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Research question: How is the use of, and experience with standardized tools for assessing motor functions in children and adolescents among physiotherapists in Norway? Method: A mixed method study used a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and direct and summative content analysis. Results: Among 103 respondents, physiotherapists employed in specialized health care and physiotherapists without further education were the primary users of standardized tools. Standardized tools were more commonly used for younger children, with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the Movement assessment battery for Children (M-ABC) being the most frequently employed. Physiotherapists emphasized the importance of considering the child`s well-being during testing and never relied solely on standardized assessments. Conclusion: Critical thinking regarding the use of standardized measurement tools should be emphasized. Further research and professional development should consider new designs of measurement tools that consider children`s sense of mastery, while also maintaining reproducibility and other measurement properties.

Dua’a Al-Maghaireh,1 Najah Sami Shawish,2 Khitam Alsaqer,1 Mariam Kawafha,3 Heidar Sultan Sheyab,4 Rama Ashraf Al Mushasha,5 Abedelkder Al Kofahi6 1Faculty of Nursing, Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan; 2Faculty of Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; 3Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; 4College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 5College of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; 6Irbid University College, Al Balqa Applied University, Irbid JordanCorrespondence: Dua’a Al-Maghaireh, Faculty of Nursing, Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan, Email dfm_2013@yahoo.comBackground: The ongoing conflict in Gaza has led to a surge in acute stress among individuals who are exposed to distressing images and videos daily via social media.Aim: This study aimed to examine the impact of watching Gaza news footage on social media among Jordanian adolescents, and explore the experiences of watching Gaza news footage on social media from the perspective of adolescents.Methods: An explanatory mixed methods design was conducted from 10/10/2023 until 6/11/2023, undertaken at two government high schools in Jordan. The Perceived Stress Scale was used to survey 180 Jordanian students who watched Gaza news footage on social media. Then the students who had high stress levels were interviewed.Results: 180 students participated in this study, more than half of them were male (52.2%). The quantitative findings showed that the students experienced high stress levels, with a mean score of 3.78 (SD = 1.24). 70% of students reported high levels of stress, the amount of time spent watching news footage about the Gaza attack on social media each day, and the presence of social support from family or peers are significantly linked to stress levels (p < 0.05). The qualitative findings revealed the following themes: Extreme Emotional Responses, Sources of Stressors and Impact of Stress Extreme Emotional Responses, Sources of Stressors and Impact of Stress.Conclusion: Study findings revealed high stress levels among adolescents after watching Gaza news on social media, highlighting the need for interventions in the context of the three major themes revealed in the study.Keywords: Gaza, acute, stress, social media, news footage, adolescents

Abstract Objectives Despite accumulating evidence regarding the impact of sleep disturbance on internalizing symptoms among adolescents, the underlying psychological mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study aimed to investigate a conceptual framework elucidating how sleep disturbance influences internalizing symptoms in adolescents through the mediating role of self-control, with mindfulness as a moderator. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1876 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.88 years, SD = 1.47 years, range = 12–19 years, 44.7% boys) completed the Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale (YSIS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Brief Self-control Scale (BSCS), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Children (MAAS-C) to provide data on sleep-related variables, internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depression), self-control, and mindfulness, respectively. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was applied to perform moderated mediation analysis. Results Sleep disturbance demonstrated a significant positive correlation with internalizing symptoms in adolescents, including anxiety (β = 0.481, p

Objectives: Despite accumulating evidence regarding the impact of sleep disturbance on internalizing symptoms among adolescents, the underlying psychological mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study aimed to investigate a conceptual framework elucidating how sleep disturbance influences internalizing symptoms in adolescents through the mediating role of self-control, with mindfulness as a moderator. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1876 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.88 years, SD = 1.47 years, range = 12–19 years, 44.7% boys) completed the Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale (YSIS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Brief Self-control Scale (BSCS), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale-Children (MAAS-C) to provide data on sleep-related variables, internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depression), self-control, and mindfulness, respectively. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was applied to perform moderated mediation analysis. Results: Sleep disturbance demonstrated a significant positive correlation with internalizing symptoms in adolescents, including anxiety (β = 0.481, p < 0.001) and depression (β = 0.543, p < 0.001). Self-control served as a mediator between sleep disturbance and two forms of internalizing symptoms. Moreover, mindfulness moderated the pathways from self-control to internalizing symptoms (for anxiety symptoms: β = 0.007, p < 0.001; for depression symptoms: β = 0.006, p < 0.001), and the mediating relationships were weaker for adolescents exhibiting higher levels of mindfulness. Conclusions: Our findings enhance understanding of the impact, pathways, and influencing factors of sleep disturbance on adolescent internalizing symptoms, suggesting the importance of enhancing mindfulness levels in addressing self-control deficits and subsequently reducing internalizing symptoms among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This community service aims to prevent mental health problems in adolescents by providing adolescent cadres with stress management training, recognizing mental health problems, and providing mental health cadre training to adolescents. This community service was carried out through the observation, problem formulation, preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The method of implementing this service used training, discussion, and simulation. The evaluation instrument used was a pre-test and post-test. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon statistical test because the data was not normally distributed. The results showed % increase in knowledge among teenage cadres who had been trained by 25%. It also showed the influence of providing youth mental health cadre training on cadre knowledge (p-value=0.000

Few studies have investigated body-dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms in adolescents and how they relate to mental health, quality of life, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-harm. We used a quota sampling procedure and contacted 100 secondary centres in the Southeast of Spain, of which 34 participated in the study. A sample of 5,345 adolescents (12–18 years) completed dimensional measures of body-dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms. The proportion of adolescents with clinically significant symptoms within each symptom type was estimated and associations with other indicators of mental health examined. Clinically significant body-dysmorphic symptoms were reported by 3.7%, hoarding by 0.9%, hair-pulling by 0.7%, and skin-picking by 1.8%. Body-dysmorphic symptoms were more common in girls and in those over 14 years of age. Body-dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms were moderately to strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and poor quality of life. Those with significant body-dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms were much more likely to have attempted suicide and engaged in non-suicidal self-harm during the last twelve months than those without such symptoms. Body-dysmorphic symptoms showed the strongest associations with internalizing symptoms and poor quality of life. Limitations are the sole use of self-report and a sample from only two regions in Spain, but findings suggest that body-dysmorphic, hoarding, hair-pulling, and skin-picking symptoms are common and impairing during adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simin Wan,1,&ast; Shuwei Lin,1,&ast; Yirimuwen,2 Sijie Li,3 Guihua Qin1 1School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Education, Hetao College, Bayannur, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China; 3Nanchong Central Hospital, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Guihua Qin, Email qyaqi0220@163.comBackground: As the role of emotional intelligence has been increasingly explored, researchers generally agree that emotional intelligence is a better predictor of individual success. And fortunately, emotional intelligence is somewhat easily shaped. Schools are important microsites for the shaping of an individual’s emotional intelligence. Good teacher-student relationship contribute to the shaping and development of students’ emotional intelligence.Objective: Based on the theory of developmental contextualism, the current study aims to identify the relationship between good teacher-student relationship and students’ emotional intelligence, and the mediating roles of students’ openness and emotional intelligence.Methods: In this study, a total of 352 adolescents (11– 15 years old) from two schools were surveyed using the teacher-student relationship scale, big five inventory openness subscale, and emotional intelligence scale.Results: Teacher-student relationship were positively correlated with students’ openness, empathy, and emotional intelligence. Teacher-student relationship positively predicted students’ emotional intelligence; students’ openness and empathy played a fully mediating role in teacher-student relationship and emotional intelligence.Conclusion: The closeness and supportiveness of the teacher-student relationship were positively related to students’ openness, empathy, and emotional intelligence were positively correlated.Keywords: teacher–student relationship, openness, empathy, emotional intelligence, adolescents

There is growing evidence that alcohol abuse among adolescents is a major public health concern. Understanding the risk factors associated with adolescent alcohol misuse is crucial for the development of prevention programs. Our study aimed to examine whether general attitudes toward health risk behaviors (i.e., predisposition to engage in risky behaviors) moderate the association between emotional instability (neuroticism as a stable personality factor) and adolescent alcohol abuse. A population-based sample of 688 Romanian adolescents completed several standardized instruments, including a measure of the current risk of alcohol abuse, the Neuroticism scale from the Big Five Inventory, and a subscale (Health/Safety) from the Risk Behaviors Scale [71]. The risk of alcohol abuse was positively associated with both emotional instability (n = 673; r = 0.345; p < 0.001) and predisposition to engage in risky behaviors (n = 688; r = 0.424; p < 0.001). A positive relationship was also found between emotional instability and the predisposition to engage in risky behaviors (n = 673; r = 0.129; p = 0.001). Hierarchical linear multiple regression analysis provided support for the moderation relationship. In summary, the predisposition to engage in risky behaviors may act as an amplifying factor by increasing the risk associated with emotional instability. Some practical implications for preventive interventions are discussed.

Willy Ramos,1,2 Ericson L Gutierrez,1,3 Jhony A De La Cruz-Vargas,1 Jesús Díaz,4 Jorge Hurtado,2 Gerardo Ronceros,2 Esther de Vries5 1Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Perú; 2Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; 3Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú; 4Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Chiclayo, Perú; 5Departamento de Epidemiologia Clínica y Bioestadística, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, ColombiaCorrespondence: Willy Ramos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Alfredo Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima, 15039, Perú, Email willymh98@hotmail.comObjective: To determine if exposure to atmospheric ozone disruption and other factors are associated with photodermatoses in the high-altitude pediatric population in Peru.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data obtained from studies of dermatological diseases among the population exposed to mine tailings in Peru which included children under the age of 18 in 6 population centers located over 2500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). We evaluated the presence of photodermatoses and possible associated factors obtaining the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and confidence intervals (CI).Results: 594 children below the age of 18 participated in this study, 53.0% girls, the average age was 10.4 ± 4.1 years. 51.3% were exposed to a mini hole in the ozone layer, 60.1% resided at an altitude over 3500 m.a.s.l and 51.9% presented cutaneous manifestations of atopy upon physical examination. The prevalence of photodermatoses was 64.8%, of which the most frequent were actinic prurigo (49.3%), pityriasis alba (18.5%) and actinic cheilitis (4.4%). The multivariate analysis found that residing in a region exposed to the mini hole in the ozone layer (aOR = 4.23; CI 95%: 2.32– 7.72) and residing at an altitude over 3500 m.a.s.l (aOR = 2.76; CI 95%: 1.57– 4.86) were both independent associated factors to photodermatoses.Conclusion: A high prevalence of photodermatoses exists among the pediatric population living at high-altitude in Peru. Residing in a region exposed to a mini hole in the ozone layer and residing over 3500 m.a.s.l constituted associated factors.Keywords: ultraviolet rays, ozone depletion, high-altitude, children, adolescents

Sarah Musa, Ismail Dergaa Department of Preventative Health, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, QatarCorrespondence: Sarah Musa, Department of Preventative Health, Primary Health Care Corporation, P.O. Box 26555, Doha, Qatar, Tel + 97455666457, Email smusa@phcc.gov.qaBackground: COVID-19 and the measures stemming from efforts to control it have affected the psychosocial wellbeing of children and adolescents. The increasing trend of challenging behavior has exerted further pressure on parents and schools. Understanding socioemotional development and interrelating triggers is the key to management. Early interventions prevent the future threat of mental illness and risky acts. Effective strategies are ones that primarily focus on strengthening parent–child interactions.Aim: The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the (i) psychosocial and behavioral impacts of COVID-19 on children/adolescents and (ii) approaches to identify determinants of challenging behaviors as a principal guide to effective interventional strategies for children and their families.Methodology: Electronic database searches of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Scopus were conducted to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria that address the impact of COVID-19 on behaviors, contributing factors, and management in the context of families/schools. The content of the selected articles was themed under five categories, namely the developmental milestones, the Pyramid Model, the Positive Behavioral Support, the management strategies, and the impact of COVID-19 on children/adolescents’ behavior.Results: The present review demonstrates considerable influence of COVID-19 on children and adolescents’ behavior and mental wellbeing. It stresses the importance of early family-based interventions focusing on the triggers of challenging behavior. Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavioral Intervention Plan provide a systematic analysis with a strategic plan that support children’s self-regulation and socioemotional intelligence. Regular behavioral screening is vital to promote prevention and early management.Conclusion: Managing behavioral difficulties remains an area of deficit for parents, teachers, and health care providers. With a quality support, parents and schools will be able to clearly characterize the challenging behavior, understand the causes, reinforce parent–child interactions, and consequently, gain the strategic skills required to apply it within natural settings. Timely interventions will limit the risk of future misconduct and mental disorders.Keywords: COVID-19, psychosocial wellbeing mental health, Pyramid Model, family-centered intervention, children, adolescents

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between sexting, risky sexual behaviour, and features of borderline personality disorder. Subject and methods: The study, conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, involved 265 people (70 males and 195 females) ranging in age from 17 to 25 years, with an average age of M = 23.57 (SD = 3.2). Participant completed The Intimate Images Diffusion Scale among Adolescents, the Sexual Risk Behaviour Scale, and a Borderline Symptom Questionnaire (BSL-23). Results: The results of this study show that individuals who reported participating in sexting scored higher on the BSL-23. Those who participate in sexting are less likely to use protection during sexual activity, are more likely to change sexual partners, and they are more likely to engage in sexual activity under the influence of alcohol and narcotics. The features of borderline personality disorder, the number of sexual partners in the last 6 months, use of condoms, and sexual activity under the influence of alcohol have been shown to be significant predictors of participation in sexting. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that mobile phones and internet make it easier the development of problematic patterns of behaviour, and for experiencing negative psychological consequences.

Successful rollout of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Africa has resulted in a steep decline in HIV incidence. Even though this has been a long-awaited development, it is not the case for adolescents (10-19 years) born HIV-positive. Given this brief background and dangers imposed by COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents born HIV-positive are at great risk. A systematic review was conducted and reported, according to preferred reporting items for meta-analyses (PRISMA). Studies were drawn from database search performed between April and June 2020 using PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Sabinet. Results suggested that factors, which negatively impact ART adherence fall into three main levels: 1. Household level: through pressure to share medication; 2. Institutional level: lockdown restrictions due to COVID-19, long distance to facilities, heavy workload due to limited staff, and extended waiting times; 3. Community level: structural barriers, such as HIV stigma and discrimination, gender inequalities, and poor living conditions. Main motivators to remain adherent to ART include having a strong social support system, life goals, and ambitions. This paper highlights the complexity of ART adherence during COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to improve adherence to ART of adolescents born HIV-positive should address psycho-social factors, such as treatment fatigue, disclosure and family, and household dynamics, in addition to access to ART service delivery during periods of crisis.

Introduction: Given the importance of the scale of difficulty in emotion regulation, in measuring the ability to regulate emotion in adolescents and adults, which is widely used in research and clinical settings, the purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of short form of difficulty in emotion regulation (DERS-16) in group of Iranian adolescents. Methods: The method of the present study was a survey in which the statistical population consisted of all 16 to 18 years old male secondary school students in Ardabil City in the 2019-2020 academic year (N = 21756). Among which 409 individuals were selected by cluster random sampling and individually responded to the DERS-16 & NEO-FF-R. To analyze the data internal consistency coefficient, divergent validity and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and LISREL 8.8 software. Results: The results of internal coefficient showed that this scale had a good reliability. Fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis also showed appropriate scale validity (CFI = 0.99, RFI = 0.98, NNFI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.048). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the Persian version of this scale is a good tool for measuring the difficulty in regulating emotion and can be used to assess the difficulty in regulating emotion in adolescents and adults.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the instantaneous effect of insole on the balance of adolescents with flat foot and Pes Cavus. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 34 adolescents with flat foot and Pes Cavus (17 girls and 17 boys) in the age range of 11 to 14 years in Tehran were randomly selected and their balance performance in static and dynamic positions was examined before and after instantaneous using of insole. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: Paired t-test results showed that the instantaneous effect of insole on dynamic balance is significant (P=0.00), but it had no significant effect on static balance (P=0.07). The results of independent t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of dynamic balance (P=0.99) and static balance (P=0.52) in Pre-test phase. There was no significant difference between the two groups in dynamic balance (P=0.25) and static balance (P=0.72) in Post-test phase, either. Conclusion: Using medical insole can improve the dynamic balance in adolescents with Pes Cavus and flat foot, but has no effect on their static balance.

Backgrounds: Among the problematic online behaviours, online grooming, that is, a manipulative process leading to sexual solicitation between an adult and a minor, is receiving increasing attention. However, most of the studies come from qualitative data, confirming that a formalized measurement tool is still missing. Moreover, online grooming measurement mostly relies on its latest, advanced stages, when the abuse and the actual exchange of sexual material has already occurred and reported to the authorities. The aim of the present study is to develop and validate a measurement instrument grasping the earlier stages of the phenomenon. Methods: The psychometric properties of the Online Grooming Risk (henceforth, OGR) scale were assessed in a validation study conducted on 316 adolescents, and its location within a network of psychological constructs relevant to the literature was examined with a non-parametric approach, the Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares. Results: Results confirmed reliability and validity of the OGR scale. Moreover, its association with both protective (e.g., a good family support) and risk antecedents (e.g., low self-esteem), as well as with the development of clearly sexualized references, seems also confirmed. Conclusions: The OGR tool configures itself as a useful resource in perspective of an early detection of online grooming. The study also highlights the protective role of family support and low self-esteem as a significant risk factor.

Teens tend to identify with social groups that characterize their lifestyles, interest in different musical styles and preference in specific activities. Previous studies conclude that group identification is a significant prospective predictor of drug use and other problematic behaviors but may not operate the same way in all cultures. There are no such studies that have been conducted in Spanish adolescents. This study examines the prevalence of self-identified group name research among Spanish adolescents, and its relationship between substance use and psychosocial constructs. The sample consisted of 791 Spanish adolescents from six secondary schools, aged between 14 to 18 years (M = 15.03; SD = 1.01). The results support the existence of group self-identification by youth. The High risk group reported significantly higher monthly cigarette and alcohol use, and the Others group reported higher monthly marijuana use. Regarding psychosocial correlates, youth with higher drug use report greater sensation seeking preference and higher levels of depression. Group self-identification is a consistent phenomenon among teens in different countries but, contrary to previous work, those youth not falling into a clearly defined group (“Others”) were the most likely to use marijuana.

Aim and Background: Drug use is a very serious concern for general health. There are various factors involved in drug use, family, social, psychological, and biological. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between family factors and drug use among adolescents. Methods and Materials: Statistical population of this study consists of all the students of Bushehr schools in the academic years 2011-2012 .Sample of this study consists of 1006 people (414 females and 592 males) were selected through cluster random sampling. Data were collected by Risk and Protective Factors of Drug use Questionnaire (Mohammadkhani 2004 Data were analyzed by stepwise multivariate Regression analysis. Findings: The results of the multivariate Regression analysis showed that there is a significant and positive relationship.between family factors (family conflicts, lack of monitoring children's behavior and positive attitude of parents to drug use) and drug use. The results of the Regression test for prediction of the use of drugs from family factors showed that family conflicts did not play a predicting role in explaining the use of drugs among adolescents and the lack of parents supervision on adolescents as well as parents 'attitude could predict codeine use and the parents' positive attitude to drug use has been able to explain the use of cannabis, grasses, crackers, glasses, X-pills, Ritalin, tramadol, and energizing drug. The use of energizing drugs was predictable by positive attitude of parents to drug use. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used in family-based interventions related to prevention and treatment of adolescents’ drug use, with emphasis on parenting surveillance and parental attitude to drug use.

Joanna H Cox,1 Ananda Nahar,2 Cristiano Termine,3 Massimo Agosti,4,5 Umberto Balottin,6,7 Stefano Seri,8 Andrea E Cavanna8–101Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; 2University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; 3Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; 4Neonatology Unit, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy; 5Paediatric Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; 6Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; 7Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 8School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; 9Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (BSMHFT) and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; 10Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology and University College London, London, UKAbstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, which commonly presents with multiple behavioral problems, including co-morbid attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Both tics and co-morbid conditions have been shown to potentially affect patients’ health-related quality of life. While TS typically presents in childhood, its manifestations peak in severity during adolescence, a critical period in which affected individuals are exposed to potential stigma from peers. Physical and behavioral manifestations can also contribute to stigma, which subsequently leads to poorer health outcomes, discrimination, and a reduced willingness to seek help. The available evidence suggests that young patients with TS can experience reduced social acceptance from peers and difficulties establishing relationships. There is also evidence that some health care professionals share the unhelpful belief that young patients with TS should be disciplined in order to correct their disruptive behavior, based on the erroneous assumption that tics can be consciously controlled. Studies focussed on self-perception in patients with TS have yielded inconsistent results, with some studies showing problems in the domains of self-concept and self-esteem. Feelings of isolation, loneliness, and experiences of bullying have been reported more consistently. Interventions are required to reduce misconceptions about the condition and thus reduce stigma through targeted education and behavioral interventions. A multi-faceted approach that focuses on educating children, adults, and educators about TS would be beneficial to help alleviate stigma. This can be combined with self-advocacy and tailored psychological therapies for young patients with TS. The present paper reviews the current literature on stigma and self-perception in adolescents with TS in order to inform clinical decisions about management strategies and possible interventions to improve health-related quality of life.Keywords: tourette syndrome, tics, stigma, self-perception, adolescents

Indonesia has a demographic bonus where the number of young people is quite large than the old generation and children. Youth in Pekanbaru City reached 20,095% or 234.916 people. The problem is from the preliminary studies results that many adolescents have low emotional intelligence because they are considered less skilled in socializing and are motivated because of social media and electronic media. This study aims to determine the relationship between father involvement in parenting with adolescent emotional intelligence. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study were 116 adolescents of Air Cold Village, Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District. Sampling using the Non-Probability technique with the snowball sampling method. Researchers used a questionnaire to collect data. This study uses a bivariate analysis, namely Chi-Square. The results showed that fathers' involvement in parenting was in the high category, namely 92.2% of 107 people. Kidney intelligence is in the percentage of 82.8% of 96 people. Thus, there is a positive or significant relationship between fathers' involvement in parenting and adolescent emotional intelligence with a value of P = 0.008 (p

The Youth Quality of Life—Facial Differences (YQOL-FD), validated in the United States in 2005, was developed at the University of Washington by the Seattle Quality of Life Group (SeaQol), to evaluate quality of life of adolescents with facial deformities. Because no Portuguese version exists, the measure was not viable in Brazil. This study aimed to obtain linguistic and psychometric validation of a version of the YQOL-FD in Portuguese. Twenty-five patients with cleft lip and palate and five without facial deformity participated in Traumatology and Maxillofacial Prosthesis Surgery Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo. The linguistic validation of the YQOL-FD was carried out by a team consisting of the researcher, as project manager, two native Portuguese-speaking consultants fluent in English, and one native English-speaking consultant fluent in Portuguese. After translation and back-translation, a Portuguese version was obtained, which was applied in a pilot test (n = 10); after the final adjustments the Seattle Quality of Life Group approved the official version of the YQOL-FD in Portuguese. To obtain the psychometric validation, we requested the participation of 20 patients with cleft lip and palate who answered the questionnaire twice in a range of 7 to 15 days. The Cronbach’s alpha test was applied in the 48-item block, showing a high degree of internal consistency (0.949). The Wilcoxon Signal Post Test was applied to verify if the test and retest values were similar; the general agreement was 4/5 = 80%, indicating high reproducibility. It was concluded that the Portuguese version of the YQOL-FD is adequate for evaluating Quality of Life of Brazilian adolescents with craniofacial deformities.

The main objective of this research is to design a theoretical model of social monitoring for adolescents based on goals, basics, principles and methods achieved from Tafsir Al-Mizan. This research uses Conceptual analysis method and Inference method to design the theoretical model. The Analytical Society of this research is the Holy Quran verses and Tafsir al-Mizan, so that those sections of these sources that cover social monitoring themes were selected purposefully, analyzed continuously, and interpreted finally. The findings show that Allameh Tabatabai sees social monitoring as leverage for the preservation and survival of communities, whose disorder results in the decline of "social unity." Accordingly, the basics of social monitoring are the innate nature of moral values, tendency to order, having a good relationship with oneself and others, the necessity of law in society. The objectives of social monitoring include reviving ethical values, establishing individual and social discipline, having a healthy communication with oneself and others, and social justice. According to its basics and objectives, the principles of social monitoring are maintaining moral values, respecting order, communicating with oneself and others and law enforcement. Individual monitoring methods are cultivation, self-discipline, and maintaining self-esteem in communicating with oneself; and social monitoring methods include sermons, persuasive monitoring, and regulations training. The resulting model was validated and confirmed by the experts.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlıklı adölesanlarda süperior mezenterik arter ile abdominal aorta arasındaki açı ve uzaklık değerlerinin vücut kitle indeksine göre değişimini saptamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya 121’i kız ve 125’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 246 adölesan olgu dahil edildi. Kontrastlı batın bilgisayarlı tomografide aksiyal ve sagittal reformat görüntüler üzerinde aorta-mezenterik açı ve mesafe ölçümleri yapıldı. Vücut kitle indeksi (kg/m²) hesaplandı. Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması kızlarda ve erkeklerde sırasıyla 162.8 ve 163.8 ay olup aralarında farklılık saptanmadı. Ortalama vücut kitle indeksi değerleri kızlarda ve erkeklerde sırasıyla 17.8 ve 18.6 olup aralarında anlamlı değişiklik saptanmadı. Süperior mezenterik arter açısı, doudenal ve sol renal ven mesafesi değerleri sırasıyla kızlarda 41.1 derece, 11.2 mm, 8.2 mm ve erkeklerde 42.7 derece, 12.6 mm, 9.2 mm olup cinsiyete göre değişiklik saptanmadı. Her iki cinsiyette ve tüm olgularda vücut kitle indeksi ile süperiyor mezenterik arter açısı, doudenal ve sol renal ven mesafeleri pozitif korelasyon göstermekteydi.Sonuç: Sağlıklı adölesan popülasyonunda aortamesenterik açı ve mesafe ölçümleri vücut kitle indeksi ile pozitif korelasyon göstermektedir. Ortaya çıkan değerler, süperior mezenterik arter ile ilgili sıkışma sendromlarının tanısında referans değerler olarak kullanılabilir.

Background and Objectives: The tendency to use drugs is a growing phenomenon, which is linearly increasing from early adolescence to early adulthood. This study aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and addiction potential with the mediatory roles of social support and self-efficacy among male adolescents in Zanjan Rood, Iran. Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted among all male high-school students of Zanjan Rood in the academic year of 2015-2016. In total, 181 subjects were selected based on single-stage cluster sampling. Data collection was carried out using Religious Orientation Scale by Allport, Philips Social Support Questionnaire, Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Addiction potential Scale (APS). In addition, data analysis was performed through structural equation modeling and path analysis by using SPSS version 20 and LISREL. Results: In this research, the components of internal and external religious orientation, social support (family, friends, acquaintances, and total support), and self-efficacy had a significant impact on addiction potential of the participants. Moreover, social support and self-efficacy had a mediatory role in the relationship between religious orientation and addiction potential among adolescents. Evaluation of direct paths demonstrated that while the path of internal religion orientation had the highest effect on addiction potential (B=0.68, P

The research explores the link between mental well-being and justice sensitivity among male juvenile offenders. 171 adolescents aged from 13 to 18 years (82 offenders and 89 law-abiding adolescents) were interviewed. The following methods were used: Justice Sensitivity Inventory (M. Schmitt), including 4 scales which measures justice sensitivity from different roles, and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being scale. Revealed, that offenders were significantly more sensitive to justice than law-abiding adolescents. Mental well-being of offenders is positively associated with all types of justice sensitivity: victim sensitivity, as well as the other three roles– observer sensitivity, beneficiary sensitivity, perpetrator sensitivity, which are the components of prosocial justice sensitivity. In the group of law-abiding adolescents significant relationship among mental well-being and justice sensitivity was not found.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In adolescence, there are various changes, both physical, cognitive, and social, which cause adolescents vulnerable to reproductive health problems. The family as the closest part of adolescence is one of the main factors in improving adolescent reproductive health and has a very important role in providing sexual and reproductive health information to adolescents. Objective: to find out the communication between parents and teenagers about sexual and reproductive health. Method: The design used is a systematic review. Journal searches are conducted on online databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Journals, articles, and literature reviews were found using keywords parent-adolescent communication, sexual and reproductive health, adolescents. Results: A total of 7 journal articles selected from 28 articles showed that communication between parents and adolescents regarding reproductive and sexual health was very important to do. However, the implementation is still lacking due to various factors such as lack of parental knowledge, parents lacking in communication skills, the presence of shame, and cultural influences that consider reproductive and sexual health issues as taboo to be discussed with adolescents. Discussion: The communication of parents and adolescents regarding reproductive and sexual health has been widely investigated in various countries. Interventions are needed to improve the quality of communication between parents and adolescents through increasing the knowledge of parents of these adolescents.

One of the concerns in the process of adolescent transition into adulthood is the status of career identity. Good status enables teenagers to survive in increasingly competitive conditions. This study aims to see the status of career identity found in first year students at Yogyakarta State University. Data were collected by survey method using scale spread to 500 respondents. The scale used by SPSS to meet the validity and reliability The results show that 96% of respondents in the right field are in the category of achievement and 4% are in foreclosure category. While in the non-exact field there are 97% are in the category of achievement and 3% is foreclosure category. So it can be said that about 95% of respondents have good identity status, and expected to survive in an increasingly competitive conditions. This study contributes to literature of career identity status as well as other contributions described.

Photobiomodulation is recommended in adults for the prevention of mucositis induced by cervicofacial irradiation or pre-transplant chemotherapy. The results of pediatric studies are promising but this support treatment is still underused. The objective was to conduct a feasibility study in the pediatric hematology-oncology unit at X Children's Hospital. Extra- and intraoral scans were performed a minimum of three times every 2 days for grade 2 or higher mucositis in children (median age, 8.6 years) using the Oncolase laser (Biophoton, Saint Alban, France), with a combination of two wavelengths (635 and 815 nm). The effect of the laser on mucositis grade, pain, the child's tolerance, and the time dedicated to this care were also evaluated. The success of the procedure was 77% in 1 year, with the inclusion of 84% of the patients (n = 22) and 146 laser treatment sessions (median of four per episode of mucositis). We observed excellent tolerance and pain relief with a gain of two points on the VAS and the HEDEN mucositis scale. This study shows that photobiomodulation that incorporates two application modes (intra- and extraoral) through the combination of two wavelengths is feasible when integrated into the care of a pediatric hematology-oncology department and is perfectly tolerated, even by young children. Along with oral hygiene and analgesic management, it alleviates pain associated with oral mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction: This is important to consider the health, social support, and marital satisfaction of drivers since they own one of the essential and stressful jobs in society. The purpose of this research was to investigate quality of life, marital satisfaction, and social support of the drivers referring to the cargo terminal of Yazd City. Methods: In order to collect data, 134 drivers in Yazd cargo terminal were selected. The ENRICH questionnaire of marital satisfaction, SF-36 questionnaire, and social support questionnaire (SSQ) have been used as data collection tools. The collected data were then analyzed by Independent T test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation. Results: According to the results, the drivers' average age was 40.2±9.17 years old. The mean scores of marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support were equal to 120.04±20.14 out of 175, 99.69±18.14 out of 149, and 15±4.76 out of 23, respectively. About 60.4 % of drivers were not satisfied with their jobs. There were significant relationships between weight and marital satisfaction (P=0.02), as well as between job satisfaction (P=0.003) (P=0.015) and income (P=0.047) (P=0.020), to social support and quality of life. Also, a strong significant positive relationship was observed in correlation coefficient between social support and two variables of quality of life and marital satisfaction (P=0.000). Conclusion: This can be argued that marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support of the drivers are lower than the expected levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that physical and mental health of drivers can be effective on safety of roads; thereby it is necessary to improve their conditions in marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support

Introduction: Drug abuse among adolescents potentially holds several negative consequences for the health and well-being of the youth. This theoretically based study explained predictability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on drug abuse related behaviors among adolescents. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Yazd City, Iran, in 2015 among 125 male adolescents in the age range of 11 - 29 years, recruited randomly. All data gathered by using self-report written questionnaires included attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention not to use drugs as theoretical constructs of TPB, and drug abuse related behaviors. Results: The results showed that 18 % of participants were smoker, 97 % of them did not have history of synthetic drug abuse by parents, and 6 % of participants reported synthetic drug abuse by friends. Results of Chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between smoking and father's education, family size, history of synthetic drugs in parents, history of synthetic drugs in friends, and participants' job (P ˃ 0.000). However, maternal education (P = 682) and living with parents (P = 729) did not have any significant relationship. Conclusions: The low prevalence of Drug abuse in this study in comparison with the existing statistics can attribute to lack of participants' reports.

This article presents the relation between self-conidence, anxiety and responsibility among adolescents. There are described obtained results for studied factors and those based on gender

Juvenile deliquency is a pidure of antisodal personality or behavior disorder of adolescents. To help young people achieve optimal growth and avoid deviant behavior can be done through retuming to the nature of teens as the obedient servant of God worship. Due to retuming them to do the worship to God and always run His rules corredly and implement the prophet's traditions, it is expeded that teenagers will always behave well and will be spared from deviant behaviors.

Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is one of the important health problems in adolescents and one of the preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the perceived threat about cigarette smoking among adolescents with emphasis on optimistic bias. Methods: The present study was carried out as a descriptive cross-sectional study on 2nd grade secondary school male students in Shiraz, Iran. A multi-step cluster sampling method was used in the present study. A questionnaire including questions about demographic characteristics, knowledge, and perceived threat, was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its validity by a panel of experts. The data were analyzed using descriptive tests and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In the current study, the majority of students (3.3%) initiated cigarette smoking at the age of 13 years. Also, there was a significant relationship between perceived susceptibility and having smoker friends and offering cigarette by them. Also, the findings of this study showed that there was a negative correlation between perceived susceptibility and severity. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, in spite of high perceived severity, the perceived susceptibility was low among the students. Also, optimistic bias in adolescents causes that although they believe in high severity of high-risk behaviors, they do not feel themselves exposed to the risk of morbidity due to health problems.

The structure and correlation of thyroid dysfunction and non-thyroid pathology in adolescents was analyzed. An adequate replacement therapy of hypothyroidism, which aims to compensate its manifestations, will not only improve physical condition of the patient, but also serves as prevention of multiple organ disorders occurring against the background of reduced thyroid function.

Adversity experienced in early life can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. One pathway in which these effects occur is through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key physiological stress-mediating system. In this review, we discuss the theoretical perspectives that guide stress reactivity and regulation research, the anatomy and physiology of the axis, developmental changes in the axis and its regulation, brain systems regulating stress, the role of genetic and epigenetics variation in axis development, sensitive periods in stress system calibration, the social regulation of stress (i.e., social buffering), and emerging research areas in the study of stress physiology and development. Understanding the development of stress reactivity and regulation is crucial for uncovering how early adverse experiences influence mental and physical health., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

It is found that only in adolescents with I type left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, there is a significant activation of sympathoadrenal system, and in patients with type II and III, increasing activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is detected. Among the factors leading to the progression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, especially aldosterone, play the largest role.

La búsqueda de sensaciones es un rasgo de personalidad que se refiere a la necesidad de buscar nuevas experiencias y sensaciones. Se desarrolló un nuevo inventario para medir éste rasgo como una expresión bioconductual de la personalidad. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron determinar las propiedades psicométricas (estructura factorial, validez y consistencia interna) de un nuevo inventario para medir búsqueda de sensaciones, así como evaluar su validez referida a un criterio y obtener baremos normativos en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos. Se seleccionó una muestra de 550 jóvenes, 260 hombres y 290 mujeres, entre 14 y 23 años, estudiantes de bachillerato de la Ciudad de México. Los análisis psicométricos mostraron ocho dimensiones, cuatro similares a las reportadas por Zuckerman: búsqueda de emociones intensas, búsqueda de experiencias y aventura, desinhibición y susceptibilidad al aburrimiento y cuatro nuevas dimensiones nombradas búsqueda de placer, búsqueda de riesgo, búsqueda de novedad y búsqueda de lo inusual. Adicionalmente los hombres puntúan significativamente más que las mujeres en el total de la búsqueda de sensaciones y en seis subescalas. La discusión analiza la utilidad del nuevo inventario para la evaluación de la búsqueda de sensaciones y de sus dimensiones en adolescentes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate differences between sexes in motor competence (MC) by product- and process-oriented assessments, and examine the effect of maturation as a covariate influencing the MC of boys and girls. The sample comprised 50 adolescents (28 boys), aged 11-17 years (14.02 ± 2.49), from two public schools. The MC was evaluated in three skills (standing long jump, hop and throw) by process- (developmental sequences for body components) and product-oriented assessments (distance, time and speed, respectively). Maturation was evaluated with the peak height velocity (PHV). Sex differences were evaluated using ANOVA and, subsequently, ANCOVA, considering the PHV as a covariate. Boys had better MC in all the skills for product-oriented assessment, and most of body components for process-oriented assessment. After using the PHV as a covariate, the magnitude of differences between sexes increased in most of motor skills for both types of assessments, favoring boys. Considering the effect of maturation on the difference between the sexes in the MC, we emphasize the need to observe the maturation while studying the MC during adolescence.

Introduction. Bruxism is a parafunctional habit characterized by the incessant action of grinding and clenching of the teeth improperly. It can occurred when dental occlusion is altered due to premature contacts between the teeth, and excursive occlusal interference. These conditions can alter the frequency, intensity and duration of the bruxism episode adopted. A transversal study was carried out to evaluate the frequency of the habit of bruxism and its relation with the type of dental occlusion in a group of teenagers. Material and method. A total of 278 teenagers were examined, who were signed up in high school. For the epidemiology survey, a questioner was applied and they were given a mouth exam for such end, an examiner was previously standardized (malocclusion kappa=0.89, bruxism kappa=0.93). Results. 51.5% of the teenagers presented bruxism being more frequent in the category of 17 years old with no difference of sex. The 81.4% showed some kind of dental malocclusion, out of which 57.6% were cases of malocclusion Class I, the 21.4% Class II and the 2.4% Class III, with no association noticed between both variables. Conclusion. The frequency of bruxism was high with similar distribution given the age as well as gender with no relation noticed with the type of dental occlusion or with the frequency of dental malocclusion.

The research results of recent decades of health psychology show that psychological state affects biological mechanisms. The aim of present study was to assess the effects of positive and negative emotional experiences induction in adolescent’s cardiovascular reactions with regard to the moderating role of state/ trait anxiety dimensions. From a large population of adolescents based on the extreme scores of state- trait anxiety distribution and inclusion criteria four groups (high stat anxiety, low stat anxiety, high trait anxiety and low trait anxiety) were selected and their cardiac indices including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were obtained in baseline (relaxed) state and following positive and negative emotional experiences induction. Data was analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The result showed that in baseline, the systolic blood pressure of individuals with high trait anxiety characteristics is higher than individuals with low trait anxiety characteristics and the diastolic blood pressure of individuals with high trait anxiety characteristics is higher than individuals with low stat anxiety characteristics. The induction of positive emotional experiences led to significant reduction in systolic blood pressure of individuals with low trait and stat anxiety characteristics in comparison with individuals with high trait anxiety characteristics. The induction of negative emotional experiences led to significant increase in systolic blood pressure of individuals with high trait anxiety characteristics in comparison with individuals with low trait and state anxiety characteristics and diastolic blood pressure of individuals with high state anxiety characteristics in comparison with individuals with low state anxiety characteristics. The findings support the model of psychosomatic disorders and the role of anxiety, mood states and emotional experiences in cardiovascular reactions.

A person's total perception of his or her value or worth is referred to as self-esteem. It may serve as a proxy for how much a person "values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes [him or herself]". The study's major goals were to assess adolescents' levels of self-esteem and examine the impact assertiveness training had on those adolescents' self-esteem. The research design selected for the study was pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design". Anon-probability convenience sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 60 adolescents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was the study's primary instrument, a 10-item questionnaire that a person fills out and scores on a 0-3 scale, containing both positive and negative items, is used to measure one's degree of self-esteem. In this case, questions 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 had lower scores than questions 1,3,4,7 and 10. The Likert scale looks like this: Strongly disagree, strongly agree, agree, and disagree. The mean Self-Esteem score prior to the test was 11.33 with a standard deviation of 1.28, whereas the mean Self-Esteem score after the test was 21.16 with a standard deviation of 1.94. The mean difference of 9.83 is significant at 0.001 levels. The 't' value of 33.4 was higher than the table value. This study provides evidence of adolescents' self-esteem has been improved through assertiveness training., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conceivable conflict of interest with respect to conducting and publication of this research., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)

Introduction: The sexual orientation keeps statistically significant association with the self-esteem. Nevertheless, there are not studies in population of university students from Santa Marta, Colombia. Objective: To establish the association between sexual orientation and self-esteem in students of a university. Methods: Cross sectional study with voluntary participation of university students older than 18 years of age was designed. The participants completed an anonymous questionnaire about sexual orientation which contained the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. By means of logistic regression, the association according to gender was estimated and adjusted. Results: 1.349 students of different academic programs participated. The average age was 20.6 years (SD=3.4) and 50,7% were men. 3.4% informed to be lesbian, homosexual or bisexual (LGB) and 15.7% manifested low self-esteem (less or equal to 29 in the score; Cronbach’s alpha). The LGB students presented major frequency of low self-esteem in comparison with heterosexual students, adjusted by gender (OR=5.94; CI95%: 3.26-10.81; p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is necessary to study the effect of obesity on childrens dental maturity. Accelerated dental development in obese children can effect on pediatric dentistry and orthodontic treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental development and BMI in 7-15 year old children of Babol in 2011.METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 168 subjects aged 7-15 years were studied. Dental age of subjects was determined using the Demirjian method. Weight and height of the subjects was measured and BMI status was determined for each subject. Chronological age was calculated by subtracting the birth date from the date on which the radiographs were done for every individual. The difference between chronological and dental age was measured and analyzed regarding BMI and gender. FINDINGS: In this survey168 subjects including 84 females and 84 males were studied. Mean of dental and chronological age was 11.44±2.85 and 11.06±2.29 years, respectively. Mean of dental age was measured 0.38±1.24 year more than chronological age. There was no a significant relationship between chronological age and dental age, and their difference based on gender and BMI. But the difference between the dental age and chronological age only in boys showed a significant difference (p

AbstractThe purpose of this article has been to analyze the use of photo elicitation research as a research methodology in Physical Culture Studies, with a special emphasis in Physical Activity contexts and the role of this visual methodology in order to understand the social construction of body and gender among children in physical education. The physical self-image and how others perceive the body make a huge difference when social interaction is taking place, since there is a hegemonic model or image of the body, and it is widespread in society. Psychologists, teachers in general and physical educators need to pay more attention to both how adolescent girls’ cultural perspectives contribute to their sense of self and how important is to provide girls with many opportunities to analyze and stimulate critique discursive practices that shape embodied subjectivity. All of them should be aware of their relevant role as agents of cultural change and reproducers of sociocultural trends and so select both the most appropriate curriculum and content to eliminate the existing stereotypical views.ResumenEl propósito de este artículo ha sido analizar el empleo de la fotografía como instrumento investigador y metodológico en estudios sobre Cultura Física, con un énfasis especial en los contextos de actividad física, así como el papel de las metodologías visuales para comprender la construcción social del cuerpo y del género entre la educción física escolar. Tanto la propia imagen física, como la forma en que otros perciben el cuerpo se ve muy influida en las situaciones de interacción social, ya que existe un modelo hegemónico, o imagen del cuerpo, que está muy extendido en la sociedad. Psicólogos, educadores en general y profesores de educación física deben prestar más atención a estas cuestiones y a como la perspectiva cultural que tienen las adolescentes contribuye a dar sentido a su yo, y hasta qué punto es importante ofrecerles oportunidades para analizarlas y estimular la crítica discursiva que configure su subjetividad corporal. Todos ellos tienen que ser conscientes de su papel como agentes culturales de cambio y reproductores de tendencias socioculturales, para con ello seleccionar el currículum y los contendidos más apropiados para eliminar las visiones estereotipadas de estas cuestiones que existen en la actualidad.http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2012.02805

Objectives: Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, many of these factors have been uncovered despite much research. A case-control study was carried out to determine the potential maternal, neonatal and early childhood risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents in Basrah.Methods: A total of 96 diabetic patients who have been admitted to the pediatric wards at 3 main hospitals in Basrah, and those who have visited primary health care centers over the period from the 4th of November 2006 to the end of May 2007 were recruited. In addition, 299 non-diabetic children were included, their age ranged from 18 months to 17 years.Results: Family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases in first and second degree relatives was found to be an independent risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus, (p