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Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To help stakeholders such as planners, resource managers, policymakers, and decision makers address environmental challenges in the Anthropocene, scientists are increasingly creating actionable science—science that is useful, usable, and used. Critical physical geography encourages the engagement of stakeholders in the creation of scientific knowledge to conduct actionable science and produce outputs that are directly relevant to stakeholder plans, decisions, or actions. Many scientists, however, lack formal training in how to partner with stakeholders using effective and ethical practices. In this article, we use the core principles for ethical research of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice from the Belmont Report (1979) as a suggested framework to examine the perspectives of stakeholders engaged in climate adaptation science projects. We argue that this framework aligns with the principles of critical physical geography and provides guidance for scientists to make their research more actionable while placing necessary emphasis on ethical considerations. We also challenge scientists to consider the broader ethical implications of engaging with these partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ANUARI d' Arquitectura i Societat is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientists, resource managers, and decision makers increasingly use knowledge coproduction to guide the stewardship of future landscapes under climate change. This process was applied in the California Central Valley (USA) to solve complex conservation problems, where managed wetlands and croplands are flooded between fall and spring to support some of the largest concentrations of shorebirds and waterfowl in the world. We coproduced scenario narratives, spatially explicit flooded waterbird habitat models, data products, and new knowledge about climate adaptation potential. We documented our coproduction process, and using the coproduced models, we determined when and where management actions make a difference and when climate overrides these actions. The outcomes of this process provide lessons learned on how to cocreate usable information and how to increase climate adaptive capacity in a highly managed landscape. Actions to restore wetlands and prioritize their water supply created habitat outcomes resilient to climate change impacts particularly in March, when habitat was most limited; land protection combined with management can increase the ecosystem's resilience to climate change; and uptake and use of this information was influenced by the roles of different stakeholders, rapidly changing water policies, discrepancies in decision‐making time frames, and immediate crises of extreme drought. Although a broad stakeholder group contributed knowledge to scenario narratives and model development, to coproduce usable information, data products were tailored to a small set of decision contexts, leading to fewer stakeholder participants over time. A boundary organization convened stakeholders across a large landscape, and early adopters helped build legitimacy. Yet, broadscale use of climate adaptation knowledge depends on state and local policies, engagement with decision makers that have legislative and budgetary authority, and the capacity to fit data products to specific decision needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El cambio climático favorece al incremento de factores de estrés ambiental, como la mayor salinidad y el aumento de la sequía. Este escenario debilita la resiliencia de las plantas, ya sea por la afectación a su estructura o por el impacto al ecosistema en el que habitan. En ese sentido, numerosos cultivos han encontrado el modo de adaptarse; entre ellos, la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). El presente manuscrito brinda propuestas para un mejor análisis y preservación de este cultivo, como la inclusión de una mayor cantidad de variables bioclimáticas en la determinación de zonas óptimas para su desarrollo, y la combinación de modelos integrados de cultivos, estructura, evolución, mapeo de material genético, tipos de suelo, que permitan a las comunidades seleccionar variedades que se adapten a estas condiciones.

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: climate adaptation; colonization; conservation policy; distribution change; EU Birds Directive; LIFE program; wetland; adaptación climática; cambios en la distribución; colonización; Directiva de Aves de la UE; humedal; políticas de conservación; programa LIFE EN climate adaptation colonization conservation policy distribution change EU Birds Directive LIFE program wetland adaptación climática cambios en la distribución colonización Directiva de Aves de la UE humedal políticas de conservación programa LIFE 1 9 9 08/01/22 20220801 NES 220801 INTRODUCTION Conservation policies have historically aimed to stop or mitigate species extinction, habitat degradation, and natural resource depletion. Although management, and financial resources allocated to management, may facilitate species distribution shifts by reducing anthropogenic pressures, species-specific management may also increase species persistence by maintaining preexisting habitat conditions despite climate warming or by mitigating the negative impacts of the temperature changes (Greenwood et al., 2016). Waterbird communities adjust to climate warming according to conservation policy and species protection status. [Extracted from the article]

A central tenet of landscape ecology is that mobile species depend on complementary habitats, which are insufficient in isolation, but combine to support animals through the full annual cycle. However, incorporating the dynamic needs of mobile species into conservation strategies remains a challenge, particularly in the context of climate adaptation planning. For cold‐water fishes, it is widely assumed that maximum temperatures are limiting and that summer data alone can predict refugia and population persistence. We tested these assumptions in populations of redband rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii) in an arid basin, where the dominance of hot, hyperproductive water in summer emulates threats of climate change predicted for cold‐water fish in other basins. We used telemetry to reveal seasonal patterns of movement and habitat use. Then, we compared contributions of hot and cool water to growth with empirical indicators of diet and condition (gut contents, weight–length ratios, electric phase angle, and stable isotope signatures) and a bioenergetics model. During summer, trout occurred only in cool tributaries or springs (<20 °C) and avoided Upper Klamath Lake (>25 °C). During spring and fall, ≥65% of trout migrated to the lake (5–50 km) to forage. Spring and fall growth (mean [SD] 0.58% per day [0.80%] and 0.34 per day [0.55%], respectively) compensated for a net loss of energy in cool summer refuges (–0.56% per day [0.55%]). In winter, ≥90% of trout returned to tributaries (25–150 km) to spawn. Thus, although perennially cool tributaries supported thermal refuge and spawning, foraging opportunities in the seasonally hot lake ultimately fueled these behaviors. Current approaches to climate adaptation would prioritize the tributaries for conservation but would devalue critical foraging habitat because the lake is unsuitable and unoccupied during summer. Our results empirically demonstrate that warm water can fuel cold‐water fisheries and challenge the common practice of identifying refugia based only on summer conditions. Article impact statement: Warm downstream habitats may be critical for cold‐water fisheries but are overlooked by climate adaptation planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displacement due to environmental hazards such as sea-level rise and extreme weather has long been a prominent theme of climate adaptation and migration research. Although the relationship between climate adaptation and displacement is typically associated with the involuntary relocation of human bodies and livelihoods, in this article I offer an alternative perspective. Through an examination of recent trends in the Indonesian cocoa sector, I argue that fixing labor and capital in place—often in the form of smallholder producers—has emerged as a core strategy for corporate entities to manage the threat of their own economic displacement. Although this strategy enables corporate entities to maintain cocoa production in the face of economic and environmental disruption, the associated loss of smallholder mobility, constrained livelihood options, and new forms of financial dependency increase smallholder vulnerability to economic and environmental impacts associated with climate change. This work highlights emerging tensions between climate adaptation, displacement, and agrarian change while raising new questions concerning who and what is displaced and how in the context of climate adaptation in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive capacity (AC)—the ability of a species to cope with or accommodate climate change—is a critical determinant of species vulnerability. Using information on species' AC in conservation planning is key to ensuring successful outcomes. We identified connections between a list of species' attributes (e.g., traits, population metrics, and behaviors) that were recently proposed for assessing species' AC and management actions that may enhance AC for species at risk of extinction. Management actions were identified based on evidence from the literature, a review of actions used in other climate adaptation guidance, and our collective experience in diverse fields of global‐change ecology and climate adaptation. Selected management actions support the general AC pathways of persist in place or shift in space, in response to contemporary climate change. Some actions, such as genetic manipulations, can be used to directly alter the ability of species to cope with climate change, whereas other actions can indirectly enhance AC by addressing ecological or anthropogenic constraints on the expression of a species' innate abilities to adapt. Ours is the first synthesis of potential management actions directly linked to AC. Focusing on AC attributes helps improve understanding of how and why aspects of climate are affecting organisms, as well as the mechanisms by which management interventions affect a species' AC and climate change vulnerability. Adaptive‐capacity‐informed climate adaptation is needed to build connections among the causes of vulnerability, AC, and proposed management actions that can facilitate AC and reduce vulnerability in support of evolving conservation paradigms. Article impact statement: Conservation‐management actions are linked to the realized adaptive capacity of species amidst climate variability and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do polycentric governance systems respond to the emergence of new collective‐action problems? We study this question in the context of the evolution of polycentric systems of sea‐level rise adaptation in the San Francisco Bay Area. We focus on how the structure of polycentric systems changes over time to support cooperation and learning and whether those changes represent a process of centralization or decentralization. The ecology of games framework provides the theoretical background for developing hypotheses about the structure of the system over time. We test the hypotheses by analyzing the polycentric system as a two‐mode network where actors are linked to policy, divided into five time periods from 1991 to 2016. The results suggest that the polycentric system for sea‐level rise adaptation started with a centralized set of actors, which evolved over time to a more decentralized structure. The research has general implications with respect to how polycentric systems manage the trade‐off between maintaining local autonomy and coordinating decisions at the regional level across fragmented policy communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological transformations are occurring as a result of climate change, challenging traditional approaches to land management decision-making. The resist-accept-direct (RAD) framework helps managers consider how to respond to this challenge. We examined how the feasibility of the choices to resist, accept, and direct shifts in complex and dynamic ways through time. We considered 4 distinct types of social feasibility: regulatory, financial, public, and organizational. Our commentary is grounded in literature review and the examples that exist but necessarily has speculative elements because empirical evidence on this newly emerging management strategy is scarce. We expect that resist strategies will become less feasible over time as managers encounter situations where resisting is ecologically, by regulation, financially, or publicly not feasible. Similarly, we expect that as regulatory frameworks increasingly permit their use, if costs decrease, and if the public accepts them, managers will increasingly view accept and direct strategies as more viable options than they do at present. Exploring multiple types of feasibility over time allows consideration of both social and ecological trajectories of change in tandem. Our theorizing suggested that deepening the time horizon of decision-making allows one to think carefully about when one should adopt different approaches and how to combine them over time., (© 2024 The Author(s). Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El cambio climático ha venido alterando las condiciones agroecológicas en todo el mundo. América Latina es una de las regiones más afectadas, siendo Nicaragua, Honduras y Haití los países más vulnerables. Parte de estos efectos se notan en las variaciones de los regímenes de lluvias al punto de tocar extremos como sequias e inundaciones en zonas de clima moderado. El riesgo se acrecienta al saber que el 90% de los cultivos de esta región depende del régimen de lluvias. Como alternativa se han comenzado a evaluar y utilizar ampliamente variedades resistentes a la sequía, una de ellas es la variedad de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) INTA Rojo (EAP 9510- 77). El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el comportamiento fenológico y productivo de esta leguminosa en condiciones de estrés hídrico. También se determinará la cantidad mínima y máxima de agua con la que la planta no presente en pérdida productiva por medio de correlaciones de variables. La investigación se realizó en el municipio de Bocana de Paiwas, en el Caribe de Nicaragua en periodo de primera del ciclo productivo 2018. Se registró una precipitación promedio de 60 mm mensuales. Este estudio es de carácter experimental y dirigido a cuantificar el efecto de las alteraciones fenológicas y productivas en la planta de P. vulgaris por el estrés hídrico. Se empleó el Análisis de Varianza y Diferencia Mínima Significativa con un α=0.05 para el análisis estadístico de los datos registrados. El tratamiento cinco (T5) es el que permitió el desarrollo óptimo de las características fenológicas y productivas P. vulgaris. Este cultivar de frijol requiere un mínimo del 80% y un máximo 120% de la cantidad diaria de evapotranspiración para no entrar en pérdida productiva por estrés hídrico. Partiendo del dato anterior se identifica que el cultivar del frijol es altamente (0.95) sensible a las variaciones de humedad en el suelo. Además, no presenta características de adaptación a condiciones de sequía y/o estrés hídrico por carencia de agua. Se requieren más investigaciones en condiciones controladas donde se pueda monitorear variables ambientales y atmosféricas. También deben integrarse otras variedades, entre ellas las criollas de uso común.

The Anthropocene affects how we manage the environment in many ways, perhaps most importantly by undermining how past conditions act as baselines for future expectations. In a period when historical analogues become less meaningful, we need to forge new practices and methods of environmental monitoring and management, including how to categorize, manage, and analyze the deluge of environmental data. In particular, we need practices to detect emerging hazards, changing baselines, and amplified risk. Some current data practices, however, especially the designation and dismissal of outliers, might mislead efforts to better adapt to new environmental conditions. In this article we ask these questions: What are the politics of determining what counts as "abnormal" and is worthy of exclusion in an era of the ever-changing "normal"? What do data exclusions, often in the form of outliers, do to our ability to understand and regulate in the Anthropocene? We identify a recursive process of distortion at play where constructing categories of abnormal–normal allows for the exclusion of "outliers" from data sets, which ultimately produces a false rarity and hides environmental changes. To illustrate this, we draw on a handful of examples in regulatory science and management, including the Exceptional Event Rule of the Clean Air Act, beach erosion models for nourishment projects, and the undetected ozone hole. We conclude with a call for attention to the construction of "normal" and "abnormal" events, systems, data, and natures in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansion of the global protected‐area network has been proposed as a strategy to address threats from accelerating climate change and species extinction. A key step in increasing the effectiveness of such expansion is understanding how novel threats to biodiversity from climate change alter concepts such as rewilding, which have underpinned many proposals for large interconnected reserves. We reviewed potential challenges that climate change poses to rewilding and found that the conservation value of large protected areas persists under climate change. Nevertheless, more attention should be given to protection of microrefugia, macrorefugia, complete environmental gradients, and areas that connect current and future suitable climates and to maintaining ecosystem processes and stabilizing feedbacks via conservation strategies that are resilient to uncertainty regarding climate trends. Because a major element of the threat from climate change stems from its novel geographic patterns, we examined, as an example, the implications for climate‐adaptation planning of latitudinal, longitudinal (continental to maritime), and elevational gradients in climate‐change exposure across the Yellowstone‐to‐Yukon region, the locus of an iconic conservation proposal initially designed to conserve wide‐ranging carnivore species. In addition to a continued emphasis on conserving intact landscapes, restoration of degraded low‐elevation areas within the region is needed to capture sites important for landscape‐level climate resilience. Extreme climate exposure projected for boreal North America suggests the need for ambitious goals for expansion of the protected‐area network there to include refugia created by topography and ecological features, such as peatlands, whose conservation can also reduce emissions from carbon stored in soil. Qualitative understanding of underlying reserve design rules and the geography of climate‐change exposure can strengthen the outcomes of inclusive regional planning processes that identify specific sites for protection. Article Impact Statement: Rewilding concepts updated to consider climate change increase mitigation and biodiversity conservation gain from protected area expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Grasslands / Forrajes Tropicales is the property of International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de investigación de estrategias urbanas para el mejoramiento de las condiciones de adaptabilidad de los asentamientos informales al cambio climático. Se pretende realizar un aporte al conocimiento de elementos de análisis y metodologías asociadas a los sistemas de información geográfica que apoyen el desarrollo de ejercicios enfocados en la generación de estrategias de gestión del riesgo, a fin de mejorar la calidad del entorno construido y natural y, de esta manera, la calidad de vida y sostenibilidad de la población que los habita. Se propone la construcción de una matriz de adaptabilidad en la cual se incluyan los aspectos más relevantes para el análisis desde la susceptibilidad y la exposición frente a amenazas naturales; finalmente, se conceptualizan y ponderan los factores de acuerdo con niveles de incidencia mutua, obteniendo una evaluación que permita modificar elementos constitutivos del medio construido para enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático. Palabras clave: diseño urbano, desarrollo sostenible, SIG, adaptación climática, modelo de simulación. Methodological strategies for urban analysis in the face of climate change. An adaptive design matrix for informal settlementsAbstractThis article presents the research results of some urban strategies to improve the conditions of climate change adaptability in informal settlements. It aims to contribute to a better understanding of analysis factors and methodologies associated with geographic information systems (GIS) that support the development of exercises focused on generating risk management strategies, which seek to improve the quality of built and natural environments and, thus, the quality of life and sustainability of the population that inhabits them. The paper proposes to develop an adaptability matrix that includes the most relevant aspects for the analysis based on susceptibility and exposure to natural hazards. Finally, these factors are conceptualized and weighted according to mutual incidence levels, in order to obtain an evaluation that allows modifying the constituent elements of built environment to face the effects of climate change.Keywords: urban design, sustainable development, GIS, climatic adaptation, simulation model. Estratégias metodológicas de análise urbana ante mudanças climáticas. Matriz para o desenho adaptativo em assentamentos informaisResumoApresentam-se os resultados de pesquisa de estratégias urbanas para a melhora das condições de adaptabilidade dos assentamentos informais às mudanças climáticas. Pretende-se realizar uma contribuição no que diz respeito ao conhecimento de elementos de análise e metodologias associadas aos sistemas de informação geográfica que apoiem o desenvolvimento de exercícios enfocados na geração de estratégias de gestão do risco, com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade do entorno construído e natural e, dessa forma, a qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade da população que vive neles. Propõe-se a construção de uma matriz de adaptabilidade, na qual se incluam os aspectos mais relevantes para a análise a partir da susceptibilidade e da exposição ante ameaças naturais; finalmente, é feita a conceitualização e ponderamento dos fatores de acordo com níveis de incidência mútua, obtendo uma avaliação que permita modificar elementos constitutivos do meio construído para enfrentar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Palavras-chave: desenho urbano, desenvolvimento sustentável, SIG, adaptação climática, modelo de simulação.Recibido: septiembre 5 / 2017 Evaluado: abril 3 / 2018 Aceptado: agosto 13 / 2018Publicación: agosto de 2018 Actualización: agosto de 2018

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social & Economic Studies is the property of University of the West Indies - Mona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Las estrategias de diseño pasivo en arquitectura y el comportamiento energético de la edificación normalmente se cuantifican en base a archivos climáticos que, por lo general, no consideran las predicciones del clima. Este artículo profundiza en la generación de datos climáticos futuros y su influencia en el confort higrotérmico, así como en las estrategias de diseño arquitectónico genéricas de adaptación desde el punto de vista pasivo. Con ese fin, se han generado determinados escenarios climáticos para Concepción y Santiago, dos de las conurbaciones urbanas más pobladas de Chile, para los años 2020, 2050 y 2080. Las predicciones se han realizado para el escenario más extendido de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero GEIA 2 “medium-high”, según el Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC. Los niveles de confort se han examinado desde una perspectiva adaptativa, considerando estrategias de diseño genéricas, ambos modelos recogidos en la ASHRAE. Al analizar los pronósticos climáticos con los modelos de confort, se obtienen resultados para una mejor comprensión del grado de adaptación del usuario y la arquitectura al posible clima futuro. Esta investigación genera estrategias genéricas para optimizar el diseño de construcciones en Chile.

Durante los últimos cinco años se está llevando a cabo una serie de estudios orientados a discutir diferentes hipótesis acerca de la dinámica de las poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras tardías de las regiones pampeana y patagónica en base a evidencia morfológica y desde la perspectiva de la denominada geografía evolutiva. Continuando con esta línea de investigación, en este trabajo se consideran algunos aspectos de la variación fenotípica postcraneal en muestras de Patagonia continental y Tierra del Fuego en relación con expectativas derivadas de la biogeografía. Se analizaron muestras de esqueletos masculinos y femeninos procedentes de diferentes sitios y localidades del área de estudio, agrupadas en cuatro conjuntos correspondientes a franjas latitudinales de 5° de ancho cada una. Se consideraron variables vinculadas con el tamaño corporal (longitud máxima del fémur) y con las proporciones corporales (índices braquial y crural). Los resultados obtenidos indican la existencia de un patrón de variación geográfica que puede ser explicado por la convergencia de diferentes procesos y factores, tales como la adaptación climática local y movimientos migratorios de pequeño y mediano rango (centro y sur de Patagonia continental y Tierra del Fuego), migraciones de mediano y largo rango (norte de Patagonia) e insularidad (Tierra del Fuego).During the last five years a number of studies have been carried out that examined different hypotheses regarding the evolutionary dynamics of late Holocene human populations in the Pampas and Patagonia in central and southern Argentina. This research is primarily based on morphological evidence and has its theoretical roots in evolutionary geography. Following this line of inquiry, the aim of the present paper is to perform an exploratory analysis -taking into account some general biogeographic premises- of some aspects of postcranial phenotypic variation using skeletal samples from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. The samples, composed of adult male and female individuals, were arranged into four geographic groups corresponding to 5-degree wide latitudinal strips beginning at 40° South. Ten metric variables were measured on four bones (humerus, radius, femur and tibia). On the basis of femur maximum length and the brachial and crural indexes, several intra and intergroup statistical comparisons using one-way, two-way ANOVA and LSD were performed. The results obtained suggest that there is an intelligible pattern of geographic variation in the postcranial skeleton which can be explained by the convergence of different factors and processes, such as a) climatic adaptation and low- to medium-range migratory movements (central and southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego); b) medium- to long-range migration (northern Patagonia); and c) insularity (Tierra del Fuego).

This article discusses the state of the art in geovisualization supporting climate change adaptation. We reviewed twenty selected map-based Web tools, classified by their content and functionality, and assessed them by visual representations, interactive functions, information type, target audience, and how vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are addressed. Our study concludes that the tools (1) can be classified asdata viewerswith basic functionality anddata explorersoffering more sophisticated interactive functions; (2) mostly feature moderate or high richness of data content; and (3) predominantly target expert users. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]