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Background and Aims: Diseases transmittable by Aedes mosquito affect the health of millions of people every year, however, they can be effectively prevented. This study aimed to apply the Health Belief Model (HBM) in promoting preventive behaviors against dengue fever in southern Iran. Methods: In this quasi‐experimental study, 320 people were randomly selected through multi‐stage cluster sampling in 2022 (161 in the intervention group and 159 in the control group). The data were collected using a researcher‐made questionnaire based on the HBM constructs before and 1 month after an educational intervention. Content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Cronbach alpha coefficient were used for psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. The educational intervention was made on a daily basis in a WhatsApp group in August and September 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used for data analysis. Results: After the educational intervention, the mean score increased in the constructs of behavior (38.42 ± 1.54), knowledge (10.77 ± 0.98), attitude (24.30 ± 1.59), perceived susceptibility (20.05 ± 1.42), perceived severity (21.31 ± 2.01), perceived benefits (28.00 ± 2.16), self‐efficacy (14.77 ± 0.51) of the intervention group. Moreover, after the intervention, the scores of perceived barriers (8.96 ± 1.31) decreased in the intervention group (p < 0.05). The analysis of covariance showed education had a statistically significant effect on HBM constructs. Conclusions: The participants' knowledge about preventive behavior of dengue fever increased. They managed to remove the barriers to healthy behavior and began to show the desired preventive behavior with the self‐efficacy they gained; thus, the educational intervention based on the HBM can improve the behaviors to preventi of dengue fever, which is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever, an arboviral disease primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, poses a significant public health concern globally. Key vectors, such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes cinereus, are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting over 140 countries. These species are also found in Iran, particularly in the southern, southeastern, and northern regions. Diagnosing dengue fever presents challenges, including differentiating it from other febrile illnesses and recognizing early warning signs of severe dengue. Symptoms typically include acute fever, warning signs of severe illness, and potential complications. The clinical progression of dengue includes three phases: the febrile phase, critical phase, and recovery phase. A comprehensive understanding of clinical manifestations, prognostic indicators, diagnostic algorithms, and laboratory methods is crucial for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and effective disease management. Given the absence of specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for dengue, supportive care and symptomatic treatment remain essential. This narrative review discusses the management of dengue fever, focusing on supportive care, fluid management, antipyretic and analgesic medications, and antiviral treatments. Additionally, it reviews potential future treatment strategies and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention in improving patient outcomes. The study also explores immunological targets, vaccine platforms, clinical trials, and future prospects for dengue vaccination. Furthermore, it presents prevention strategies targeting Aedes mosquitoes and outlines the challenges that lie ahead. By adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, we can pave the way for advancements in the prevention and control of dengue fever related to Aedes mosquito transmission. Continued research efforts, innovative collaborations, and public health training are vital to combat dengue fever and reduce its burden on affected populations worldwide.

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, poses a significant global health threat, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. Human infection typically occurs through infected Aedes mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. The disease spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection and mild febrile illness (dengue fever) to more severe conditions, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue fever is characterized by severe headache, high fever, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, nausea, and vomiting. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is marked by high fever, an enlarged liver, hemorrhagic phenomena, shock, and often cardiovascular disorders. Dengue fever is transmitted through urban (human transmission cycle) and sylvatic (animal transmission cycle) cycles. The demand for early detection of this virus has increased to control the spread of infectious diseases and protect humankind from its harmful effects. Various methods can be employed for the laboratory diagnosis of this virus to detect the virus itself, viral nucleic acids, antibodies, or antigens, or a combination of these approaches. Recently, biosensors have emerged as a potential tool for detecting and quantifying viruses, offering fast detection, relative cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity and selectivity compared to conventional diagnostic methods such as immunological and molecular techniques. Most biosensors employ electrochemical detection techniques with transducers, owing to their easy construction, low cost, ease of use, and portability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Diseases transmittable by Aedes mosquito affect the health of millions of people every year, however, they can be effectively prevented. This study aimed to apply the Health Belief Model (HBM) in promoting preventive behaviors against dengue fever in southern Iran. Methods In this quasi‐experimental study, 320 people were randomly selected through multi‐stage cluster sampling in 2022 (161 in the intervention group and 159 in the control group). The data were collected using a researcher‐made questionnaire based on the HBM constructs before and 1 month after an educational intervention. Content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Cronbach alpha coefficient were used for psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. The educational intervention was made on a daily basis in a WhatsApp group in August and September 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used for data analysis. Results After the educational intervention, the mean score increased in the constructs of behavior (38.42 ± 1.54), knowledge (10.77 ± 0.98), attitude (24.30 ± 1.59), perceived susceptibility (20.05 ± 1.42), perceived severity (21.31 ± 2.01), perceived benefits (28.00 ± 2.16), self‐efficacy (14.77 ± 0.51) of the intervention group. Moreover, after the intervention, the scores of perceived barriers (8.96 ± 1.31) decreased in the intervention group (p

Abstract Background Aedes mosquitoes are the main vector of dengue infection, a global health threat affecting millions of people annually. Conventional prevention and control methods against dengue outbreaks have only achieved marginal success. Recognizing the complex issue at hand, a multilevel participatory approach is crucial. Thus, alternative strategies that involve community engagement are increasingly being considered and attempted. While community-based vector control programs have been conducted, sustaining behavioral changes among the population remains a challenge. This study aimed to identify the specific community needs in combating Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever as a basis to guide the development of community-driven initiatives and foster a deeper sense of ownership in the fight against dengue. Methods Between 1 August 2022 and 30 November 2022, we conducted a study in Hulu Langat district, Selangor, using a mixed-method design. All participants consented to the study, which comprised 27 participants (FGDs) and 15 participants (IDIs). The IDIs included two participants with a history of dengue fever, one community leader, one faith leader, seven local authorities, and four district health officers. Semi-structured interviews and discussions were performed among stakeholders and community members recruited via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. All interviews were audio-recorded before being analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results These results derived from qualitative data explored the perspectives and needs of communities in combating Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. Interviews were conducted with various stakeholders, including community members, leaders, and health officers. The study identified the necessity of decisive actions by authorities to address the impact of the dengue epidemic, the importance of community engagement through partnerships and participatory approaches, the potential benefits of incentives and rewards to enhance community participation, and the need for sustained community engagement and education, especially via the involvement of young people in prevention efforts. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of effective strategies against Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. Conclusions In short, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive approach involving multiple stakeholders in the fight against Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. The approach should incorporate efforts to raise awareness, provide practical resources, and foster community responsibility. The active involvement of teenagers as volunteers can contribute to long-term prevention efforts. Collaboration, resource allocation, and community engagement are crucial for effective dengue control and a healthier environment.

Abstract Background In Thailand, the Department of Disease Control (DDC) regularly performs visual larval surveys throughout the country to monitor dengue fever outbreaks. Since 2016, the DDC switched from a paper-based to a digital-based larval survey process. The significant amount of larval survey data collected digitally presents a valuable opportunity to precisely identify the villages and breeding habitats that are vulnerable to dengue transmission. Methods The study used digitally collected larval survey data from 2017 to 2019. It employed larval indices to evaluate the risk of dengue transmission in villages based on seasonal, regional, and categorical perspectives. Furthermore, the study comprehensively scrutinized each container category by employing different measures to determine its breeding preference ratio. Results The result showed that villages with a very high-risk of dengue transmission were present year-round in all regions, with the highest proportion during the rainy season. The Southern region had more high-risk villages during the winter season due to rainfall. Slums and residential communities were more vulnerable to dengue than commercial areas. All container categories could potentially serve as breeding habitats for dengue-carrying mosquitoes, with abandoned containers being the most significant breeding sites. Conclusions The risk of dengue transmission was present year-round throughout Thailand. This underscores the importance of community and government initiatives, along with sustained public awareness campaigns and active community engagement, to efficiently and permanently eradicate mosquito breeding habitats. It should be noted that larval indices may not strongly correlate with dengue cases, as indicated by the preliminary analysis. However, they offer valuable insights into potential breeding sites for targeted preventive measures.

Background: Aedes mosquitoes are the main vector of dengue infection, a global health threat affecting millions of people annually. Conventional prevention and control methods against dengue outbreaks have only achieved marginal success. Recognizing the complex issue at hand, a multilevel participatory approach is crucial. Thus, alternative strategies that involve community engagement are increasingly being considered and attempted. While community-based vector control programs have been conducted, sustaining behavioral changes among the population remains a challenge. This study aimed to identify the specific community needs in combating Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever as a basis to guide the development of community-driven initiatives and foster a deeper sense of ownership in the fight against dengue. Methods: Between 1 August 2022 and 30 November 2022, we conducted a study in Hulu Langat district, Selangor, using a mixed-method design. All participants consented to the study, which comprised 27 participants (FGDs) and 15 participants (IDIs). The IDIs included two participants with a history of dengue fever, one community leader, one faith leader, seven local authorities, and four district health officers. Semi-structured interviews and discussions were performed among stakeholders and community members recruited via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. All interviews were audio-recorded before being analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: These results derived from qualitative data explored the perspectives and needs of communities in combating Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. Interviews were conducted with various stakeholders, including community members, leaders, and health officers. The study identified the necessity of decisive actions by authorities to address the impact of the dengue epidemic, the importance of community engagement through partnerships and participatory approaches, the potential benefits of incentives and rewards to enhance community participation, and the need for sustained community engagement and education, especially via the involvement of young people in prevention efforts. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of effective strategies against Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. Conclusions: In short, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive approach involving multiple stakeholders in the fight against Aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever. The approach should incorporate efforts to raise awareness, provide practical resources, and foster community responsibility. The active involvement of teenagers as volunteers can contribute to long-term prevention efforts. Collaboration, resource allocation, and community engagement are crucial for effective dengue control and a healthier environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of breeding sites is crucial for effective dengue prevention strategies. Community readiness and surveillance of these sites are essential for controlling the Aedes mosquito population. Drones have emerged as a promising tool for surveillance activities. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework and present comprehensive intervention methods for controlling dengue cases. The study explores community readiness, habitat profiling, and mapping. Phase I focuses on community readiness, using a questionnaire to gather information about the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue control. Phase II involves profiling and mapping potential breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes in selected areas using innovative drone technologies. This phase aims to identify and characterize breeding sites based on various parameters, such as size, water quality, and proximity to human dwellings. Systematic aerial surveys with drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors will capture detailed images and environmental data. The results will be presented in interactive maps and detailed reports, supporting targeted interventions and data-driven decision-making for effective dengue prevention and control. This conceptual framework can assess the efficiency of drones as an alternative tool for dengue surveillance, which can be applied in dengue-endemic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Thailand, the Department of Disease Control (DDC) regularly performs visual larval surveys throughout the country to monitor dengue fever outbreaks. Since 2016, the DDC switched from a paper-based to a digital-based larval survey process. The significant amount of larval survey data collected digitally presents a valuable opportunity to precisely identify the villages and breeding habitats that are vulnerable to dengue transmission. Methods: The study used digitally collected larval survey data from 2017 to 2019. It employed larval indices to evaluate the risk of dengue transmission in villages based on seasonal, regional, and categorical perspectives. Furthermore, the study comprehensively scrutinized each container category by employing different measures to determine its breeding preference ratio. Results: The result showed that villages with a very high-risk of dengue transmission were present year-round in all regions, with the highest proportion during the rainy season. The Southern region had more high-risk villages during the winter season due to rainfall. Slums and residential communities were more vulnerable to dengue than commercial areas. All container categories could potentially serve as breeding habitats for dengue-carrying mosquitoes, with abandoned containers being the most significant breeding sites. Conclusions: The risk of dengue transmission was present year-round throughout Thailand. This underscores the importance of community and government initiatives, along with sustained public awareness campaigns and active community engagement, to efficiently and permanently eradicate mosquito breeding habitats. It should be noted that larval indices may not strongly correlate with dengue cases, as indicated by the preliminary analysis. However, they offer valuable insights into potential breeding sites for targeted preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first reported traveler case of Dengue in Tehran in 2008, the virus has gradually spread across Iran, driven by factors including international travel, climate change, and Aedes mosquito vectors. The disease has manifested in various forms, ranging from mild fever to severe dengue, with notable cases identified in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Despite the increasing prevalence, Iran faces significant challenges in surveillance, diagnosis, and vector control. This perspective comprehensively analyzes dengue virus epidemiology in Iran, emphasizing the need for enhanced public health strategies, including genomic surveillance, targeted interventions, and health education. The findings highlight the critical importance of addressing these challenges to mitigate the potential for large-scale dengue epidemics and protect public health.

Laboratory testing generates data, and data analysis contributes to the production of results that aid in problem resolution. As more samples are tested, more data is generated, and the complexity of data management increases. Surveillance monitoring and real-time assessment are crucial in managing insecticide resistance; consequently, manual management of insecticide resistance data requires digital transformation. The Insecticide Resistance Management System (IRMS) was developed in this study to analyse and manage 244 insecticide susceptibility data. This system permits immediate analysis following the entry of laboratory data. Red dots dominated green dots on a map displayed in IRMS depicting the prevalence of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations in both Aedes species. In addition, the heatmap revealed that the majority of Aedes aegypti were resistant to all tested insecticides during all monitoring cycles. This system circumvents the time-consuming limitations of manual data analysis by enabling rapid result visualisation and report generation.

Background: In context, the dengue virus causes dengue fever, which is spread by mosquito bites. About 22,000 people every year lose their lives as a direct result of it. Dengue fever has been on the rise recently, and its spread has alarmed health officials throughout the world. Discussion: Vaccination is essential for the prevention and management of dengue cases because there is currently no particular cure against dengue virus. The current dengue epidemic calls for urgent action in the form of immunization. However, there are serious drawbacks to using existing vaccines like Dengvaxia. Besides, the Qdenga vaccine has not yet been approved by the FDA in the United States. On the other hand, positive results from a phase II randomized and controlled clinical study of the TV005 tetravalent live‐attenuated dengue vaccine were recently reported in Bangladesh. Only an effective vaccination can drastically lower dengue infection and mortality rates. Conclusion: The development of safe and effective vaccination, as well as their correct dissemination, is an essential requirement for the people of Bangladesh and the rest of the globe, and we concentrated on this critical problem in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosecurity strategies that aim to restrict the spread of invasive pests can benefit from knowing where incursions have come from and whether cryptic establishment has taken place. This knowledge can be acquired with genomic databanks, by comparing genetic variation in incursion samples against reference samples. Here we use genomic databanks to characterise incursions of two mosquito species within Australia, and to observe how genomic tracing methods perform when databank samples have limited genetic differentiation and were collected tens of generations ago. We used a deep learning method to trace a 2021 invasion of Aedes aegypti in Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, to Townsville, Queensland, and to trace two years of Ae. albopictus incursions to two specific islands in the Torres Strait. Tracing had high precision despite 30–70 generations separating incursion and reference samples, and cross-validation of reference samples assigned them to the correct origin in 87% of cases. Similar precision was not achieved with PCAs, which performed particularly poorly for tracing when the invasion had been subject to strong drift effects. Targeted assays also provided additional information on the origin of the Tennant Creek Ae. aegypti, in this case by comparing Wolbachia infection data and mitochondrial DNA variation. Patterns of relatedness and inbreeding indicated that Tennant Creek was likely invaded by one family of Ae. aegypti, while Torres Strait incursions were independent and indicated no cryptic establishment. Our results highlight the value of genomic databanks that remain informative over years and for a range of biological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the identification of the Aedes mosquito as a vector of dengue fever (DF) in Hormozgan province, this southern province was recognized nationwide at a great risk of DF. The present study was conducted on the Aedes mosquito prevention and DF knowledge in this province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire for 1 month in 2022. The sampling method was snowball. A total number of 4,004 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Hormozgan province. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 22. RESULTS: The level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior concerning the self-care behavior of Aedes mosquito bites was as follows. Most participants were knowledgeable and correctly answered the questions related to the preventive ways of Aedes mosquito bites. The average rate of correct answers was 94.5%. They also mostly held a positive attitude. Regarding the attitude items, most participants (more than 85%) strongly agreed and agreed with the statements. Regarding the behavioral items, most participants (70.4%) stated they showed the aforementioned preventive behaviors to impede Aedes mosquito bites. As for the state of participants’ knowledge of how the DF is transmitted, overall, in the nine examined items, on average, 40.6% answered “I do not know” and “false”. CONCLUSION: As the education level of the participants showed, they did not know adequately about the DF. Judging the state of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the less privileged and less educated social classes in Hormozgan province requires further investigation of the public living in this province after some time passes since the implementation of educational and preventive interventions. It is also necessary to enrich population-based educational interventions aiming to improve knowledge and preventive behaviors of the DF and Aedes mosquito.

Introduction: Dengue fever is hyperendemic in several Southeast and South Asian countries, including India, with all four serotypes (DENV 1-4) circulating at different periods and in different locations. Sustainable and improved virological and entomological surveillance is the only tool to prevent dengue and other vector-borne diseases. Objectives: The present study has been carried out to detect and characterize the circulating dengue virus (DENV) in field-collected Aedes mosquitoes in Bhopal, Central India. Methods: Aedes mosquitoes were collected from 29 localities within Bhopal city during October 2020 to September 2022. DENV infection was assessed in the individual head and thorax regions of Aedes mosquitoes using reverse transcriptase PCR. Positive samples were sequenced, and the circulating serotypes and genotypes were determined using phylogenetic analysis. Results: DENV RNA was detected in 7 Aedes aegypti and 1 Aedes albopictus, with infection rates of 0.59 and 0.14%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all the isolates belonged to DENV serotype 2 and distinctly clustered with the non-Indian lineage (cosmopolitan genotype 4a), which was not recorded from the study area earlier. The time to most common recent ancestor (TMRCA) of these sequences was 7.4 years old, with the highest posterior density (HPD) of 3.5-12.2 years, indicating that this new lineage emerged during the year 2014. This is the first report on the DENV incrimination in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from Bhopal, Central India. Conclusion: The observed emergence of the non-Indian lineage of DENV-2 in Bhopal, which again is a first report from the area, coincides with the gradual increase in DENV cases in Bhopal since 2014. This study emphasizes the importance of DENV surveillance and risk assessment in this strategically important part of the country to decipher its outbreak and severe diseasecausing potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever, which is spread by Aedes mosquitoes, has claimed many lives in Kerala, with the Thiruvananthapuram district bearing the brunt of the toll. This study aims to demarcate the dengue risk zones in Thiruvananthapuram district using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy-AHP (F-AHP) methods. For the risk modelling, geo-environmental factors (normalized difference vegetation index, land surface temperature, topographic wetness index, land use/land cover types, elevation, normalized difference built-up index) and demographic factors (household density, population density) have been utilized. The ArcGIS 10.8 and ERDAS Imagine 8.4 software tools have been used to derive the risk zone maps. The area of the risk maps is classified into five zones. The dengue risk zone maps were validated using dengue case data collected from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme portal. From the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, it is proved that the F-AHP method (AUC value of 0.971) has comparatively more prediction capability than the AHP method (AUC value of 0.954) in demarcating the dengue risk zones. Also, based on the comparison of the risk zone map with actual case data, it was confirmed that around 82.87% of the dengue cases occurred in the very high and high-risk zones, thus proving the efficacy of the model. According to the dengue risk map prepared using the F-AHP model, 9.09% of the area of Thiruvananthapuram district is categorized as very high risk. The prepared dengue risk maps will be helpful for decision-makers, staff with the health, and disaster management departments in adopting effective measures to prevent the risks of dengue spread and thereby minimize loss of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionDengue fever is hyperendemic in several Southeast and South Asian countries, including India, with all four serotypes (DENV 1–4) circulating at different periods and in different locations. Sustainable and improved virological and entomological surveillance is the only tool to prevent dengue and other vector-borne diseases.ObjectivesThe present study has been carried out to detect and characterize the circulating dengue virus (DENV) in field-collected Aedes mosquitoes in Bhopal, Central India.MethodsAedes mosquitoes were collected from 29 localities within Bhopal city during October 2020 to September 2022. DENV infection was assessed in the individual head and thorax regions of Aedes mosquitoes using reverse transcriptase PCR. Positive samples were sequenced, and the circulating serotypes and genotypes were determined using phylogenetic analysis.ResultsDENV RNA was detected in 7 Aedes aegypti and 1 Aedes albopictus, with infection rates of 0.59 and 0.14%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all the isolates belonged to DENV serotype 2 and distinctly clustered with the non-Indian lineage (cosmopolitan genotype 4a), which was not recorded from the study area earlier. The time to most common recent ancestor (TMRCA) of these sequences was 7.4 years old, with the highest posterior density (HPD) of 3.5–12.2 years, indicating that this new lineage emerged during the year 2014. This is the first report on the DENV incrimination in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from Bhopal, Central India.ConclusionThe observed emergence of the non-Indian lineage of DENV-2 in Bhopal, which again is a first report from the area, coincides with the gradual increase in DENV cases in Bhopal since 2014. This study emphasizes the importance of DENV surveillance and risk assessment in this strategically important part of the country to decipher its outbreak and severe disease-causing potential.

Aedes mosquitoes transmit several pathogens including flaviviruses to humans which result in high morbidity and mortality. Owing to adaptability and climate change, these mosquito vectors are predicted to establish in new geographical areas thus exposing larger populations to the risk of infection. Therefore, control of Aedes vector is necessary to prevent disease transmission. Recently, genetic approaches to vector control have shown promise; however, the tools and methods for manipulating the mosquito genome are rather limited. While CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for gene editing purposes in Aedes mosquito, the dCas9-based transcription control of genes remain unexplored. In this study we report implementation of the CRISPR activation system in Aedes cells. For this we designed, constructed and tested a bi-partite plasmid-based strategy that allows expression of the dCas9-VPR and targeting guide RNA together with a reporter cassette. Quantitative analysis of the fluorescent reporter gene levels showed a robust over-expression validating CRISPR activation in Aedes cells. This strategy and the biological parts will be useful resource for synthetic transcription factor-based robust upregulation of Aedes genes for application of synthetic biology approaches for vector control.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus of the Flaviviridae family and is responsible for colossal health and economic burden worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of environmental, seasonal, and spatial variations on the spread of dengue fever in Sri Lanka. The study used secondary data of monthly dengue infection and the monthly average of environmental parameters of 26 Sri Lankan regions from January 2015 to December 2019. Besides the descriptive measurements, Kendall's tau_b, Spearman's rho, and Kruskal–Wallis H test have been performed as bivariate analyses. The multivariate generalized linear negative binomial regression model was applied to determine the impacts of meteorological factors on dengue transmission. The aggregate negative binomial regression model disclosed that precipitation (odds ratio: 0.97, p < 0.05), humidity (odds ratio: 1.05, p < 0.01), and air pressure (odds ratio: 1.46, p < 0.01) were significantly influenced the spread of dengue fever in Sri Lanka. The bioclimatic zone is the vital factor that substantially affects the dengue infection, and the wet zone (odds ratio: 6.41, p < 0.05) was more at-risk than the dry zone. The climate season significantly influenced dengue fever transmission, and a higher infection rate was found (odds ratio: 1.46, p < 0.01) in the northeast monsoon season. The findings of this study facilitate policymakers to improve the existing dengue control strategies focusing on the meteorological condition in the local as well as global perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Globally, dengue fever (DF) is the leading cause of arthropod-borne viral illness, which considerably contributes to an atrocious death rate. The disease is now endemic in some parts of the world, including Bangladesh. The disorder exhibits a wide range of clinical and laboratory features in children. Judicial fluid resuscitation during the critical phase and prompt referral to the appropriate health facility can be lifesaving. Objectives This research appraised clinical and laboratory features and treatment outcomes of DF in pediatric cases. Methods This prospective investigative work was conducted at Islami Bank Hospital, Dhaka, India, from July to October 2023. The study included 135 admitted pediatric cases of DF, either dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) or anti-dengue antibody IgM or IgG positive. Results Among the selected cases, boys were more predominant than girls, and most patients were in the age group of 5 to 10 years (n=46, 34%), most of them belonging to lower-middle-class families (n=56, 41.5%). All of the study participants had raised body temperatures, and most had abdominal pain (n=82, 60.7%), vomiting (n=77, 57%), cough (n=43, 31.9%), headache (n=38, 28.2%), body aches (n=32, 23.7%), and diarrhea (n=23, 17%). Dengue NS1 was positive in 91.1% (n=123) of cases. Raised hematocrit was found in 36.3% (n=49) of cases, leukopenia in 47% (n=63), and thrombocytopenia in 69.6% (n=94) of cases. Most of our patients were categorized as having DF (68.1%, n=92), followed by dengue with warning signs (16.3%, n=22), and severe dengue was present in 15.6% (n=21) of patients. Most were treated with crystalloid, and some with crystalloid and colloid solution. Fortunately, most of them recovered with no death. Conclusion DF may manifest with varied clinical and laboratory features in children. Appropriate treatment of critical phases, depending on clinical and laboratory features, is crucial to reducing dengue-induced miseries and fatal clinical outcomes among the pediatric population., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Ethical Committee of Islami Bank Hospital, Dhaka, India issued approval IBH/MIRPUR/2024/1. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Nusrat et al.)

Objectives: In a tropical country like Bangladesh, where the climatic condition favors the growth of Aedes mosquito vectors, the success of dengue prevention depends largely on the proper identification and control of risk factors. Therefore this study was aimed to explore the potential risk factors and their association with dengue infection. Study design: A case-control study including 150 cases and 150 controls was conducted in Chattogram district of Bangladesh. Cases were confirmed dengue patients admitted in Chattogram medical college hospital and Bangladesh institute of tropical and infectious diseases during August and September 2019. On the other hand, controls were non-dengue patients admitted in other departments of the same hospitals through gender, age, and location matching. Methods: The questionnaire data were collected through telephone-based interviews, which included general demography, daily life activities, housing and surrounding environment of participants. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were performed to identify potential risk factors. Results: The study found that travel history to the high incidence area, staying most of the daytime in office (AOR = 18.10), living in 21–40 years old houses (AOR = 9.74), and the temporary residency in the city (AOR = 10.20) were statistically significant risk factors for getting dengue infection. However, day time sleep, house type and structure, number of family members, morning and evening walk, plant in resident, and junk yard around 250 m of the house were also showed a significant effect in chi square test. Conclusions: Results strengthen our understanding regarding the role of factors associated with daily lifestyle and living environment of people in the development of dengue and hence support the dengue control program in Bangladesh. The study will provide a basis for future extended research covering different parts of the country.

Abstract Background Studying the characteristics of Aedes mosquito habitats is essential to control the mosquito population. The objective of this study was to identify the breeding sites of Aedes larvae and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh. We conducted an entomological survey in 12 different sub-districts (Thana) under Chattogram City, during the late monsoon (August to November) 2019. The presence of different wet containers along with their characteristics and immature mosquitoes was recorded in field survey data form. Larvae and/or pupae were collected and brought to the laboratory for identification. Results Different indices like house index, container index, and the Breteau index were estimated. The multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to identify habitats that were more likely to be positive for Aedes larvae/pupae. A total of 704 wet containers of 37 different types from 216 properties were examined, where 52 (7.39%) were positive for Aedes larvae or pupae. Tire, plastic buckets, plastic drums, and coconut shells were the most prevalent container types. The plastic group possessed the highest container productivity (50%) whereas the vehicle and machinery group was found as most efficient (1.83) in terms of immature Aedes production. Among the total positive properties, 8% were infested with Aedes aegypti, 2% with Aedes albopictus, and 1% contained both species Ae. aegypti and A. albopictus. The overall house index was 17.35%, the container index was 7%, and the Breteau index was 24.49. Containers in multistoried houses had significantly lower positivity compared to independent houses. Binary logistic regression represented that containers having shade were 6.7 times more likely to be positive than the containers without shade (p< 0.01). Conclusions These findings might assist the authorities to identify the properties, containers, and geographical areas with different degrees of risk for mosquito control interventions to prevent dengue and other Aedes-borne disease transmissions.

Introduction: In tropical nations including Malaysia, dengue fever is one of the most widely recognized viral ailments spread to people by the Aedes mosquito. The state of Selangor, Malaysia has become a dengue outbreak hotspot since several years ago and understanding the potential of breeding sites within the outbreak hotspot is vital. Methods: This study was conducted in Bukit Tinggi, Klang. This town in Selangor is one of the dengue hotspots. This study assessed the distribution profile of Aedes mosquitoes and then determined the differences in the population and distribution between schools with hostels and schools without hostels. The number of positive ovitraps and egg counts were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. Results: Out of 210 ovitraps deployed in each type of school, the schools with hostels had the most positive ovitraps, whereby 89 positive ovitraps were successfully collected out of 207 (42.99%). In schools without hostels, 61 positive ovitraps were gathered out of 209 (26.19%). Additionally, 471 eggs with a mean egg per trap (MET) value of 16.02 were identified from schools with hostels, while schools without hostels, recorded 185 eggs with an MET value of 9.17. Conclusion: Schools with hostels are more likely to have a higher number of Aedes mosquito population and breeding rather than schools without hostels. This could be due to increased human activity in these schools. Local authorities and the school's management must take accountability to devise a mitigation plan to reduce mosquito breeding at the school and hostel compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As strong wings are integral to the survival of a mosquito; our study examined the effects of different types of plant materials on the wing size and shape of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Methods: Thirty eggs were hatched in water containing three different doses of either dry grass, dry leaves, or dry twigs. Eleven landmarks were first identified on the wings of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes before the differences in wing shapes were observed using landmark data acquisition software programmes such as tpsDig version 1.40 and MorphoJ. Results: The wing size of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that had been hatched in water containing dry grass was found to be larger than those hatched in water containing dry leaves or dry twigs. The wing centroid size of these mosquitoes was also the largest followed by mosquitoes that had been exposed to dry leaves and dry twigs. Therefore, introducing dry grass at the larval stage had the most significant impact on the wing size and shape of adult mosquitoes while higher doses of dry grass at the larval stage produced adult mosquitoes with larger wings than those exposed to dry leaves and twigs. Conclusion: Adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that were hatched in water containing higher doses of plant materials were found to have more separated wings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the absence of an effective vaccine for dengue, community-led vector control strategy could be a sustainable approach for dengue prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess people’s knowledge of dengue vectors and the practice of preventive measures to avoid vector mosquitoes by means of a structured questionnaire. Methods: A telephone-based survey was conducted between July 2019 to December 2019 from confirmed dengue patients and general people without dengue fever living in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Patients’ contact information was collected from two tertiary care hospitals. The level of knowledge and preventive practice were determined through the scoring of each participant against their responses. The association of individuals’ knowledge and practice scores with demographic variables was measured through chi-square and binary logistic analyses. Results: Overall, 61.9% of participants (72% case and 51.7% non-case) had good knowledge, whereas only 10.6% of them (12.7% case and 8.7% non-case) strongly practiced the mosquito prevention methods. However, significant variation in the level of knowledge was found between the two groups. Urban residents had 2.20 times higher knowledge compared to semi urban. Students and government officials had 3.39 times and 3.17 times better knowledge than general workers respectively. Permanent residents had 2.01 times better knowledge in comparison to the people living in temporary housing. In terms of mosquito preventive measures, semi-urban people showed 3.19 times (CI=0.97-10.52) stronger practice compared to rural people. Conclusions: This study suggests that dengue control strategies should focus on the effective practice of mosquito prevention by engaging community people.

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) is a newly emergent relative of the Flaviviridae family and linked to dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIVKV). ZIKV is one of the rising pathogens promptly surpassing geographical borders. ZIKV infection was characterized by mild disease with fever, headache, rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis, with exceptional reports of an association with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. However, since the end of 2015, an increase in the number of GBS associated cases and an astonishing number of microcephaly in fetus and new-borns in Brazil have been related to ZIKV infection, raising serious worldwide public health concerns. ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of infected female mosquitoes of Aedes species. Clarifying such worrisome relationships is, thus, a current unavoidable goal. Here, we extensively described the current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on heath, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment options based on modern, alternative and complementary medicines regarding the disease.

Dengue fever is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease, increasingly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. This case report details the clinical presentation of a 52-year-old male who developed severe symptoms shortly after returning from a two-week trip to El Salvador, an area known for dengue endemicity. The patient presented with a five-day history of high-grade fever, malaise, diarrhea, dizziness, and intermittent blurry vision, accompanied by chills, dry cough, headaches, and generalized pain. Physical examination revealed petechiae on the lower extremities, and the Rumpel-Leede test was positive, indicating capillary fragility and suggesting thrombocytopenia consistent with dengue infection. Supportive care, including antipyretics, hydration, and electrolyte management, resolved symptoms by day four, allowing the patient to be discharged. This case underscores the importance of considering dengue in patients with relevant travel history and highlights the increasing global reach of this vector-borne disease., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Wheaton et al.)

Since the first reported traveler case of Dengue in Tehran in 2008, the virus has gradually spread across Iran, driven by factors including international travel, climate change, and Aedes mosquito vectors. The disease has manifested in various forms, ranging from mild fever to severe dengue, with notable cases identified in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Despite the increasing prevalence, Iran faces significant challenges in surveillance, diagnosis, and vector control. This perspective comprehensively analyzes dengue virus epidemiology in Iran, emphasizing the need for enhanced public health strategies, including genomic surveillance, targeted interventions, and health education. The findings highlight the critical importance of addressing these challenges to mitigate the potential for large-scale dengue epidemics and protect public health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Heydarifard, Heydarifard, Mousavi and Zandi.)

An outbreak of Yellow fever (YF) occurred in Ebonyi State, Nigeria in the year 2019 and a Rapid Response Team (RRT) from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja was deployed to investigate and characterize the outbreak and institute control measures. All suspected cases were identified, linelisted and analyzed. Between May and August 2019, 78 suspected YF cases were identified from 5 LGAs in Ebonyi State. Of these, 17 (21.8%) confirmed YF cases [including 4 deaths (case fatality rate (CFR): 23.5%)] were reported in 4 LGAs, with majority 13 (76.5%) from Izzi LGA. Age groups mostly affected were 0-9 years 5(29.4%) and 20-29 years 5(29.4%) with mean age 19 ±12 years. Majority were males, 10 (58.8%). Overall, 50 eligible children participated in the YF VCS, 36(72.0%) had their vaccination cards available and only 24 (48.0%) of the cards had a record of YF vaccination. Aedeslarva was found in 9(90.0%) of 10 households surveyed and adult species Aedes simpsoni complexemerged from the collections. The 2019 YF outbreak in Ebonyi state was as a result of an abundance of Aedesmosquitoes and low vaccination coverage. We recommend a Statewide YF risk assessment, mass YF vaccination campaign, vector control and enhanced YF surveillance is important to prevent future outbreaks and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arboviral infections are re-emerging diseases of public health concern circulating among wild animals and human populations due to shortage of strong entomological data in addition to increasing urbanization, transportation and mosquito adaptation to complex environment in Ethiopia. This study assessed the response of Aedes mosquito to interventions (environmental management and Chemical (Temephos and Propoxure) spray) made to control the Chikungunya outbreak in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. A before and after intervention entomological study design was used to address all villages, with simple random sampling technique. To determine the vector density, entomological indices (House index, Container index, Bretaeu index and Pupae index) were calculated. A total of 1297 containers were inspected in 800 households for the presence of Aedes immature and adult. Out of 1297 containers inspected, 1128 (87%) were found be Aedes larvae/pupae positive. A total 1289 mosquitoes were collected, 1264 (98%) were Aedes and the rest 25 (2%) were Culex mosquitoes. The house index, container index, bretaue index and pupae index before and after control intervention was (90.125%, 7.4%), (92.87%, 14.75%), (141.75%, 20.5%) and (1431.5, 4%) respectively. The infestation indices of Aedes mosquitoes drastically reduced after control interventions which imply that deploying integrated vector control intervention, like environmental management, insecticidal applications are effective in Aedes mosquito control during outbreaks of arboviral diseases. Permanent and comprehensive sentinel sites should be established fort continuous surveillance of vector status and diseases to halt cyclic transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue has become a huge global health burden. It is currently recognized as the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease. Yet, there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics to manage the virus, thus, scaling up vector control approaches is important in controlling this viral spread. This study aimed to identify and study in silico, potential anti-mosquito compounds targeting Juvenile hormone (JH) mediated pathways via the Mosquito Juvenile Hormone Binding Protein (MJHBP). The study was implemented using series of computational methods. The query compounds included pyrethroids and those derived from ZINC and ANPDB databases using a simple pharmacophore model in Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). Molecular docking of selected compounds’ library was implemented in MOE. The resultant high-score compounds were further validated by molecular dynamics simulation via Maestro 12.3 module and the respective Prime/Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (Prime/MM-GBSA) binding energies computed. The study identified compounds-pyrethroids, natural and synthetic - with high docking energy scores (ranging from 10.91–12.34 kcal/mol). On further analysis of the high-ranking (in terms of docking scores) compounds using MD simulation, the compounds - Ekeberin D4, Maesanin, Silafluofen and ZINC16919139- revealed very low binding energies (−122.99, −72.91 -104.50 and,-74.94 kcal/mol respectively), fairly stable complex and interesting interaction with JH-binding site amino acid residues on MJHBP. Further studies can explore these compounds in vitro/in vivo in the search for more efficient mosquito vector control.

Dengue fever is one of the significant fatal mosquito-borne viral diseases and is considered to be a worldwide problem. Aedes mosquito is responsible for transmitting various serotypes of dengue viruses to humans. Dengue incidence has developed prominently throughout the world in the last ten years. The exact number of dengue cases is underestimated, whereas plenty of cases are misdiagnosed as alternative febrile sicknesses. There is an estimation that about 390 million dengue cases occur annually. Dengue fever encompasses a wide range of clinical presentations, usually with undefinable clinical progression and outcome. The diagnosis of dengue depends on serology tests, molecular diagnostic methods, and antigen detection tests. The therapeutic approach relies completely on supplemental drugs, which is far from the real approach. Vaccines for dengue disease are in various stages of development. The commercial formulation Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) is accessible and developed by Sanofi Pasteur. The vaccine candidate Dengvaxia was inefficient in liberating a stabilized immune reaction toward different serotypes (1–4) of dengue fever. Numerous promising vaccine candidates are now being developed in preclinical and clinical stages even though different serotypes of DENV exist that worsen the situation for a vaccine to be equally effective for all serotypes. Thus, the development of an efficient dengue fever vaccine candidate requires time. Effective dengue fever management can be a multidisciplinary challenge, involving international cooperation from diverse perspectives and expertise to resolve this global concern.

Introduction: This study aims to identify the climatic and environmental factors in influencing the occurrence of dengue cases. Methods: A systematic review is conducted in January 2021 and 581 potentially relevant records were searched among Scopus and Web of Science. All articles were retrieved in English language. After quality assessment and cross-checking by two independent researchers, finally, a total of 19 articles are eligible for this systematic review based on the quality appraisal assessment by two independent researchers in the field. Results: Temperature, land surface temperature, relative humidity, rainfall amount, sunshine, hours of sunshine, land use, high density of buildings, high population density, air quality parameters and vegetative index were positively correlated on dengue cases. Wind run shows negative correlation on dengue cases. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, further investigation on climatic and environmental factors towards dengue cases are important in order to enhance their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimated the weighted mean basic reproduction number (R0) of chikungunya virus based on outbreak size. R0 was 3.4 (95% CI 2.4–4.2) and varied for 2 primary chikungunya mosquito vectors: 4.1 (95% CI 1.5–6.6) for Aedes aegypti and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8–3.8) for Ae. albopictus.

Visual larval survey of container habitats is conducted as a routine mission of the Department of Disease Control (DDC), Thailand. To facilitate this, DDC has deployed a mobile application, namely TanRabad SURVEY, throughout the country since 2016. Here, each inspected place with its intrinsic place type and building names must be initially input via natural language to proceed the larval survey data collection. Upon a survey completion, the appropriate larval indices (e.g. House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breteau Index (BI)) are automatically calculated. HI and BI are for villages, while CI is for other inspected places. These larval indices are then applied as factors for the vector control management. However, about 21% of inspected places stored in TanRabad database are found with inappropriate place types. These poor place types result in the procurement of inapplicable larval indices and hence ineffective vector control management. Ideally, the quality of place types can potentially be improved once their poorness is notified to users. This paper has thus proposed a novel and comprehensive place type quality assessment technique, namely pAssessor, with respect to buildings textually and variously defined for places. Specifically, pAssessor is driven by the building-place ontology, building semantic selection, boosted features, learned building-place relations and probability values of all place types. The experimental results showed that the efficiency of pAssessor in assessing the quality of place types is greater than 87.5%.

Introduction: Dengue fever is known to be the most widely spreading mosquito-borne infectious disease in the world. It is also the most serious human condition in terms of global morbidity and mortality. The focus of this research was to classify the characteristics of dengue vector-related articles published in terms of author, year publications, paper's origin and citation in the Science Core Collection Web from 2010 to 2020. Methods: Scientific publication data for articles indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) were used and the following characteristics were recorded; area, year of publication, citation per publication, authors, institutions, countries, journals, research categories, and leading article with citation analysis. Results: The results showed that the highest number of dengue vector-related articles were published between 2014 and 2016. The USA was the most productive nation, while Liverpool University, England and the University of California, USA were the main institutions with the highest number of publications. Research articles have been found in a wide range of disciplines, especially in parasitology and tropical medicine. PLOS Neglected Tropical Disease has the highest number of publications reported overall compared to other journals. Citation for the last year and the cumulative number of citations since its publication created a different 'star' of the highly cited paper. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the bibliometric analysis method can be a guide for specific researchers to understand the global dengue vector study panorama and to provide guidance for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dengue is an arboviral disease affecting many tropical and subtropical regions. Statistics in Malaysia show that a cumulative of 57,627 number of DF cases with 94 cumulative number of deaths have occurred until July 8th 2020. Weather affects Aedes mosquito population and dengue incidence through the breeding behaviour of mosquitoes. This study aims to evaluate the association of temperature and rainfall with Aedes mosquito population in the 17th College, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and also to evaluate the accuracy of mobile 'AedesTech' automated counting application. Methods: Aedes Mosquito Home system (AMHS) were placed at each level of Block A, B, C and D of 17th College, UPM. The eggs laid by Aedes mosquito on the tissues inside the ovitrap were counted manually and via 'AedesTech' automated counting application. Monthly temperature and rainfall data from November 2018 until April 2019 were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Department. Results: Temperature was inversely correlated to Aedes mosquito eggs count and ovitrap index. Rainfall was directly correlated to Aedes population as the number of mosquito eggs and ovitrap index were high in months recording high rainfall. The number of eggs count from 'AedesTech' Mobile App Version 5.9 (M=143) was significantly higher than the numbers from manual counting (M=35) indicating the 'AedesTech' auto-count is inaccurate. Conclusion: Temperature and rainfall have an influence on the Aedes mosquito population in the 17th College, UPM. The 'AedesTech' Mobile App Version 5.9 has low accuracy and therefore needs to be upgraded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-income countries (HICs) in sub-tropical and tropical regions are at an increasing risk of Aedes mosquito-borne disease (MBD) outbreaks such as dengue fever. As the Aedes mosquito predominately lives and breeds in and around people's homes, community participation in MBD management is an important part of preventing MBD outbreaks. Historically, government-led strategies have dominated community participation efforts as opposed to strategies co-designed or led by the community. A scoping review was conducted to describe the community participation and empowering approaches used in Aedes mosquito management specifically in HICs, and to identify any reported outcomes of these methods. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature using electronic databases Medline (OVID), Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest—Science and Technology as well as grey literature, found 19 studies that matched the review criteria. The review findings highlight a lack of empirical evidence to inform participatory and empowering approaches to mosquito management in HICs. Moreover, the rationale for using predominantly government-led approaches is not clear. Further research is required to better understand best approaches and barriers to employing empowering approaches in mosquito management in HICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the efficacy of I.M.O.S (Intelligent Mosquito System) by using Xmos mini aerosol in reducing Aedes mosquito population in 17th College, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Prior to the experiment, the Aedes mosquito population was determined in all blocks of the 17th College, UPM. The I.M.O.S. was installed above the entrance door of the hall and two rooms and was set to automatically spray at 6.30 am and 4.00 pm every day. No intervention was used in the control house. Adult efficacy study was conducted by placing 20 Aedes mosquitoes in each cage and was hung at a distance of 10 feet from the I.M.O.S. The mortality caused by I.M.O.S throughout the exposed two hours and after 24 hours of exposure was recorded. The number mosquito eggs population were calculated throughout the installation of I.M.O.S. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA and paired T-test, respectively. The mean number of Aedes mosquito eggs and ovitraps index showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between control and treatment blocks. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the percentage of knockdown of adult Aedes mosquitoes (10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after exposure) and the mortality of adult Aedes mosquitoes after 24 hours exposure. Nano and slow-release technology of the I.M.O.S with Xmos mini aerosol proved that this type of intervention can kill adult Aedes mosquitoes. Thus, it is a potential intervention for vector control and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, with the identification of the Aedes mosquito as a vector of dengue fever (DF) in Hormozgan province, this southern province was recognized nationwide at a great risk of DF. The present study was conducted on the Aedes mosquito prevention and DF knowledge in this province., Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire for 1 month in 2022. The sampling method was snowball. A total number of 4,004 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Hormozgan province. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 22., Results: The level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior concerning the self-care behavior of Aedes mosquito bites was as follows. Most participants were knowledgeable and correctly answered the questions related to the preventive ways of Aedes mosquito bites. The average rate of correct answers was 94.5%. They also mostly held a positive attitude. Regarding the attitude items, most participants (more than 85%) strongly agreed and agreed with the statements. Regarding the behavioral items, most participants (70.4%) stated they showed the aforementioned preventive behaviors to impede Aedes mosquito bites. As for the state of participants' knowledge of how the DF is transmitted, overall, in the nine examined items, on average, 40.6% answered "I do not know" and "false"., Conclusion: As the education level of the participants showed, they did not know adequately about the DF. Judging the state of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the less privileged and less educated social classes in Hormozgan province requires further investigation of the public living in this province after some time passes since the implementation of educational and preventive interventions. It is also necessary to enrich population-based educational interventions aiming to improve knowledge and preventive behaviors of the DF and Aedes mosquito., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt; mosquito is a competent vector of arboviruses, mainly dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. The high incidence of arboviral infections among travelers indicated the vulnerability of tourist attractions and public places visitors to arboviral infections. This study aimed to determine the presence and population density of &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes at the places, as well as the susceptibility to temephos larvicide. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A total of 17 tourist attractions and public places in four districts/cities of Central Java Province were selected as study sites and 25-40 ovitraps were installed in each location for three days. The coordinates, altitude, vegetation density, shade, wind speed, air temperature and humidity were recorded. Ovistrips and water of each ovitrap were observed in the laboratory to determine the ovitrap index (OI) and egg density index (EDI), mosquito species and their susceptibility to temephos. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; A total of 12,231 eggs were obtained with a range, OI and EDI of 0-1,024, 42% and 31.93 eggs/trap, respectively. Vegetation density, shade and wind speed were significantly associated with the presence of &lt;i&gt;Aedes &lt;/i&gt;eggs in the ovitraps (p<0.05), while altitude, temperature and air humidity were correlated with the average of &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt; eggs per ovitrap. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Although &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt; larvae in all study sites were susceptible to temephos 0.02 mg/L the results indicated the vulnerability of visitors to &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt;-borne diseases. Further investigation of arbovirus infections in &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes at tourist attractions and public places is necessary conducted to evaluate the potential and risk of pathogen transmission to visitors.

Dengue is a vector borne disease which is one of the major public health problems caused by dengue virus which has 4 serotypes (DENV 1-4) and the vector being Aedes mosquito which has varied clinical manifestations. This report is about a previously healthy 32-year-old male patient that complained of fever, pain abdomen and jaundice for 1 week. On investigation, the patient tested positive for dengue NS1 antigen with raised liver enzymes. As the disease progressed, the pain of abdomen aggravated, radiating to the back and developed constipation with raised serum amylase and lipase. The patient was treated for both acute hepatitis and pancreatitis accordingly and responded to the treatment and gradually improved. Hence, it was thought that common dengue should be ruled out as a cause of Acute Hepatitis or Pancreatitis, depending on the incidence of dengue in that area.

ABSTRACT Aedes mosquitoes can efficiently transmit many pathogenic arboviruses, placing a great burden on public health worldwide. In addition, they also carry a number of insect-specific viruses (ISVs), and it was recently suggested that some of these ISVs might form a stable species-specific “core virome” in mosquito populations. However, little is known about such a core virome in laboratory colonies and if it is present across different developmental stages. In this study, we compared the viromes in eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes collected from a lab colony and compared each to the virome of different developmental stages collected in the field. The virome in lab-derived A. albopictus was very stable across all stages, consistent with a vertical transmission route of these viruses, and formed a possible “vertically transmitted core virome.” The different stages of field-collected A. albopictus mosquitoes also contained this stable vertically transmitted core virome, as well as another set of viruses (e.g., viruses distantly related to Guadeloupe mosquito virus, Hubei virga-like virus 2, and Sarawak virus) shared by mosquitoes across different stages, which might represent an “environment-derived core virome.” To further study this core set of ISVs, we screened 48 publicly available SRA viral metagenomic data sets of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes, showing that some of the identified ISVs were identified in the majority of SRAs and providing further evidence supporting the core-virome concept. IMPORTANCE Our study revealed that the virome was very stable across all developmental stages of both lab-derived and field-collected Aedes albopictus. The data representing the core virome in lab A. albopictus proved the vertical transmission route of these viruses, forming a “vertically transmitted core virome.” Field mosquitoes also contained this stable vertically transmitted core virome as well as additional viruses, which probably represented “environment-derived core virome” and which therefore were less stable over time and geography. By further screening publicly available SRA viral metagenomic data sets from mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes, some of the identified core ISVs were shown to be present in the majority of SRAs, such as Phasi Charoen-like phasivirus and Guadeloupe mosquito virus. How these core ISVs influence the biology of the mosquito host and arbovirus infection and evolution deserves to be further explored.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to provide the first evidence of Zika virus circulation (ZIK) in Sudan. Zika virus was first isolated in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947, and in 2016, the World Health Assembly declared it a public health emergency of international concern. The discovery of Zika virus circulation in Sudan came as a secondary finding in a 2012 country-wide yellow fever prevalence study, when laboratory tests were done to exclude cross-reactions between flaviviruses. The study was cross-sectional community-based, with randomly selected participants through multi-stage cluster sampling. A sub-set of samples were tested for the Zika virus using ELISA, and the ones that demonstrated reactive results were subsequently tested by PRNT. Results The prevalence of Zika IgG antibodies among ELISA-tested samples was 62.7% (59.4 to 66.1, 95% CI), and only one sample was found positive when tested by PRNT. This provided the first documented evidence for the pre-existing circulation of Zika virus circulation in Sudan. This evidence provides the foundation for future research in this field, and further structured studies should be conducted to determine the epidemiology and burden of the disease.