aged rat model. Materials and methods: A total of 24 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were included in this study. Sixteen of all these animals were twenty-four months natural aged male SD rats, which were distributed into two groups (n = 8/group): AC group with sham treadmill training, and AT group with 8 weeks treadmill training. The remaining 8 were six months male SD rats matched subline and supplier, which were used as the adult control group with sham treadmill training (YC group, n = 8). The serum, bone marrow, fresh femur, tibia, and lumbar spine were harvested for molecular biological analysis, bone mineral density (BMD) testing, and micro-CT analysis after 8 weeks of treadmill training. Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, the results showed that treadmill training increased BMD and inhibited deterioration of bone microarchitecture of hind limb bones. Further analysis showed that treadmill training increased serum P1CP concentration and decreased serum CTX-1level. Interestingly, treadmill training down-regulated the protein expressions of proinflammatory indicators, including NLRP3, proCaspase1, cleaved Caspase1, IL-1β, and GSDMD-N, and the mRNA levels of NLRP3, Caspase1, and IL-1β of the bone marrow. In addition, treadmill training also inhibited serum TNF-α and IL-1β concentration. However, 8 weeks of treadmill training did not increase BMD and bone microarchitecture in the lumbar spine. Conclusion: Treadmill training mitigates the ageing-induced bone loss and reverses the deterioration of bone microarchitecture in hind limbs probably through inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase1/IL-1β signaling to attenuate low-grade inflammation and improve the inflammatory bone microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various well-controlled studies have suggested that practitioners in mindfulness can be prone to patient drop-out (e.g., due to chronic stress, pathology, cognitive reactivity), despite researchers having identified the underlying mechanisms that link mindfulness to mental health. In this article, a framework for physical exercise (PE) augmented mindfulness is proposed, which posits that consistently practiced PE before meditation can support (early-stage) mindfulness. Neurocognitive research shows PE (aerobic exercises or yoga) and mindfulness to impact similar pathways of stress regulation that involve cognitive control and stress regulation, thereby supporting the proposed synergistic potential of PE augmented mindfulness. Research focused on the psychophysiological impact of PE, showed its practice to promote short-term neurocognitive changes that can promote both cognitive control and the attainment of mindful awareness (MA). In order to chart dose responses required for protocol development, further research will be presented. Together these findings are discussed in light of future research on this multidisciplinary topic, protocol development, mindful walking, and further application in healthcare and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various well-controlled studies have suggested that practitioners in mindfulness can be prone to patient drop-out (e.g., due to chronic stress, pathology, cognitive reactivity), despite researchers having identified the underlying mechanisms that link mindfulness to mental health. In this article, a framework for physical exercise (PE) augmented mindfulness is proposed, which posits that consistently practiced PE before meditation can support (early-stage) mindfulness. Neurocognitive research shows PE (aerobic exercises or yoga) and mindfulness to impact similar pathways of stress regulation that involve cognitive control and stress regulation, thereby supporting the proposed synergistic potential of PE augmented mindfulness. Research focused on the psychophysiological impact of PE, showed its practice to promote short-term neurocognitive changes that can promote both cognitive control and the attainment of mindful awareness (MA). In order to chart dose responses required for protocol development, further research will be presented. Together these findings are discussed in light of future research on this multidisciplinary topic, protocol development, mindful walking, and further application in healthcare and beyond.

Brain disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and chronic pain, are difficult to effectively treat. These major brain disorders have high incidence and mortality rates in the general population, and seriously affect not only the patient's quality of life, but also increases the burden of social medical care. Aerobic physical exercise is considered an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing and treating major brain disorders. Although the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, systemic processes may be involved. Here, this review aimed to reveal that aerobic physical exercise improved depression and several brain functions, including cognitive functions, and provided chronic pain relief. We concluded that aerobic physical exercise helps to maintain the regulatory mechanisms of brain homeostasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and enhanced synaptic plasticity and inhibition of hippocampal atrophy and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we also discussed the cross-system mechanisms of aerobic exercise in regulating imbalances in brain function, such as the "bone-brain axis." Furthermore, our findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of aerobic physical exercise in the fight against brain disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and chronic pain, are difficult to effectively treat. These major brain disorders have high incidence and mortality rates in the general population, and seriously affect not only the patient's quality of life, but also increases the burden of social medical care. Aerobic physical exercise is considered an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing and treating major brain disorders. Although the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, systemic processes may be involved. Here, this review aimed to reveal that aerobic physical exercise improved depression and several brain functions, including cognitive functions, and provided chronic pain relief. We concluded that aerobic physical exercise helps to maintain the regulatory mechanisms of brain homeostasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and enhanced synaptic plasticity and inhibition of hippocampal atrophy and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we also discussed the cross-system mechanisms of aerobic exercise in regulating imbalances in brain function, such as the “bone-brain axis.” Furthermore, our findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of aerobic physical exercise in the fight against brain disorders.

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Background: Both physical and mental health care for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) require a multidisciplinary approach. We evaluated the effects of continuous (CAT) and intermittent (IAT) aerobic training in different protocols that measure body image, anxiety, depression and sexual dysfunction in women with PCOS.Methods: In this controlled clinical trial, women with PCOS were randomly allocated for 16 weeks to 1 out of 3 groups: CAT (n = 28), IAT (n = 29), or control group (CG, n = 30). For data collection, we used the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Figure Rating Scale (FRS), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Measurement Scales (HADS).Results: No effects of CAT, IAT or CG groups were identified in the perceptual dimension of body image. The dis(satisfaction) grade improved after exercise in the CAT group (p ≤ 0.01) compared to the CG, as well as improved within CAT and IAT groups. Total FSFI, and HADS-A and HADS-D scores improved after exercise in the both groups. At baseline and after the study period, there were positive correlations between scores for dis(satisfaction), HADS-A and HADS-D scores. HADS-A and HADS-D scores had a negative correlation with FSFI total in the IAT (p = =0.02) group compared to the CG, as well as within CAT and IAT groups.Limitations: The participants were not matched for body mass index (normal, overweight and obese) which may interfere on body image dimensions.Conclusion: Aerobic exercise improves sexual function and indices related to anxiety and depression. Likewise, it interferes in cognitive-affective dimension of the body image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Stroke is a major cause of permanent disability in multiple functions, including the cognitive domain. Since both cognitive training and aerobic physical exercise may exert positive effects on cognition after stroke, one may expect synergistic benefits when combining both interventions. (2) Methods: We carried out a systematic search of studies testing, in adult stroke patients, whether structured aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training led to higher cognitive benefits than either of these interventions when applied singly, or than interventions not including aerobic exercise or cognitive training. (3) Results: Five fair-quality randomized controlled trials fulfilled the search criteria. Exercise intensity was moderate-vigorous and cognitive training was mainly computer-based. The studies were heterogeneous regarding the cognitive tests used, and for this reason, a meta-analysis was not performed. Only three studies included follow-up assessment. The combined intervention was associated with pre-post improvement in at least one cognitive test in all the studies, and with higher positive effects compared to other conditions (although statistical significance was not always reached) in four studies. (4) Conclusions: Further trials including a long-term follow-up and comprehensive neuropsychological testing should be undertaken to determine whether combined aerobic exercise and cognitive training leads to additive cognitive benefits after stroke.

Background Intercellular communication in cardiac muscle is effected by connexin, particularly connexin43 (Cx43), forming gap junctions in cardiomyocytes. Aerobic physical exercise may result in increased left ventricular size and function. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of aerobics and detraining on C43 expression and distribution in rats. Methods This was an in vivo experimental study on 32 young male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into the following 8 groups and their interventions: I : 4 weeks of aerobics (A4); II: exercise control for 4 weeks (C4); III: 4 weeks of aerobics plus 4 weeks of detraining (A4D4); IV: 8-week control (C8); V: 12 weeks of aerobics (A12); VI: 12-week control (C12); VII: 12 weeks of aerobics plus 4 weeks of detraining (A12D4); VIII: 16-week control (C16). Rat cardiac tissue was subjected to immunohistochemical assay to determine total Cx43, intercalated disc Cx43, and lateral Cx43. Independent t-test was used to compare all Cx43 parameters between control and treatment groups. Results After aerobics, there were significant differences in total Cx43, intercalated disc Cx43, lateral Cx43, and intercalated disc Cx43 and lateral Cx43 percentages between control and treatment groups (p

Background Intercellular communication in cardiac muscle is effected by connexin, particularly connexin43 (Cx43), forming gap junctions in cardiomyocytes. Aerobic physical exercise may result in increased left ventricular size and function. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of aerobics and detraining on C43 expression and distribution in rats. Methods This was an in vivo experimental study on 32 young male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into the following 8 groups and their interventions: I : 4 weeks of aerobics (A4); II: exercise control for 4 weeks (C4); III: 4 weeks of aerobics plus 4 weeks of detraining (A4D4); IV: 8-week control (C8); V: 12 weeks of aerobics (A12); VI: 12-week control (C12); VII: 12 weeks of aerobics plus 4 weeks of detraining (A12D4); VIII: 16-week control (C16). Rat cardiac tissue was subjected to immunohistochemical assay to determine total Cx43, intercalated disc Cx43, and lateral Cx43. Independent t-test was used to compare all Cx43 parameters between control and treatment groups. Results After aerobics, there were significant differences in total Cx43, intercalated disc Cx43, lateral Cx43, and intercalated disc Cx43 and lateral Cx43 percentages between control and treatment groups (p

Background: Sweet taste is a pleasant sensation. Sweet taste is mostly consumed and fancied by many people. Physiologically, glucose is body's source of energy, but if over used it can be affected to the body's metabolism. This can be worsen if the person's not doing a healthy lifestyle. One way to implement a healthy lifestyle is by doing physical exercises. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine changes in sensory sensitivity of sweet taste due to aerobic physical exercise. Methods: This study was conducted on subjects aged 20 to 30 years. The subjects did aerobic exercise using 80% load of MHR. The measurement sensitivity of the senses of the sweet taste was done for three times before the subject take aerobic physical exercise, four weeks after doing aerobic physical exercise, and eight weeks after doing aerobic physical exercise. Results: There was significant difference towards sensitivity of sweet taste sense before doing aerobic physical exercise, 4 week after doing the aerobic physical exercise, and 8 week after doing aerobic physical exercise. Conclusion: Aerobic physical exercise during eight weeks increase sweet taste sensitivity.Latar belakang: Rasa manis memberikan sensasi yang menyenangkan. Rasa manis merupakan jenis rasa yang paling banyak dikonsumsi dan disukai oleh sekelompok orang. Secara fisiologis, glukosa bisa berperan sebagai sumber energi, namun apabila dikonsumsi secara berlebihan dapat menimbulkan efek patologis. Hal ini dihubungkan dengan individu yang mempunyai gaya hidup yang tidak sehat. Salah satu cara yang bisa dilakukan untuk membiasakan gaya hidup sehat adalah dengan latihan fisik (olah raga). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya perubahan sensitivitas indera kecap rasa manis setelah melakukan latihan fisik aerobik. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan subyek laki-laki, berusia 20–30 tahun. Subjek melakukan latihan fisik aerobik dengan intensitas sebesar 80% maximal heart rate. Sensitivitas indera kecap rasa manis diukur 3 kali, yaitu sebelum melakukan latihan fisik aerobik, dan 4 serta 8 minggu setelah latihan fisik aerobik. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada sensitivitas indera kecap rasa manis sebelum 4 dan 8 minggu sesudah latihan fisik aerobik. Kesimpulan: Latihan fisik aerobik selama 8 minggu menyebabkan peningkatan sensitivitas indera kecap rasa manis.

We evaluated the influence of aerobic physical exercise (EX) on gene-encoding proteins associated with oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure (HF). Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: Control sedentary (C); Control exercise (C-Ex); Sedentary aortic stenosis (AS); Aortic stenosis exercise (AS-Ex). Exercised rats trained 5 times a week for 10 weeks on a treadmill. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. In the final echocardiogram, animals with aortic stenosis subjected to exercise demonstrated improvement in systolic function compared to the sedentary aortic stenosis group. In diaphragm muscle, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde malondialdehyde concentration, protein carbonylation, and protein expression of p65 and its inhibitor IκB did not differ between groups. Alterations in gene expression of sources that generate reactive species of oxygen were observed in AS-Ex group, which showed decreased mRNA abundance of NOX2 and NOX4 compared to the aortic stenosis group ( p < 0.05). We concluded that aerobic exercise has a positive impact during heart failure, ameliorating systolic dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Janini Gomes, Sabela, Ferreira, de Souza, Mota, da Silva, de Campos, Lima, Carvalho, Bazan, Corrêa, Cicogna, Okoshi and Pacagnelli.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in response to increasing bulks of aerobic physical exercise. Fifteen adult and trained athletes performed four sequential trials with increasing running distance (5-, 10-, 21- and 42-km) in different periods of the year. The γ-H2AX foci parameters were analyzed before and 3 h after the end of each trial. The values of all γ-H2AX foci parameters were enhanced after the end of each trial, with values gradually increasing from the 5- to the 42-km trial. Interestingly, a minor increase of γ-H2AX foci was still evident after 5- to 10-km running, but a much higher increase occurred when the running distance exceeded 21 km. The generation of DNA injury was then magnified by running up to 42-km. The increase of each γ-H2AX foci parameter was then found to be associated with both running distance and average intensity. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the running distance was significantly associated with average intensity and post-run variation in the percentage of cells with γ-H2AX foci. We can hence conclude that aerobic exercise may generate an acute DNA damage in trained athletes, which is highly dependent upon running distance and average intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic/anaerobic physical exercise causes a series of stimuli that can induce many biochemical and hormonal changes in the whole body. Hormones are involved in physiological changes produced in the body during exercise. The duration, the intensity and the type of training modulate these hormonal fluctuations. Aging is associated with an alteration of the neuroendocrine system, which leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of endocrine glands to the action of neurohormones and to a reduction in the number, density and affinity of neurohormone receptors. Increased physical activity is accompanied by great energy loss. The imbalance between energy consumption and the much higher energy expenditure results in the activation of adaptive endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms of the body to high physical effort. The endocrine profile developed under various physical exercise conditions: acute, high-intensity, prolonged moderate-intensity, prolonged high-intensity exercise or during restitution is dependent on the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, hypothalamicpituitarythyroid axes and on the sympathetic adrenal medullary system, to which other endogenous and environmental factors are added. The increase in the incidence of diseases, including endocrine disorders closely related to physical exercise and to the absence of physical activity, is an area of wide interest and a public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerobic training (AT) is a promising intervention for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Objective: To evaluate the effects of AT on cognition and regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) in MCI patients.Methods: Subjects performed a twice-a-week, moderate intensity, AT program for 24 weeks. Assessment with ADAS-cog, a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and evaluation of rBGM with positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG-PET) were performed before and after the intervention. Aerobic capacity was compared using the maximal oxygen consumption VO2max (mL/Kg/min). [18F]FDG-PET data were analyzed on a voxel-by-voxel basis with SPM8 software.Results: Forty subjects were included, with a mean (M) age of 70.3 (5.4) years and an initial Mini-Mental State Exam score of 27.4 (1.7). Comparisons using paired t-tests revealed improvements in the ADAS-cog (M difference: -2.7 (3.7), p <  0.001) and VO2max scores (M difference: 1.8 (2.0) mL/kg/min, p <  0.001). Brain metabolic analysis revealed a bilateral decrease in the rBGM of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, pFWE = 0.04. This rBGM decrease was negatively correlated with improvement in a visuospatial function/attentional test (rho =-0.31, p = 0.04). Several other brain areas also showed increases or decreases in rBGM. Of note, there was an increase in the retrosplenial cortex, an important node of the default mode network, that was negatively correlated with the metabolic decrease in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (r =-0.51, p = 0.001).Conclusion: AT improved cognition and changed rBGM in areas related to cognition in subjects with MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the effects of physical exercise and statins on the muscular function of 80 Winstar rats with dyslipidemia. Subjects were fed with control diets (hyperchlolesterolemic and commercial) and statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin) and either with or without physical exercise. After a post-mortem histological analysis, the authors conclude that physical exercise and statins variably alter the morphology of the soleus muscle of mice.

Summary 1. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aerobic physical exercise on membrane function in mild essential hypertension. 2. Hypertensive patients were divided into an exercise group (n = 8) and a non-exercise (control) group (n = 8). Physical exercise within the intensity of the anaerobic threshold level was performed twice a week for 6 months. Membrane fluidity of erythrocytes was examined by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spin-labelling methods before and after the trial period in both groups. 3. After physical exercise, blood pressure decreased significantly. 4. Compared with the non-exercise group, in the exercise group both the order parameter (S) and the peak height ratio (ho /h-1 ) in the EPR spectra of erythrocytes were significantly reduced (S, 0.717 ± 0.004 vs 0.691 ± 0.008, respectively (n = 8), P < 0.05; ho /h-1 , 5.38 ± 0.06 vs 4.89 ± 0.06, respectively (n = 8), P < 0.05). These findings indicated that exercise increased membrane fluidity and improved the membrane microviscosity of erythrocytes. 5. There was no direct correlation between blood pressure reduction and the exercise-induced increase in membrane fluidity of erythrocytes. 6. In the non-exercise (control) group, blood pressure and membrane fluidity were not changed after a 6 month follow-up period. 7. The results show that aerobic physical exercise increased erythrocyte membrane fluidity and improved the rigidity of cell membranes in hypertensive patients. The improvement of rheological properties of erythrocytes may explain, in part, the cellular mechanisms for the beneficial effects of physical exercise in hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Stroke is a major cause of permanent disability in multiple functions, including the cognitive domain. Since both cognitive training and aerobic physical exercise may exert positive effects on cognition after stroke, one may expect synergistic benefits when combining both interventions. (2) Methods: We carried out a systematic search of studies testing, in adult stroke patients, whether structured aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training led to higher cognitive benefits than either of these interventions when applied singly, or than interventions not including aerobic exercise or cognitive training. (3) Results: Five fair-quality randomized controlled trials fulfilled the search criteria. Exercise intensity was moderate-vigorous and cognitive training was mainly computer-based. The studies were heterogeneous regarding the cognitive tests used, and for this reason, a meta-analysis was not performed. Only three studies included follow-up assessment. The combined intervention was associated with pre-post improvement in at least one cognitive test in all the studies, and with higher positive effects compared to other conditions (although statistical significance was not always reached) in four studies. (4) Conclusions: Further trials including a long-term follow-up and comprehensive neuropsychological testing should be undertaken to determine whether combined aerobic exercise and cognitive training leads to additive cognitive benefits after stroke.

Background: Dementia is a global public health problem. Drugs for this indication have shown limited benefit. The aim of the present study is to synthesize and analyze the available scientific evidence about effectiveness of interventions on diet and / or physical exercise by considering cognitive function as an outcome measure, in people over 45 years of age with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in their evolution to Alzheimer's disease., Methods: A bibliographic search of randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyzes published from May 2008 to May 2019 was carried out in the Medline and The Cochrane Library databases. A total of 169 publications were identified, of which 42 studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria were reviewed., Results: It was found that scheduled physical exercise of moderate-high intensity, performed 3 to 5 days a week, following a dietary pattern such as Mediterranean diet or DASH diet improve overall cognitive function in subjects with MCI. The results are enhanced when the studies combine both interventions and include cognitive stimulation exercises, allowing increasing the functionality of the subjects., Conclusions: Intervention on modifiable factors such as physical exercise and diet provides cognitive protection in subjects with MCI, improving their quality of life, functionality and independence. The heterogeneity of the studies makes it difficult to draw up more concrete recommendations.

Background: Aerobic training (AT) is a promising intervention for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)., Objective: To evaluate the effects of AT on cognition and regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) in MCI patients., Methods: Subjects performed a twice-a-week, moderate intensity, AT program for 24 weeks. Assessment with ADAS-cog, a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and evaluation of rBGM with positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG-PET) were performed before and after the intervention. Aerobic capacity was compared using the maximal oxygen consumption VO2max (mL/Kg/min). [18F]FDG-PET data were analyzed on a voxel-by-voxel basis with SPM8 software., Results: Forty subjects were included, with a mean (M) age of 70.3 (5.4) years and an initial Mini-Mental State Exam score of 27.4 (1.7). Comparisons using paired t-tests revealed improvements in the ADAS-cog (M difference: -2.7 (3.7), p <  0.001) and VO2max scores (M difference: 1.8 (2.0) mL/kg/min, p <  0.001). Brain metabolic analysis revealed a bilateral decrease in the rBGM of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, pFWE = 0.04. This rBGM decrease was negatively correlated with improvement in a visuospatial function/attentional test (rho =-0.31, p = 0.04). Several other brain areas also showed increases or decreases in rBGM. Of note, there was an increase in the retrosplenial cortex, an important node of the default mode network, that was negatively correlated with the metabolic decrease in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (r =-0.51, p = 0.001)., Conclusion: AT improved cognition and changed rBGM in areas related to cognition in subjects with MCI.