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Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) should help young adults who collect welfare benefits 'get back on track'. Despite the recent proliferation of research on ALMPs, only scant attention has been paid to their employment quality effects. Aiming to fill this gap, this article evaluates the long-term effects of German ALMPs on young adults' employment quality. We measure employment quality with two indicators: one on whether someone has a job with earnings below the low wage threshold and the other on whether they have a job with earnings above the low wage threshold. These measures help us assess whether ALMPs prevent young adults from being at risk of poverty again. In addition, we study whether ALMP effects vary by social origin. We distinguish young adults by whether their families collected benefits when they were adolescents, as a marker for disadvantaged social origin. We analyse in-firm training and one-euro jobs as examples for enabling and workfare programmes, which exist across other welfare states as well. Empirically, we apply an entropy balancing approach to a self-drawn sample from registry data to analyse ALMP treatment effects. Results show that in-firm training enhances young adults' employment quality in the long run. The effects tend to be lower for those from disadvantaged families though, indicating that disadvantages embedded in social origin remain. The workfare programme harms participants' employment quality, with those less disadvantaged suffering the greatest damage. Overall, our research provides evidence that in-firm training effectively enables young adults to find a job of higher quality, addressing their risk of social exclusion and proving useful in promoting upward social mobility. Nonetheless, the article also raises urgent issues concerning how the needs of those most vulnerable can be addressed by social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long tradition of welfare attitudes research acknowledges that a substantial share of European citizens are supportive of organising social protection against unemployment, but less attention is given to how this support relates to support for the work obligations that characterise contemporary demanding activation policies. Using data from the European Social Survey Round 8 (2016), we investigate how individuals combine support for welfare rights and work obligations of the unemployed. Subsequently, we analyse whether the choice for a particular combination of rights and obligations is determined by individual characteristics and characteristics of a country's welfare system. We find that high support for welfare rights does not necessarily imply opposition against work obligations, and that a relevant group of citizens supports generous benefits and harsh sanctions at the same time. Preferences for combinations of rights and obligations are mainly driven by ideological values, and partly by self-interest variables. At the country level, we find a link between citizens' preferences and generosity of unemployment benefits. In highly generous institutional settings, individuals are less likely to want harsh sanctions combined with relatively high support for welfare rights, but are more in favour of moderate punishment for noncompliant unemployed combined with support for welfare rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the current shift in Switzerland's disability policy from the right to work (in a sheltered workshop) for disability pensioners to the duty to work in the labour market for people with disabilities, whether they have a disability pension or not. The analysis of Swiss disability legislation and its implementation in the cantons of Basel-City, Ticino and Vaud shows that federal and cantonal disability policy questions the social and economic rights attached to a disability pension, in particular the right to be freed of the obligation to participate in the labour market, the right to be freed of the obligation to participate in welfare-to-work programmes in exchange for disability benefits, the right to work in a sheltered workshop and the right to supplementary benefits. These rights are being replaced by the (moral) duty for people with disabilities to integrate the labour market, with little chance of successful integration.

Activation of the unemployed has been an important topic among policymakers during the last decades. This paper reviews the current measures in Slovenia in the area of activation of unemployment benefit recipients and it compares its formal requirements related to activation against the international background. The paper focuses on five activation areas: adjustment of unemployment benefit eligibility, improving employment services, participation in active labour market policies, monitoring and sanctions. The review lists several recommendations Slovenia should apply to activate unemployment benefit recipients, including introducing more demanding job search requirements and increased monitoring of the compliance with these requirements, introducing compulsory participation in active labour market programs, checking the consistency and effectiveness of the current profiling system, and strengthening the ex-ante effect of sanctions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to investigate participants’ experiential knowledge about implementation of activation policy in the context of Czech employment policy and to find out to what extent activation policy has proved to be a tool for combating poverty and social exclusion. THEORETICAL BASE: The paper is theoretically based on street-level bureaucracy, microinstitutionalist theory, and advanced marginality. METHODS: This article is based on qualitative research of the implementation of activation policy in selected branches of the Labour Office of the Czech Republic. The data include in-depth interviews with clients registered at labour offices and interviews with clients’ social workers. OUTCOMES: It is concluded that jobseekers’ responses to the implementation of the current work-first activation policy reflect survival strategies and are rooted in ethnic, gender, and class-based inequalities in neoliberal societies. SOCIAL WORK IMPLICATIONS: Long-term unemployed need comprehensive support to overcome their social disadvantages. The activation policies must be based on social services in order to be labelled as inclusive. This is especially true for integrating groups with complex social problems in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we adopt an experimentalist approach to determining the content of international human rights for assessing national mandatory work programmes for recipients of social assistance (MWPs). This approach implies going back and forth between law and experience in order to determine the better way to secure human rights in an ever-changing environment. After having identified six criteria for evaluating MWPs in the soft case-law of international bodies, we confront this emerging international human rights framework with an empirical study on MWP practices in the Netherlands. This confrontation reveals that specific aspects of the capability for voice of working welfare recipients are absent in the human rights framework and that the framework is not gender-neutral. Including these aspects, we construct an experimentalist human-rights-based instrument that is suitable for evaluating national MWPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, several important contributions have been made to further our understanding of whether and how ideas affect policies. More recently, research have turned towards the question of why certain ideas gain prominence in policymaking processes at the expense of others. However, in answering this question there seems to be a continuing blind spot in terms of fully understanding the role of knowledge production within state bureaucracies in determining which ideas are inscribed into policy and which are not. This article offers new insights to the ideational literature by showing how the use of institutionalised and systematic production of knowledge within state bureaucracies is pivotal for explaining the power of ideas. This is demonstrated through an in‐depth and illustrative case study of the policymaking process leading up to a major reform of Danish activation policies in 2014. In this case, an evaluation system institutionalised within the Ministry of Employment significantly shaped the types of knowledge utilised in the policymaking process and the final design of the policy reform. Consequently, the evaluation system instated a bulwark against ideational shifts in every phase of the policymaking process. Thus, ultimately steering the policymaking process in the direction of ideas grounded in a Work First approach rather than the Human Capital approach initially promoted by the Minister of Employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Science Information is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unemployment has severe consequences that persist over the life course, including higher risk of future unemployment and worse employment conditions. While the existence of scarring effects has become conventional wisdom, labour market sociologists have pointed out that their magnitude differs between institutional contexts. Recently, the focus of the discussion has shifted towards the role of activation policies, which are suspected to speed up labour market integration but worsen reemployment quality, hereby deepening the scarring effects of unemployment. To contribute to this discussion, this article provides an analysis of the impact of a large-scale counselling and monitoring scheme on unemployed workers by means of matching/weighting analyses. In contrast to sanctions, the counselling and monitoring programme fosters labour market integration without impairing job quality. Apparently, activation programmes pose a danger of impairing job quality, but this negative effect can be avoided for programmes based on more emphatic governance principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewing learnfare: a new link between lifelong learning and welfare Lifelong learning (LLL) is increasingly considered to be one of the basic rights of citizenship, a lever for inclusion, for economic and social participation. As the European paradigm of active welfare state and its heir (i.e., the Social investment welfare state) affirm, this assumption is even more true in the context of the current socio-economic transformations and their related impacts on the individual's life courses. To meet the related challenges, LLL is placed at the very centre of the activation policies, according to the learnfare rationale. However, this strategy reveals to have lights and shadows, which the article investigates on a theoretical level. In the conclusions the article proposes a renewed vision of the learnfare paradigm, reframing it through the capability approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the role and significance of opinion-shaping and persuasion activities are explored through an analysis of the activation of women in the Swedish labour market in the 1960s, highlighting the ways in which gender equality ideals became infused in these activities through a process of 'transformative state feminism'. The analysis draws on qualitative data including archival material and interviews. Activation policies in the 1960s emphasised the ideology of full employment including the importance of increasing women's participation in paid work, hence paving the way for a dual-earner family model. The concrete measures associated with implementation of such policies were carried out by the National Labour Market Board (AMS), and included retraining and advanced training courses but also a number of innovative opinion-shaping activities. Two of these are analysed in this paper: a radio series called 'Housewife switches job' and the establishment of a so-called 'activation inspector'. Following this analysis, the underlying ideas permeating such opinion-shaping activities and the actors who infused ideals of gender equality into the process are examined. In conclusion, lessons for the ongoing transformation of traditional gender relations and prospects for future advances in gender equality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article, inspired by the recent restructuring of social dialogue in Poland, reflects on the role played by neo-corporatist institutions in the country, with specific reference to their capacity (or not) to influence the approach, contents and implementation of labour policies and, therefore, affect social change. For this purpose, it presents the findings of a case study focused on the sub-national level of regulation and conducted in the region of Lower Silesia, within the framework of the Airmulp project. The analysis - which relies on mixed methods, including the analysis of statistical data, the review of official documents, and interviews with key informants - reveals that regional social dialogue is not likely to produce substantial outcomes and is, most feasibly, a means for building consensus on neo-liberal policies from the bottom up.

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Migrant youth are at a disadvantage in the Netherlands when it comes to schooling and work: many drop out of school and are unemployed. We will use concepts of new governance to discuss the complexities surrounding the execution of policies to reintegrate dropouts back into school or the labour market from the perspectives of professionals (street level bureaucrats) working in activation programmes. The results show that cooperation is difficult. The most difficult youngsters are beyond the reach of most policy initiatives. Furthermore, many professionals perceive educational requirements as unrealistic for some youngsters. Finally, new requirements for employability may stigmatize youngsters as unwilling and unmotivated.

The concept of welfare states safety-net refers to those programmes that offer a means-tested guaranteed minimum income in the schemes for social protection. In the paper, we analyse the main developments followed by these policies in the last two decades in Spain. We distinguish two different trends that characterise two periods. In the first of them, the main schemes were introduced (PNCs and RMIs, mainly), broadening the coverage to non protected groups and leading to a low intensity safety-net that is also fragmented in different protection systems, but strongly ranked by the relationship that beneficiaries maintain with labour markets. The second period is characterized by the introduction of activation criteria in those protection schemes, a common, but not convergent, trend with other European welfare regimes. During the governments and international institutions as the EU have proposed activation programs as an efficient strategy to combat social exclusion. However, it have been raised questions related to their real purpose, integration or discouragement, and mainly related to their effectiveness in overcoming poverty and exclusion.

This article, inspired by the recent restructuring of social dialogue in Poland, reflects on the role played by neo-corporatist institutions in the country, with specific reference to their capacity to influence (or not) the approach, contents and implementation of labour policies and, therefore, affect social change. For this purpose, it presents the findings of a case study focused on the sub-national level of regulation and conducted in the region of Lower Silesia, within the framework of the Airmulp project. The analysis - which relies on mixed methods, including the analysis of statistical data, the review of official documents, and interviews with key informants - reveals that regional social dialogue is not likely to produce substantial outcomes and is, most feasibly, a means for building consensus on neo-liberal policies from the bottom up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores responses by frontline workers in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service (NAV) to activation policy measures. Frontline workers in NAV are required to write work capability assessments for long-term sick and disabled benefit recipients within a reformed organizational structure with holistic agencies ('one-stop shops'). These policy mechanisms are intended to empower the frontline workers and make them emphasize work and activation in their evaluation of the employability of the beneficiaries. However, a large number of long-term sick and disabled people remain in receipt of temporary benefits. Key findings emerging from this study's fieldwork suggest that frontline workers often perceive the task of clarifying the employability status of long-term sick and disabled people to be demanding. Their assessments hinge on criteria set by actors outside the frontline office--and these criteria are hard to obtain. Consequently, the limited range of exit options restricts the discretion of the frontline workers, which results in locking claimants with complex problems into temporary benefit. Their attention tends to be drawn to concerns that are likely to be unintended, which are to keep claimants' income safe and to secure a smooth workflow within the office as well as to smooth benefit transactions. The context of a generous welfare state with a strongly rights-based benefit scheme is regarded as a likely contributor to these concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments within activation policies emphasise tailor-made and individualised services; however, little is known of what the effects of these initiatives are. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyse, in a cluster-randomised design, the long-term effects of an individualised follow-up model on welfare recipients' self-sufficiency. The follow-up model systematises the work done by social workers within the Qualification Programme, which is a welfare-to-work programme in Norway. In the study, 18 labour and welfare offices were randomised to experimental and control groups. The data consist of baseline questionnaires for Qualification Programme participants ( n = 617) and follow-ups based on administrative data at 12, 24 and 30 months after baseline. The results show significant effects of individualised follow-up on self-sufficiency at the 30-month follow-up and strong positive trends at the 18- and 24-month follow-ups. Thus, comprehensive and individualised follow-up of participants within activation programmes seems to generate positive long-term effects on self-sufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The dote system is the most recent and only way to finance and deliver services in the training and labour policy field in Lombardy (Italy), strengthening the regional quasi-market approach. The purpose of this paper is to analyse its logic and highlight the implications for the policy system. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative case-study including preliminary documentation, analysis of administrative data, in-depth interviews with stakeholders and practitioners. Findings – The dote system is based on a strongly pre-structured and pure performance logic. It predefines forms, ways and steps towards people’s “autonomy”, further categorising the policy system and establishing a combination of individualisation without personalisation. The strict regulation makes it difficult to design accessible, high-quality and tailor-made interventions. Dote could represent an interesting innovation for high-profile measures, but as a universal equivalent it often fails to match the needs of people and the labour market. Research limitations/implications – The self-funded research is limited to a regional context, analysed against the background of European welfare transformations. Greater effort in qualitative research could improve the knowledge about the implications of NPM and quasi-markets. Practical implications – Regional centralism is strengthened; local authorities and private bodies are excluded from planning; freedom of choice is limited. A marriage of convenience between providers and users increases the level of stress and the dispersion of resources. Originality/value – Dote is a particular experiment in the panorama of activation. It works in a unique way, impacting on governance and activation modes. The paper is addressed to researchers, practitioners and policy makers interested in gaining better understanding of the implications of quasi-markets and NPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using a cluster-randomized design, this study evaluates whether a skill training program for social workers increases reemployment among welfare recipients. The program focuses on systematizing follow-up work within the areas of encounters with users, system-oriented efforts, and administrative work. Methods: Data consist of baseline and 18-month follow-up questionnaires for welfare recipients (N = 617) in the 18 participating labor and welfare offices randomized into experimental and control groups. Full-time employment, part-time employment, and participation in active labor market programs were assessed. Results: After adjusting for the clustered structure of data, the findings demonstrate that social workers' skill training increased reemployment among welfare recipients. Although neutral effects on full-time employment, there was a highly significant effect on part-time employment (p = .000). In contrast, recipients from the control group were significantly more often in activation programs at the follow-up (p = .004). Conclusions: Close and comprehensive follow-ups to support reemployment among welfare recipients should be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of welfare states are compared in this article. Differences in procedural rights for young unemployed at the level of service delivery are analyzed. In Australia, rights are regulated through a rigid procedural justice system. The young unemployed within the social assistance system in Sweden encounter staff with high discretionary powers, which makes the legal status weak for the unemployed but, on the other hand, the system is more flexible. Despite the differences, there is striking convergence in how the young unemployed describe how discretionary power among street-level staff affects their procedural rights. This result can be understood as a result of similar professional norms, work customs and occupational cultures of street-level staff, and that there is a basic logic of conditionality in all developed welfare states where procedural rights are tightly coupled with responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyses Scandinavian activation policies through the study of Swedish and Danish labour market policies since the early 1990s. Active labour market policies have been an important component in the social investment policies of the Scandinavian countries, defined as 'an active corner' in Europe. In this study of the trajectories of Swedish and Danish labour market policies during the last two decades, I examined official documents and analysed OECD data on public expenditures on labour market programmes. The analysis shows that institutional change of activation policies has increasingly developed towards an incentive-strengthening, work-first approach. The policy development, specifically in the case of Sweden, is here conceptualised as demands on 'standby-ability', a specific policy configuration of stricter work incentives, contractualisation of citizenships rights, less generous unemployment benefits and less costly forms of activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the millennium, the institutions of the European Union have intensified their political efforts to combat youth employment. Youth-specific policy initiatives were launched after the financial and economic crisis of 2008, and the overall subsequent rise of unemployment rates among young people. In this article, we analyse and assess these developments on the basis of an analysis of European policy documents and interviews. Our conclusions are twofold. One, we argue that the Europe 2020 Strategy and its flagship initiatives devoted to youth do not constitute a new policy field or approach, but are rather the outcome of an incrementalist logic of policy development. Two, the European youth strategy is clearly committed to activation, and it pushes policy developments towards a minimalist policy approach of precarious protection. Both developments are explained by the actor constellations and path dependencies of the European policy arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, social policies combine to intensify old risks and create new social risks with unequal consequences for men and women. These risks include those created by changing normative expectations and the resulting tensions between social policy, paid employment and family life. Policy reliance on highly aggregated standardised outcome data and generalised models of autonomous rational action result in policies that lack an understanding of the rationales that structure everyday life. Drawing on two Australian studies, we illustrate the importance of attending to the intersections and collisions of social change and normative policy frameworks from the perspective of individual ‘lived lives’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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This article examines how the EU gender mainstreaming approach has addressed work and family reconciliation across Southern Italian regions, to foster a more egalitarian and socially inclusive development. Drawing upon a survey of women of different socioeconomic backgrounds and in-depth interviewing of regional policy-makers, this article assesses what gender equality policies do and don’t do for work–family reconciliation within the Italian Mezzogiorno. Findings show that while poor women may be stigmatized as inadequate mothers, middle-class women are pushed to join men in employment and civic sphere at the expense of caring. As both public and private caring supply is underdeveloped and unevenly guaranteed between protected and unprotected workers, women may be constrained to reduce their participation in the labour market. Traditional gendered family roles and power relations within the household may further discourage women to work, form and maintain a family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant youth are at a disadvantage in the Netherlands when it comes to schooling and work: many drop out of school and are unemployed. We will use concepts of new governance to discuss the complexities surrounding the execution of policies to reintegrate dropouts back into school or the labour market from the perspectives of professionals (street level bureaucrats) working in activation programmes. The results show that cooperation is difficult. The most difficult youngsters are beyond the reach of most policy initiatives. Furthermore, many professionals perceive educational requirements as unrealistic for some youngsters. Finally, new requirements for employability may stigmatize youngsters as unwilling and unmotivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several European countries, older unemployed people, after reaching a certain age, are entitled to unemployment benefit payments without having to seek new employment. The coexistence of this exemption clause and of reforms aimed at containing early retirement in the respective countries reflects a conflict of political aims – on the one hand, between an efficient labour-market policy at a time of high unemployment, and on the other hand, the goal of the comprehensive activation and labour-market integration of older workers as a response to demographic change. This paper deals with the reasons for the transfer of older long-term unemployed people on to ‘facilitated benefits’ for labour-market withdrawal in Germany. The empirical analysis shows that low or no propensity to work was rarely the motive for leaving the labour market; in particular, those anticipating a low retirement income actually wanted to be re-employed. The vast majority gave three reasons for the decision to retire: an inability to cope with requirements of available jobs; a lack of job opportunities; and an absence of proper support from the public employment agency. Thus the withdrawal of older long-term unemployed people into pre-retirement cannot be attributed to a utility-maximising decision in favour of leisure and against gainful employment, but is the primary result of the scarce re-employment prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyses the effects of the European Social Fund (ESF) on domestic activation policies in the three Belgian regions: Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels. We argue that over the last decade the ESF has had a catalytic impact, first on the innovation of activation instruments, second on the governance of employment policies and third on policy framing. We explain how three different mechanisms (leverage, conditionality and learning) generate these effects and how they can account for a differential influence in different regions. We conclude by summarizing our research findings and framework, suggesting its usefulness for analyzing other domestic settings and European policy instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses whether activation policies have had a positive effect on beneficiaries of minimum income protection in Catalonia (Spain). The article first confirms that social assistance beneficiaries with higher employability levels have greater chances of finding a job. Second, the article identifies different profiles of beneficiaries and examines the characteristics of those who did not find jobs in a favourable economic context. The results suggest that it is personal problems that act as barriers. Third, the article also examines to what extent public management is responsible for the results. For this purpose, it compares the performance of administrative units, controlling for the characteristics of their clients. Finally, the article discusses whether making social assistance dependent on activation is a good strategy for the majority of beneficiaries with particularly difficult profiles, and what administrations can do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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