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Fetal alcohol syndrome is the result of prenatal effect of alcohol on the fetus and manifests as disorders of neural and mental development and various congenital developmental disorders leading to comorbid diseases. Among congenital developmental disorders for the pathology, adenotonsillar pathology was described. Narrowing of the nasopharyngeal opening, faciomaxillary dysmorphias and muscle hypotony can lead to sleep apnea syndrome. The article presents a clinical case of fetal alcohol syndrome and sleep apnea in a 7‑year-old girl with multiple developmental disorders born form alcohol-abusing mother. Breathing abnormalities during sleep must be differentiated per character and cause. Cardiorespiratory monitoring is used to diagnose respiratory abnormalities, the results determine patient management tactics. Interdisciplinary approach to observation and treatment of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome is necessary to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures and patient’s quality of life.

The article presents the modern view of etiology of the obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OAHSS) in the children taking into consideration the ontogenetic stage and the principal mechanisms of its formation including the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep apnoea with special reference to the pathogenetic commonness of OAHSS with endothelial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, cardiac disorders, and systemic chronic inflammation. The role of ENT diseases in the children with obstructive sleep apnoea is discussed. The results of genetic studies of the processes influencing the formation of the risk of development of sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome and its outcomes in the children are discussed.