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Youth unemployment is one of the greatest concerns to labour authorities. To try to reduce its intensity and to improve the labour market insertion rates of the youngest working-age population, most European Union (EU) countries have opted, among other measures, for job training. This is an action that seeks to combine work with training. Spain is one of the countries with the greatest problems of labour market integration for young people, in contrast to other countries such as Germany or France. The Spanish case is also characterised by the application of a set of actions that have not always had the desired success, despite being framed within the EU Youth Guarantee Programme. The results from this research indicate that improvements can be made in the application of training contracts in Spain, based on the approach used in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, age management practices and strategies have become widely diffused since today the valorization of people according to their age represents, a fundamental aspect for organisations, which are required to understand in depth the dynamics of generational belonging for a correct definition of their work and training policies. Population ageing is a phenomenon shared by many countries, especially those in Europe. In health care contexts, the ageing of workers and their co-habitation of organisational contexts with colleagues belonging to other generations demands effective equal opportunities for training and skills development policies to improve both the quality of work and the quality of services offered. To this purpose, communities of practice, including virtual ones, become a training device to be explored, especially looking at the latest developments in artificial intelligence. Age management e formazione intergenerazionale in medicina. Intelligenza artificiale e comunità di pratica virtuali. Negli ultimi anni, le pratiche e le strategie di age management si sono largamente diffuse poiché la valorizzazione delle persone in funzione della loro età rappresenta, oggi, un aspetto fondamentale per le organizzazioni, chiamate a comprendere in modo approfondito le dinamiche dell’appartenenza generazionale per una corretta definizione e valorizzazione delle proprie politiche di lavoro e formazione. L’invecchiamento della popolazione è un fenomeno che accomuna molti paesi, soprattutto quelli europei. Nei contesti sanitari, l’invecchiamento degli operatori e la loro co-abitazione dei contesti organizzativi con colleghi appartenenti ad altre generazioni richiede politiche efficaci di pari opportunità e di formazione e sviluppo delle competenze per migliorare sia la qualità del lavoro sia la qualità dei servizi offerti. A tale scopo, le comunità di pratica, anche quelle virtuali, divengono un dispositivo formativo da esplorare, soprattutto guardando ai più recenti sviluppi dell’intelligenza artificiale.

The first part of the article presents a short theoretical approach of unemployment, and the more consistent part is based on the statistical analysis of unemployment at the level of Bihor County. The analyzed period is represented by the years 2019-2021. For the current analysis, we have chosen the problem of unemployment during the pandemic, from a theoretical but also concretely applied perspective, since unemployment represents a complex psychosocial and economic phenomenon, and its dimensions and dynamics highlight the state of a society, but also the concerns for the implementation of active policies, which aim at increasing the employment rate, but also the quality of life. This paper analyzes the dynamics of unemployment in the period 2019-2021, but also the job protection measures implemented by the public employment system. Thus, the objectives of the research consist in the analysis of the unemployment indicators in Bihor County in the pre-pandemic period and in the pandemic period and of the special measures adopted in order to solve the problems generated by the health crisis. The used research method was the analysis of documents; we have analyzed the Activity Reports of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) for the years 2020 and 2021 and the legal regulations adopted in order to protect employees and employers during this period. The analysis of statistical data revealed that the maximum number of unemployed people in the records of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) was recorded in March 2021 (6,280 people), and the unemployment rate on this date was 2.36%. Two measures adopted by the government and implemented by the National Employment Agency through the County Employment Agencies had a major impact in maintaining jobs during the pandemic: technical unemployment and reduced working hours. Thus, in 2021 compared to 2020, the

Between 2017 and 2019, Barcelona was one of the first European cities to implement a basic income experiment, the B-MINCOME pilot, aimed at reducing poverty and social exclusion in a low-income area of the city. A new cash grant was designed along with a package of active policies. Four modalities of participation were then established depending on two criteria: whether attending these policies was mandatory or not, and whether participants' additional income altered the amount of the grant or was instead net added on top. The context which initially moulded the pilot is firstly explained. Then, the cash schema and the active policies are described followed by an explanation of its experimental design. The main results at individual, community and institutional levels formerly released in the official reports are now integrated and jointly addressed. Finally, conclusions discuss some issues raised by the pilot's results in light of the findings gathered in other similar basic income experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se desarrolla un análisis de las políticas de mercado de trabajo del gobierno nacional a favor de los desempleados en el periodo 2003-2009, sobre la base de la normativa, los datos presupuestarios y las estadísticas oficiales. En una primera parte, se discute teóricamente el impacto de las ideas políticas del neoliberalismo sobre los paradigmas de la lucha al desempleo en la Argentina de los años 90. En una segunda parte, se investiga la persistencia de esa lógica individualista y del papel residual del Estado en los programas vigentes durante la etapa 2003-2019, un periodo marcado por la informalidad laboral y la creciente volatilidad económica. A partir de un relevamiento de las características, cobertura, montos y presupuesto de los planes de empleo, emerge la fragmentación institucional, la baja prioridad presupuestaria y el insuficiente alcance de la política de mercado de trabajo en Argentina.

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This article carries out a quantitative, but also a qualitative analysis of the activity of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) in 2018. In the first part, the article aims to treat the theoretical aspects related to employment, invoking the significance that the specialized literature attaches to the concepts of supply and demand of workforce, active population, employed population, labor resources, active and passive policies, as well as considerations on the impact of employment on the economy and the individual. Afterwards, a few quantitative aspects of the 2018 Bihor workforce structure are presented, as well as the results of a qualitative research carried out through interviewing 16 subjects, specialists from the socio-economic units in the county, in their position of employer representatives. The research method used is the interview-based sociological investigation, which aims to capture all of the aspects that are subject to the study in an in-depth manner, and the investigation tool used is the interview guide. The qualitative research aimed to gather knowledge on the perceptions of the employers in relation to the activity of the Public Employment Service, represented by the Bihor County Agency for Employment (concerning the general activity of the service, the way in which the Job Fair is carried out, and the manner in which the employers communicate with the persons looking for a job). At the end, we present the conclusions of the research, which can be a useful tool for the public service in order to optimize its own activity. Thus, the analysis of the subjects’ answers generally revealed that the majority of the employers have a positive view on the activity of the institution, believe that it is preferable to continue to communicate with it, arguing that it has numerous and quality resources, that it manages an accurate database of the unemployed persons in the county, divided by areas, levels of training and education, that it offers advice, qualification and re-qualification courses, offers an updated list of vacant positions, facilitating the identification of the persons appropriate for various jobs. Among the measures proposed by the subjects in order to optimize the activity are: more investments in advertising and online platforms, the involvement of vocational schools in the process of the entry of the youth on the labor market, and the timely notification and motivation of the skilled unemployed persons to participate in the Job Fairs.

Abstract. Ex-ante assessment is a mandatory step before the process of implementation of policies because it brings, through the analyses undertaken improvements for initial design, contributing, on a case by case basis, to increasing of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, sustainability, equity and of its internal and external coherence. In recent years, at international level, but especially in the EU countries (EU), the ex-ante socio-economic programs and public interventions have become an extremely necessary instrument in decision-making, which is linked own economic and social development of the EU Member States. The article presents a methodological framework for ex-ante assessment of active measures for the employment growth in the context of rural areas, on the bases of efficiency, effectiveness and coherence criteria. Ex-ante social impact assessment of an active policy can have beneficial effects on employment under quantitative and qualitative aspects. The novelty of the article consist in the specific, experimental approach of the development and of ex-ante evaluation of active labor market policies, in the context of rural areas.

In this article we propose to approach the promotion of active labor market policies, taking into account the concept of entropy, the entropy law in the context of economic processes and the entropy value theory model. The degradation of energy, the degradation of society, which also have influenced the degradation of other systems, that of education, and therefore the economic science degradation too. For the development of the labor market and active policies in the field of employment, beside the economic theory, an interdisciplinary approach, which has contributed to the emergence and development of the ecological economy, economic sociology, digital economy, branch management science and management of public institutions of different levels in the field of management science. The integration of elements into a system and into a model will help to promote and aplicate the employment policies, as a priority of active employment policies both in Romania and European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex-ante assessment is a mandatory step before the process of implementation of policies because it brings, through the analyses undertaken improvements for initial design, contributing, on a case by case basis, to increasing of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, sustainability, equity and of its internal and external coherence. In recent years, at international level, but especially in the EU countries (EU), the ex-ante socioeconomic programs and public interventions have become an extremely necessary instrument in decisionmaking, which is linked own economic and social development of the EU Member States. The article presents a methodological framework for ex-ante assessment of active measures for the employment growth in the context of rural areas, on the bases of efficiency, effectiveness and coherence criteria. Ex-ante social impact assessment of an active policy can have beneficial effects on employment under quantitative and qualitative aspects. The novelty of the article consist in the specific, experimental approach of the development and of ex-ante evaluation of active labor market policies, in the context of rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active employment policies for Latin American immigrants seek to contribute to the improvement of possibilities of incorporation and work continuance of these workers who are so tied to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time, flexibility and security in employment. Moreover, in macroeconomic terms, acting selectively upon supply and demand with measures such as promoting private initiative, aiding mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or directly creating employment, permit imbalances or misalignments in the labor market to be lessened.

The active policies of work for the inmigrants group try to contribute to the increase of the incorporation possibilities and labor maintenance of these workers so related to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time, flexibility and security in the use. In addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective performance on the supply and the demand, with measures such as the promotion of the deprived initiative, the aid to mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or the direct creation of use, allow to reduce to the imbalances or misalignments in the work market.

Copyright of Politica y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years national state policies in Europe have developed some mechanisms of subvention to employment with the objective of creating employment. This kind of subsidies, with different types of intervention, are often situated in the side of active policies, linked frequently with European employment strategy. The article derives from a comparative European research project that tries to establish differences and common tendencies in this question. In this sense, the article offers a conceptualisation of subsidised employment and its different types, especially on the Spanish case and compares it with other European countries. Finally, it shows some tendencies that announce that these interventions hint towards a wage relation mutation.

International migration of Romanian population represents most often the reaction of the human capital to disarticulated politics, sometimes inadequate, promoted in Romania from the first years of transition. The restructuring and privatization processes have been insufficiently sustained by response measures on the work force and in the business environment that should allow the absorption of the discharged population. The knowledge and aptitude baggage supply have partially remained unused; also an important unemployment range among the youngsters has been noticed, which proves the existent unbalance between the work demand and the economy and expectations of the available work force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active policies of work for the inmigrants group try to contribute to the increase of the incorporation possibilities and labor maintenance of these workers so related to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time, flexibility and security in the use. In addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective performance on the supply and the demand, with measures such as the promotion of the deprived initiative, the aid to mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or the direct creation of use, allow to reduce to the imbalances or misalignments in the work market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active labor policies in collective use in Latin America groups attempt to contribute towards increasing the incorporation and stability possibilities for these workers who are closely related to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time, flexibility and job security. In addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective action towards supply and demand, and measures such as the promotion of private initiative, aid mobility in sectors with sufficient demand or in the direct creation of employment, allowing for a reduction of instability or imbalances in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active policies of employment for Latin Americans living in Spain try to contribute to the increase of the incorporation and maintenance of this group so related to the Spanish culture in the work market, combining, at the same time, flexibility and security in work. In addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective performance on the supply and the demand, with measures such as the promotion of the private initiative, the aid to mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or the direct creation of employment, enables to reduce the imbalances or misalignments in the work market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active labor policies for Latin Americans attempt to increase these workers' chances to enter the labor market and keep their jobs, having at the same time, flexibility and safety. These workers are closely related to the Spanish culture. Moreover, in macroeconomic terms, the selective action on the supply and demand with measures such as promotion of private initiative and of social mobility to sectors with enough demand, or the direct creation of jobs can diminish labor market imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active policies of use for the Latin American group try to contribute to the increase of the incorporation possibilities and labor maintenance of these workers so related to the Spanish culture, combining, at the same time, flexibility and security in the use. In addition, in macroeconomic terms, the selective performance on the supply and the demand, with measures such as the promotion of the deprived initiative, the aid to mobility to sectors with sufficient demand or the direct creation of use, allow to reduce to the imbalances or misalignments in the work market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]