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Background The impact of the microbiota on host fitness has so far mainly been demonstrated for the bacterial microbiome. We know much less about host-associated protist and viral communities, largely due to technical issues. However, all microorganisms within a microbiome potentially interact with each other as well as with the host and the environment, therefore likely affecting the host health. Results We set out to explore how environmental and host factors shape the composition and diversity of bacterial, protist and viral microbial communities in the Pacific oyster hemolymph, both in health and disease. To do so, five oyster families differing in susceptibility to the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome were reared in hatchery and transplanted into a natural environment either before or during a disease outbreak. Using metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics, we demonstrate that hemolymph can be considered as an ecological niche hosting bacterial, protist and viral communities, each of them shaped by different factors and distinct from the corresponding communities in the surrounding seawater. Overall, we found that hemolymph microbiota is more strongly shaped by the environment than by host genetic background. Co-occurrence network analyses suggest a disruption of the microbial network after transplantation into natural environment during both non-infectious and infectious periods. Whereas we could not identify a common microbial community signature for healthy animals, OsHV-1 μVar virus dominated the hemolymph virome during the disease outbreak, without significant modifications of other microbiota components. Conclusion Our study shows that oyster hemolymph is a complex ecosystem containing diverse bacteria, protists and viruses, whose composition and dynamics are primarily determined by the environment. However, all of these are also shaped by oyster genetic backgrounds, indicating they indeed interact with the oyster host and are therefore not only of transient character. Although it seems that the three microbiome components respond independently to environmental conditions, better characterization of hemolymph-associated viruses could change this picture.

The WHO guidelines on environmental noise highlight that evidence on the health effects of wind turbine sound levels is either non-existent or of poor quality. In this context, a feasibility study was conducted in France in 2017. The objective was to suggest a methodology for calculating wind turbine sound levels in order to quantify the number of windfarms’ residents exposed to this sound. Based on a literature review, the Harmonoise model was selected for sound exposure calculation. It was validated by quantifying its uncertainties, and finally used to estimate the population exposed to wind turbine sound in metropolitan France. Compared to other environmental noise sources (e.g., transportation), sound exposure is very moderate, with more than 80% of the exposed people exposed to sound levels below 40 dBA. The total number of people exposed to more than 30 dBA is about 686,000 and 722,000 people for typical daytime and night-time meteorological conditions respectively, i.e., about 1% of the French population in 2017. These results represent the first ever assessment of sound exposure from wind turbines at the scale of the entire metropolitan France., The WHO guidelines on environmental noise highlight that evidence on the health effects of wind turbine sound levels is either non-existent or of poor quality. In this context, a feasibility study was conducted in France in 2017. The objective was to suggest a methodology for calculating wind turbine sound levels in order to quantify the number of windfarms' residents exposed to this sound. Based on a literature review, the Harmonoise model was selected for sound exposure calculation. It was validated by quantifying its uncertainties, and finally used to estimate the population exposed to wind turbine sound in metropolitan France. Compared to other environmental noise sources (e.g., transportation), sound exposure is very moderate, with more than 80% of the exposed people exposed to sound levels below 40 dBA. The total number of people exposed to more than 30 dBA is about 686,000 and 722,000 people for typical daytime and night-time meteorological conditions respectively, i.e., about 1% of the French population in 2017. These results represent the first ever assessment of sound exposure from wind turbines at the scale of the entire metropolitan France.

Cet article presente les menaces qui pesent sur les aires marines protegees (AMP) ouest-africaines telles qu’elles sont percues par leurs gestionnaires. Il expose la maniere dont celles-ci sont prises en compte dans le processus de gestion. Les principales menaces identifiees sont la peche non controlee, l’erosion cotiere, la surexploitation des ressources terrestres (bois surtout), la pollution et les effets des changements climatiques. Elles sont globalement peu traduites en mesures de gestion, davantage dediees a assurer le fonctionnement de base des sites qu’a endiguer des menaces de grande ampleur. Classification JEL : Q25, Q28, Q54, Q57

International audience; The paper models evolution in pecunia—in the realm of finance. Financial markets are explored as evolving biological systems. Diverse investment strategies compete for the market capital invested in long-lived dividend-paying assets. Some strategies survive and some become extinct. The basis of our paper is that dividends are not exogenous but increase with the wealth invested in an asset, as is the case in a production economy. This might create a positive feedback loop in which more investment in some asset leads to higher dividends which in turn lead to higher investments. Nevertheless, we are able to identify a unique evolutionary stable investment strategy. The problem is studied in a framework combining stochastic dynamics and evolutionary game theory. The model proposed employs only objectively observable market data, in contrast with traditional settings relying upon unobservable investors’ characteristics (utilities and beliefs). Our method is analytical and based on mathematical reasoning. A numerical illustration of the main result is provided.

The spatial and seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth (MLD) was studied using hydrological data from several databases collected over the period October 1973 to March 2017 at 10 °W between latitudes 2 °N and 10 °S in the Gulf of Guinea. The density threshold method with 0.03 kg m-3 criterion was used to calculate the MLD. In the equatorial band, the seasonal average MLD is 20 m whatever the season. At 6 °S and 10 °S, the MLD is relatively higher during the cold season. The MLD varies between 21 and 37 m at 6 °S, and the seasonal averages MLD are 21 and 40 m respectively during the hot and cold seasons. At 10 °S, during the hot season, the MLD varies between 28 and 52 m and the seasonal average is 39.5 m. During the cold season, the MLD varies between 45 and 55 m with a seasonal average of 49 m.

International audience; The Human Beatbox is a recent vocal technique involving the vocal apparatus to imitate musical instruments or electronic sounds. It is acoustically and physiologically described. Musically speaking, between original and beatboxed (imitated) muted trumpets, bass drums, hi-hat and snare drums, the oscillograms, melodic curves, spectrograms and spectral slopes show clear analogies. In addition, the notation of percussion used by beatboxers accounts for analogies between these imitated instruments and certain consonants of the world’s languages: this analogy can be quantifiable, for example by a lower intensity and a more concentrated energy in low frequencies for the beatboxed bass drum compared to the beatboxed snare drum, such as [p] and [t] respectively. Our aerodynamic analyzes showed that the production of beatboxed percussions were similar to ejective consonants for the beatboxed bass drum (in particular vocal folds closure just before the explosion), implosive for the snare drum (notably inhaled air before the explosion), and clicks for the beatboxed hi-hat (including decreasing and increasing nasal air flow). The larynx is solicited as a vibrator and articulator; its components are used independently. The lips and tongue also participate in the production of these beatboxed sounds, thus located between music and speech.; Technique vocale impliquant l’appareil vocal pour imiter des instruments de musique ou des sons électroniques, le Human Beatbox est décrit acoustiquement et physiologiquement. Musicalement parlant, entre les trompettes bouchées, grosses caisses, Charleston et caisses claires originaux et imités, les oscillogrammes, courbes mélodiques, spectrogrammes et pentes spectrales montrent plusieurs ressemblances. En outre, la notation des percussions utilisées par les beatboxeurs rend compte d’analogies entre celles-ci et certaines consonnes des langues du monde, analogies quantifiables par exemple par une intensité plus faible et une énergie plus concentrée dans le grave pour la grosse caisse que pour la caisse claire beatboxées, comme [p] et [t] respectivement. Nos analyses aérodynamiques ont montré que la production de percussions beatboxées s’apparentait à celle de consonnes éjectives pour la grosse caisse beatboxée (notamment fermeture des plis vocaux juste avant l’explosion), implosives pour la caisse claire (notamment flux d’air inhalé avant le bruit d’explosion), et de clics pour la Charleston beatboxée (notamment débit d’air nasal décroissant puis croissant). Le larynx est sollicité comme vibrateur et articulateur ; ses composants sont utilisés de manière indépendante. Les lèvres et la langue participent également à la production de ces sons beatboxés, ainsi situés entre musique et parole.

International audience; Der Artikel analysiert die Merkmale der Perzeption und der Entwicklung des Marginalismus der Österreichischen Schule im ökonomischen Denken der Ukraine während des späten 19. und des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts sowie in der Grenzwerttheorie des weltbekannten Ökonomen und Mathematikers Yevgen Slutsky. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ausarbeitung seiner Grenzwerttheorie erweist sich Slutsky als „wissenschaftlicher Ökonom“. Er zeigt ein kritisches Verständnis für die subjektive Theorie Carl Mengers und für das Werte-Konzept, welche in Böhm-Bawerks „Zur Kritik des Werte-Konzepts" weiterentwickelt werden, und für seine Lehre über die (sogenannte) vim-runtimes Werte“ und „Zur Theorie über das Verbraucher-Budget.“ Slutsky wird hier neu erörtert unter Einbeziehung nachgelassener Texte aus dem Staats-Archiv von Kiew. Das kreative Werk des ukrainischen Ökonomen zeigt die Objektivierung der Nutzen-Funktion, die Entwicklung eines Konzepts zum Konsumenten-Verhalten auf dem Markt und die Einführung von Prinzipien der ökonomischen Wissenschaft in den subjektiven Bereich. Der überragende Einfluss der Ideen von Slutsky zeigt sich in der Entwicklung der gesamten Wirtschaftswissenschaft, besonders werden u.a. die „Slutsky- Gleichung“, der „Effekt von Slutsky-Yule“ und das „Slutsky Theorem“ von Ökonomen allgemein anerkannt.; The features of Marginalism pervaded Ukrainian economic thought as early as the late 19th and early 20th century in the version of the Austrian school of economics and through the theory of marginal utility developed by world-famous Ukrainian economist and mathematician Yevgen Slutsky. In the light of his Theory of marginal utility, one may see how the main ideas of the Austrian school were received and developed in Ukraine. Slutsky was a scientist who dedicated himself to economics and his understanding of the subjective value theory by Carl Menger was critical. His views are here studied on the basis of new findings from the Kyiv archives. Slutsky formed his own concept of value, developed in his Critique of the concept of value where he discusses Böhm-Bawerk’s teachings and his Theory of consumer budget. He “objectified” the utility function, so to speak, and stressed the role of consumer behavior in a market-frame. He heralded praxeological principles ‒ this is at least what his archives suggest. The huge influence of his ideas shows well in the famous “Slutsky equations”, “Slutsky - Yule effect” and “Slutsky's theorem”, still known to this day by economists worldwide.; Le marginalisme autrichien a pénétré en Ukraine dès la fin du xixe et le début du xxe siècle à travers la théorie de l’utilité développée par l’économiste et mathématicien Yevgen Slutsky. Sa Théorie de l’utilité marginale montre comment les idées autrichiennes majeures y furent reçues et reprises. Slutsky abordait l’économie en scientifique avec une réception critique de la théorie subjective de la valeur élaborée par Carl Menger. Slutsky développa son propre concept de valeur, qu’il présenta dans sa Critique du concept de valeur. Les auteurs se basent sur un matériau inédit conservé dans des archives à Kiev. Slutsky débattit les positions d’Eugen Böhm-Bawerk, il « objectiva » la fonction d’utilité et il souligna le rôle du comportement de consommation au sein du marché. Ses découvertes exercèrent une grande influence : les « équations de Slutsky », l’« effet Slutsky-Yule » et le « théorème de Slutsky » en témoignent.

ISSN : 1638-573X; International audience; This article first presents a historical section showing the importance of alliterations and assonances in French literature, but also that of musical figuralism. Alliterations and assonances are characterized by the repetition of consonants or vowels, encouraging to any pedagogical pronunciation activity: they improve memorization, comprehension, and pronunciation. After this first section, a selection of several literary texts, some of which are set to music, is proposed, for their pedagogical use in improving the pronunciation of French as a foreign language: opening towards a fine perception of foreign sounds and pronunciation games, the work of diction and the access to a pleasure of speaking, help concerning some specific pronunciation errors (continuity of fricatives without affricates production, distinction between unvoiced and voiced plosives, sonorous consonants /lmnr/ and distinction between /r/ and /l/), "articulatory figuralism".; Cet article présente d’abord une section historique montrant l’importance des allitérations et assonances en littérature française, mais aussi celle du figuralisme musical. Allitérations et assonances se caractérisent par la répétition de consonnes ou voyelles, propices à toute pédagogie de la prononciation : elles améliorent la mémorisation, la compréhension, et la prononciation. Après cette première section, une sélection de plusieurs textes littéraires, dont certains mis en musique, est proposée, pour leur exploitation pédagogique de la prononciation du Français Langue Étrangère : ouverture vers une perception fine de sonorités étrangères et jeux de prononciation, travail de la diction et du plaisir de parler, aide concernant quelques écarts de prononciation spécifiques (continuité des fricatives sans affrication, distinction entre occlusives non voisées et voisées, consonnes sonantes /l m n r/ et distinction entre /r/ et /l/), « figuralisme articulatoire ».

International audience; The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was introduced in Southeast Asia, such as in Thailand, in the mid-1960s for aquaculture purposes (Pullin et al., 1997; De Silva et al., 2004). The species was later promoted for aquaculture development in the early 1990s in Lao PDR (Garaway et al., 2000). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), like in other countries, this exotic species is well established due to its self-reproduction (De Silva et al., 2004; CABI, 2018) facilitated by its particular life history traits and plasticity (Ishikawa et al., 2013). The species was then suspected to be introduced in the seventies in Laos and subsequently in the Nam Theun watershed where the NT2 Reservoir was impounded in 2008. Population parameters of this alien fish were investigated using the FiSAT II software with the most popular methods of bioparameters assessment to check their interchangeability within a same stock and the same year 2016. The length-at-age data analysis (using otoliths analysis, N = 258) gave slightly different results with the length frequency distribution analysis of fish landings (11 820 individuals). Furthermore, experimental fishing data provided irrelevant parameters due to insufficient representativeness of the sample size. The growth parameter K was estimated to be 0.23 year−1, with asymptotic length L∞ = 52.5 cm based on the length frequency distribution analysis with the fish landing data. According to these landing data, the total, natural and fishing mortality were Z = 1.41 year−1, M = 0.30 year−1 and F = 1.11 year−1. The exploitation rate E = 0.79 is over the Emax = 0.594 obtained by relative yield and biomass per recruit. This estimated stock of 165 tons (more than 700 000 tilapias) was characterized by high mortality (no population growth). These results showed that the population is overfished with too many juveniles caught (L50 = 210.4 mm; 50% mature stages at 295 mm). To maximize the yield per recruit, increase the biomass and sustain this fishery, enlarging the gillnet mesh size of the gill-net is recommended. This example highlights the variability of the parameters calculated from different methods and thus weaken worldwide and even inter-site comparisons. Despite this issue, the Growth Performances Indices (φ′) gathered into the literature can serve as baseline and confirmed the wide phenotypic plasticity of the species due to environmental factors. Analyses revealed difference between fast growing domesticated fish rose for aquaculture with φ′ higher to the tilapia growing in natural and challenging environments.; Le Tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) a été introduit en Asie du sud-ouest, notamment en Thaïlande, dans le milieu des années 1960, à des fins d’aquaculture. Ce n’est que dans les années 1990 que cette espèce a été introduite au Laos pour ce même objectif. Cette espèce exotique, de par sa capacité de reproduction naturelle induite par ses traits d’histoire de vie et sa plasticité phénotypique, est bien établie au Laos, ainsi que dans d’autres pays asiatiques. Cette espèce présente dans le bassin versant de Nam Theun aurait ainsi colonisé le réservoir de Nam Theun 2 (NT2) lors de sa mise en eau en 2008, avec également des actions sporadiques d’empoissonnements. Les paramètres de la population du réservoir de NT2 ont été étudiés en recourant à FiSAT II avec les méthodes d’évaluation des bio-paramètres les plus populaires pour vérifier leur interchangeabilité dans un même stock et pour une même année (2016). L’analyse de la relation taille-âge, via l’analyse de 258 otolithes, a donné des résultats légèrement différents de l’analyse des fréquences de tailles issues des débarquements réalisées sur 11 820 individus. Les données issues des pêches expérimentales ont quant-à-elles fournis des résultats non pertinents de par le faible effectif des échantillons. La croissance (k) a été estimée à 0,23 cm an−1 avec une longueur asymptotique (L∞) de 52,5 cm. Selon les données de débarquements la mortalité totale, naturelle et par pêche étaient respectivement de 1,41, 0,30 et 1,11 an−1. Le taux d’exploitation (0,79) était supérieur au taux d’exploitation maximal (0,594) obtenu par le rendement relatif et la biomasse par recrue. Le stock estimé de 165 tonnes (plus de 700 000 individus) était caractérisé par une mortalité élevée. Ces résultats ont montré que la population était surexploitée et que de nombreux juvéniles étaient capturés (L50 = 210,4 mm; 50% mature à 295 mm). Pour maximiser le rendement par recrue, augmenter la biomasse, et soutenir la pêche, il est recommandé d’augmenter la taille des mailles des filets de pêche. Cet exemple met en évidence la variabilité des paramètres calculés à partir de différentes méthodes ce qui sous-entend que les comparaisons avec les autres populations dans le monde, mais également inter-sites sont difficiles. Toutefois les indices de performance de croissance (φ′) relevés dans la littérature peuvent servir de référentiel et confirmer la grande plasticité phénotypique de cette espèce selon les facteurs environnementaux. Les analyses ont révélé que les populations aquacoles présentaient une croissance plus rapide que celle des populations vivant dans les environnements naturels contraignants.

Income has been increasingly criticized as an indicator of childhood living conditions, especially at young ages. In this paper, we present a picture of poverty and multi-dimensional deprivation of children in France, around the time of their birth and during the first year of life. To do so, we use both an income poverty measure as well as a multiple deprivation approach, applied to a nationally representative survey of over 18,000 children born in France in 2011 (the Elfe cohort). We examine four dimensions of children's daily lives : material conditions ; parenting ; housing conditions ; and extreme housing conditions. Our results show that income poverty does not always overlap with deprivation : some children live in income-poor households without being deprived in the dimensions we study, and vice versa. Notably, we find only a small overlap between extreme housing deprivation or parental involvement and income poverty. Furthermore, we show that the population groups most at risk of deprivation in early life vary according to the dimension considered, and are distinct from the determinants of income poverty. For example, while single motherhood is the main driver of income poverty, it is not associated with an increased risk of housing deprivation nor with low parental involvement, when other socio-demographic characteristics are controlled for. This approach therefore adds more precision and nuance to our understanding of child poverty at very young ages in France., Castillo Rico Barbara, Leturcq Marion, Panico Lidia. Childhood poverty and deprivation at the starting gate in France. Examples using Elfe survey. In: Revue des politiques sociales et familiales, n°131-132, 2019. Le bien-être des enfants : un enjeu politique / Understanding children's well-being: A political issue. pp. 175-188.

International audience; Over the last thirty years, the poor state of certain fish stocks in the Large Marine Ecosystem of the Canary Current gradually revealed the limits of the West African fisheries management. The Ecosystem Approach advocated in Mauritania, calls to change the perception of fisheries management to incorporate participatory management considerations total admissible catches (TACs) and fishing quotas. An experiment around, a total allowable capture of 800 tons of pink lobster (Palinurus mauritanicus) is at the heart of this approach using methodological tools of analysis / assessment of the economic performance of crawfish exploratory fishery. Survey results show that during the period from February 2015 to January 2016, the fishery was based on a total of 23 vessels. 52% is held by Mauritanian and the rest is chartered with European (EU) ship owners. The capture of the Mauritanian fishery is significantly higher than that of the European Union, respectively 393 tons against 390 tons. 98% of the overall production volume is in live lobsters, mainly for the European market. This production generated sales of 4.26 billion MRO Affairs. Overall, experimental rock lobster industry is an important macroeconomic activity. The Turnover (CA) represents approximately 5% of revenue from exports of the Mauritanian Fish Marketing Company in 2015 (US $ 268 million) and 13% of fishing GDP in 2014 (33.47 billion MRO, BCM 2015). Over two thirds of this amount (3.62 billion MRO) is generated by the (VA) Added Value 85% of turnover. The VA created by Mauritanian operators is 10% more than the VA created by European operators. The Fixed Annual Costs and the Estimated Gross Excess (FACEGE) represents 1.3 MRO billion or 32% of sales. More than half (MRO 896.6 million) in FACEGE is generated by Mauritanian. Experimental lobster industry creates 557 direct and indirect jobs. These jobs represent 10% of the industrial fishing jobs, globally estimated at 3764 Live 2014. It is estimated that the Mauritanian segment creates 25% more jobs than the European segment. This assessment of socio-economic performance of the exploratory fishery in Mauritania lobster is a first step towards a deeper understanding of its cost structure and its dynamics, necessary for the management of TACs and fishing quotas.

Non modale (non neutre), la voix craquée se manifeste aux niveaux segmental et suprasegmental des langues. Elle revêt également des fonctions pragmatiques, stylistiques, sociolinguistiques et extralinguistiques. Si sa prévalence est attestée en anglais américain, elle est plus rare en français. Lors de lectures en tandem linguistique entre étudiant.e.s anglophones et francophones, la voix craquée de chaque langue parlée évolue-t-elle ? Pour cette étude pilote par 9 paires –un.e anglophone et un.e francophone–, le nombre et la durée des occurrences de voix craquée varient-ils en fonction de la langue parlée (anglais, français), de son statut (L1/L2), du locuteur, des contextes segmentaux et suprasegmentaux ?Après leur annotation manuelle, la fréquence et la durée des occurrences de voix craquée ont été calculées chez 9 femmes francophones et 9 anglophones (8 femmes, un homme), étudiants en licence.Ces occurrences sont plus fréquentes chez les anglophones dans les deux langues que chez leurs homologues francophones (transfert dans la production de la voix craquée de l’anglais vers le français pour les anglophones). Elles sont plus nombreuses en anglais qu’en français chez les francophones (effet des trois mois d’interaction) avec une importante variabilité inter-sujets. Les durées relatives des occurrences de voix craquée des francophones sont identiques d’une langue à l’autre, et plus courtes en français qu’en anglais chez les anglophones. La voix craquée peut porter sur un segment, la fin des mots prosodiques et des groupes intonatifs (longueur plus importante dans ce dernier cas). En français se produisent également des glottalisations aux hiatus, surtout chez les anglophones.Cette étude est un premier pas vers la recherche de l’effet de l’interaction sur la voix craquée. Ces analyses en lecture devront être complétées par celles des productions spontanées de nos locuteurs. Creaky voice is a non-modal (non-neutral) speech feature occurring both at the segmental and suprasegmental levels of languages. It also performs paralinguistic, stylistic, sociolinguistic and extra-linguistic functions. It has been reported as prevalent in (especially American) English but it is rarely described in French.During tandem exchanges between native-French speakers and native-English speakers, does voice quality found in each of the 2 languages spoken evolve in the course of the interactions? In this pilot study of read speech by 9 French/English tandem pairs (undergraduate Francophone and Anglophone students paired up), how do the number and duration of creaky occurrences vary according to: the language spoken (French or English), the language status (L1 or L2), the speaker, and the segmental or suprasegmental contexts?Creaky occurrences were manually annotated. Their frequency and duration were calculated for the 9 native French female speakers and the 9 native English speakers (eight women, one man).They were found to be more frequent among the Anglophones (in both languages) than their Francophone counterparts (transfer of creaky voice production from English to French for Anglophones), and more frequent when the Francophones spoke in English rather than French (after 3 months of interaction), with a high degree of inter-speaker variability. Moreover, the relative durations of creaky occurrences were similar in both languages spoken by the Francophones, while for the Anglophones, they were shorter in French than in English. The scope of creaky voice can be a segment, the end of stress groups, or whole intonational units (with longer occurrences). In French, glottalisation may also occur at a hiatus, especially when produced by Anglophones.This pilot study is a first step in the research of how speech interaction affects voice quality. The results obtained from read speech will have to be compared to the analysis of spontaneous speech produced by these same speakers.

National audience; On ne peut remonter à une origine unique du tatouage, pratiqué dans le monde entier, mais l’origine du mot lui-même est polynésienne. En Polynésie, il est pratiqué depuis plus de 3000 ans, et revêt une dimension symbolique forte. Il y est omniprésent, sur les corps comme dans les discours. Aux îles Samoa, il consiste en un agencement iconographique prédéfini sur des parties invariables du corps, du milieu du dos aux genoux pour les hommes, sur le tour de cuisses pour les femmes. Il n’est pas un acte narcissique, un geste individuel, mais s’inscrit toujours dans un environnement social et dans un contexte ritualisé.C’est sur ce rituel d’initiation que l’auteur centre ses travaux, mettant en lumière les phénomènes de continuité, de changement, de transmission et de globalisation du métier.Alors que les motifs du tatouage polynésien ont essaimé dans le monde entier, cet ouvrage analyse les données historiques et ethnographiques dans une approche inédite.

International audience; Photogrammetry is an old remote sensing technique that has undergone significant new developments related to the emergence of new computer vision algorithms, notably the workflow technique called Structure-from-Motion (SfM photogrammetry). These innovations facilitate the utilization of this technique by non-specialists. SfM photogrammetry now enables the production of high-resolution morphometric 3D models and derived products such as digital surface models (DSMs) and orthophotographs. We conducted three SfM-photogrammetric experiments, in French Guiana on an embayed beach in Cayenne and on a small mudflat sector of a coastal mud bank near the Sinnamary estuary, and finally in the French southern Alps on a section of the braided Bach River near Sisteron. We developed a simple field protocol based on subvertical aerial photography from a microlight aircraft at low altitude (1000 feet). We generated DSMs and the other products with user-friendly Agisoft Photoscan Professional (c) software. These SfM implementations were aimed at highlighting the subtle morphological variations characterising these features and some of the processes involved in morphological change. The DSMs were produced at a resolution of 5 to 10 cm per pixel and had a mean vertical accuracy less than 10 cm compared to the Real-Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK-DGPS) control points, with a maximum of 20 cm in marginal sectors near high vegetation such as trees and shrubs and on wet surfaces dose to water-filled channels or in the lower intertidal zone. Low-cost, user-friendly SfM photogrammetry offers interesting new perspectives in the fields of coastal and fluvial geomorphology requiring high-resolution topographic data. The technique combines the advantages of the reproducibility of GPS topographic surveys and the high density and accuracy of airborne LIDAR, but at very advantageous cost compared to the latter.; La photogrammétrie est une technique ancienne de télédétection qui connaît des développements significatifs liés à l’émergence des algorithmes de vision assistée par ordinateur, comme la technique nommée « Structure-from-Motion » (photogrammétrie SfM). Ces innovations facilitent l’utilisation de cette technique par des non-spécialistes. La photogrammétrie SfM permet aujourd’hui la production de modèles morphométriques haute résolution et de leurs produits dérivés comme des modèles numériques de surface (MNS) et des orthophotographies. Nous avons effectué trois expérimentations de photogrammétrie SfM : en Guyane française sur une plage de baie à Cayenne et sur un étroit secteur d’une vasière intertidale associée à un banc de vase près de l’estuaire du fleuve Sinnamary, puis dans les Alpes du Sud sur une section de la rivière en tresse du Buëch près de Sisteron. Nous avons développé un protocole de terrain accessible basé sur des photographies aériennes sub-verticales à partir d’un aéronef ultra léger motorisé (ULM) volant à basse altitude (1000 pieds). Nous avons généré les MNS et les autres produits dérivés à l’aide du logiciel Agisoft Photoscan Professional ©. Ces applications de la technique de photogrammétrie SfM ont pour objectif de souligner les variations morphologiques fines caractérisant les objets d’étude ainsi que les processus morphogènes. Les MNS ont été produits avec une résolution de 5 à 10 cm par pixel et ont une précision verticale moyenne inférieure à 10 cm au regard des points de contrôle levés à l’aide du GPS différentiel cinématique (i.e. RTK-DGPS), avec un maximum de 20 cm dans certains secteurs marginaux près de la végétation haute avec des arbustes et des arbres et sur les surfaces humides près de chenaux actifs ou dans la zone intertidale. Peu coûteuse et facile d’utilisation, la technique de photogrammétrie SfM offre des perspectives novatrices dans les champs de la géomorphologie côtière et fluviale requérant des données topographiques haute résolution. Cette technique combine les avantages de la reproductibilité des levés topographiques GPS et la haute densité et la précision des données issues du LIDAR aéroporté, mais à coût très avantageux comparé à ce dernier.

Highlights • Studies early-life disease environment and adult wages for men in India. • Robust negative gradient between infant mortality and wages decades later. • 10 point IMR reduction associated with approximately 2 percent wage increase. • Not mediated by level of schooling received. • Due to fiscal externality, public health investments could have low net present cost., A growing literature indicates that effects of early-life health on adult economic outcomes could be substantial in developing countries, but the magnitude of this effect is debated. We document a robust gradient between the early-life mortality environment to which men in India were locally exposed in their district and year of birth and the wages that they earn as adults. A 1 percentage point reduction in infant mortality (or 10 point reduction in IMR) in an infant's district and year of birth is associated with an approximately 2 percent increase in his subsequent adult wages. Consistent with theories and evidence in the literature, we find that the level of schooling chosen for a child does not mediate this association. Because of its consequences for subsequent wages, early-life health could also have considerable fiscal externalities; if so, public health investments could come at very low net present cost.

Traffic noise is considered by people as one of the most important sources of environmental discomfort. A way to limit the traffic noise is to reduce the noise emission, for example, by using specific low noise pavements, particularly in suburban areas. However, in real situations, it can be difficult to evaluate the impact of a given pavement, because it depends, for example, on the road geometry, the meteorological conditions, or the distance of the receiver position. Finally it can be difficult to select the most appropriate pavement for a given noise reduction objective. In this paper, a simple method is proposed to evaluate the noise impact of a pavement, in typical road geometries and environmental conditions. The proposed approach uses two databases, the first one based on measurements of emission spectra of road vehicles on several typical pavements, the second one made of pre-calculations of noise propagation for typical road configurations. Finally, the method is implemented in an interactive web tool, called DEUFRABASE, which allows one to obtain a fast estimation of the L Aeq (1 h or 24 h) and L den noise levels for various pavements and road configurations, as functions of the traffic flow and composition. By comparing the method with measurements, it is showed that the tool, although based on a restricted number of pavements and on several simplifications, can predict the noise impact of typical road configurations, with an acceptable error, most often less than 2 dB.

International audience; Many disparities and common concerns in initial teachers’ training are observed in a study conducted with beginners and trainers collectives in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Gabon and Senegal, compared to the French situation.The cross-view of these different contexts seems to reveal different levels of novice involvement in the implementation of the "take and learn" tools learned in initial training in observed classroom practice situations. If all new teachers are concerned about the effectiveness of their own activity in a real classroom situation with a view to student learning, the observation device implemented reveal differences between countries in understanding the relationship between what is learned in formation and what is necessary to understand from the context in order to "class". This paper proposes an analysis of the situation of education in primary schools, which is comparable in principle to their subject of instruction or to the method used in each of the Gabonese, Senegalese and French contexts. For example, the process ‟La Martinière” learned in training as an effective tool to pilot large group learning.; La formation professionnelle des professeurs débutants est conçue sur le principe de l’alternance théorie/pratique entre institut de formation et milieu professionnel lors des stages pratiques, soit dans des écoles élémentaires dans le cas du premier degré. Quelles que soient les finalités de l’alternance, elles renvoient à la problématique de l’apprentissage orienté vers l’agir. La logique de la formation et de la pratique soutient les modalités plurielles d’accompagnement de cette appropriation. C’est sur la nature de ces questions et leurs implications pratiques mais également épistémologiques qu’il s’agit de porter notre interrogation (Vanhulle, Merhan & Ronveaux, 2007), à travers la mise en œuvre des outils par les professeurs débutants en situation réelle de classe dans différents contextes.

Marine natural products isolated from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis cf reticulata, in French Polynesia, were investigated as an alternative to antibiotics to control pathogens in aquaculture. The overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture is largely considered to be an environmental pollution, because it supports the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes within the aquatic environment. One environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics is the use of quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs). Quorum sensing (QS) is a regulatory mechanism in bacteria which control virulence factors through the secretion of autoinducers (AIs), such as acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) in gram-negative bacteria. Vibrio harveyi QS is controlled through three parallel pathways: HAI-1, AI-2, and CAI-1. Bioassay-guided purification of F. cf reticulata extract was conducted on two bacterial species, i.e., Tenacibaculum maritimum and V. harveyi for antibiotic and QS inhibition bioactivities. Toxicity bioassay of fractions was also evaluated on the freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata and the marine fish Acanthurus triostegus. Cyclohexanic and dichloromethane fractions of F. cf reticulata exhibited QS inhibition on V. harveyi and antibiotic bioactivities on V. harveyi and T. maritimum, respectively. Palauolide (1) and fascaplysin (2) were purified as major molecules from the cyclohexanic and dichloromethane fractions, respectively. Palauolide inhibited QS of V. harveyi through HAI-1 QS pathway at 50 μg ml–1 (26 μM), while fascaplysin affected the bacterial growth of V. harveyi (50 μg ml–1) and T. maritimum (0.25 μg). The toxicity of fascaplysin-enriched fraction (FEF) was evaluated and exhibited a toxic effect against fish at 50 μg ml–1. This study demonstrated for the first time the QSI potential of palauolide (1). Future research may assess the toxicity of both the cyclohexanic fraction of the sponge and palauolide (1) on fish, to confirm their potential as alternative to antibiotics in fish farming.

Based on multiple case studies carried out along the Senegalese coastline, this article reveals that the analysis of the Senegalese artisanal fisheries from the angle of postcolonial strategies and successive crises is no longer sufficient to account for a rapidly changing sector marked by the emergence of participatory and sustainable dynamics aimed at reversing the current trends. In this respect, the fisheries co-management through local institutions, particularly the Local Artisanal Fishing Councils (CLPA, in French), is consecutively an emerging system in substitution to the previous centralized management (top down). This new bottom up approach, based on multi-stakeholder governance has triggered a paradigm shift in fisheries management favoring the establishment of political and bio-ecological initiatives oriented towards the sustainable management of resources in place of a sensu stricto productivity management approach. Thus, the trade give up the primacy of production in favor of the preservation of resources, even if numerous organizational and technical drawbacks seriously limit the scope of such initiatives.; Sur la base de nombreuses études de cas conduites sur le littoral sénégalais, cet article révèle que l'analyse des pêcheries artisanales sénégalaises sous l'angle des stratégies postcoloniales et des crises successives ne suffit plus à rendre compte d'un secteur en pleine mutation, marqué par l'émergence de dynamiques participatives et durables. La cogestion des pêcheries étudiée à travers les institutions locales, notamment les Conseils Locaux de Pêche Artisanale (CLPA), se présente alors comme un système émergent se substituant à la gestion centralisée antérieure. Cette nouvelle approche, basée sur une gouvernance multi-acteurs enclenche un changement de paradigme dans la gestion des pêches, privilégiant la mise en place d'initiatives politiques et bioécologiques orientées vers la gestion durable des ressources en lieu et place d'une gestion antérieure de nature purement productiviste. La profession abandonne ainsi la primauté des volumes au profit de la préservation des ressources, même si de nombreux freins organisationnels et techniques limitent drastiquement la portée de telles initiatives.

Supplement to: Döring, J et al. (2019): Spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry provide insights into the stock structure of bonga shad Ethmalosa fimbriata. Journal of Fish Biology, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13881; Data on spawning energetics and otolith microchemistry in female Ethmalosa fimbriata sampled in Senegal (Atlantic coast and Sine Saloum estuary).

International audience; The concept of diffuse sound field in room acoustics is the basic assumption of the classical theory or reverberation. This assumption is however false in many practical situations where the reverberant sound field undergoes significant spatial variations in the room. Murray Hodgson has dedicated an important part of his research activities to the study of such non-diffuse sound fields, through studies combining generally both experimental and modeling aspects. Some of Hodgson's early contributions in link with this topic are first presented. In a second part, the paper presents some developments concerning a statistical model of non-diffuse sound fields based on a diffusion process. The paper focuses in particular on the modeling of mixed reflections within this diffusion model, the application of this model to industrial workrooms, and the modeling of energy flows by using the Fick's law. All these developments are a natural continuation of Hodgson's work, concerning numerous issues that he raised on the modeling of non-diffuse sound fields.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between trade and economic growth using data of UAE economy for the period of 1974-2011. Design/methodology/approach The bounds testing is applied for testing the cointegration relationship between the variables. The rolling window approach has been used to analyze the stability of long run coefficients. Findings The empirical analysis shows the presence of cointegration between trade and economic growth. Furthermore, exports have positive, but imports have negative effect on economic growth. The rolling window approach confirms the stability of long-run estimates. Practical implications This paper provides new insights for policymakers to use trade as economic tool for sustainable economic development. Originality/value This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature with reference to UAE, being a pioneering attempt to investigate the relationship between trade and economic growth by using long time series data and applying more rigorous techniques like time varying rolling window analysis.

International audience; Facing the loss of fish biodiversity and the decrease of fish stocks since several decades, a proposed solution is the multipli-cation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA). In Senegal, one MPA has been implemented in 2003 in one of the channels composing the Sine Saloum estuary. A monitoring program was carried out based on hydro-acoustic survey and the two main metrics extracted from hydro-acoustic data: Fish biomass proxy and fish size distribution proxy. The surveys were performed using vertical beaming at differ-ent seasons from 2003 to 2010. In the MPA, a light increase of the fish biomass proxy and an increase of the fish size proxy during the dry season were observed. The biomass proxy recorded in a close but not protected tributary were higher than in the MPA, probably due to a strong connection with open marine water, aggregative be-havior of preys in the MPA due to higher predation, and a stronger avoidance phenomenon in the MPA. The high variability of the MPA environment submitted to both estuarine and marine influences and the size of the MPA may explain the lack of clear results. However, the learned lessons enable us to make recommendations to monitor fish population in MPAs using hydroacoustic methods. Evaluation procedures using these methods are proposed highlighting the im-portance of a rigorous survey protocol to insure the exploitation of the entire acquired time series.

International audience; The SPA (“Savoir, Pouvoir, Avoir”) project (CNRS, 2017-2019) presented in this article focuses on the ways French society deals with the issue of environmental impact – from the vast question of impact in the context of global change and the issue of the measurement of impact in science, to the specific case of the public policy instrument known as “environmental impact assessment”. Impact is considered as a boundary object at the intersection of several fields of inquiry which captures both the architecture and the dynamics of relationships between “savoir” (scientific and lay knowledge), “pouvoir” (power and decision) and “avoir” (economy/appropriation), that aggregate different interests around the sustainable management of coastal socio-ecological systems. Three sites were selected along a north-south gradient of Long-Term Ecological Research sites: the Bay of Brest and the Iroise Sea, the National Nature Reserve of the French islands in the Southern Ocean and the overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The approach of the SPA project is to link concretely social sciences, natural sciences and engineering sciences on these study sites, in an interdisciplinary, multi-site and multi-scale methodology that makes it possible to reveal the conditions for the possible – or impossible – implementation of sustainable management of coastal socio-ecological systems.; Le projet SPA (Savoir, Pouvoir, Avoir) (CNRS, 2017-2019) présenté dans cet article se concentre sur la manière dont la société française aborde la question de lʼimpact environnemental – de son évaluation et sa mesure à son traitement. Le processus réglementaire de lʼ « étude dʼimpact environnemental » qui consiste en lʼanalyse préalable des impacts potentiels prévisibles dʼune activité donnée sur lʼenvironnement est donc placé ici au cœur de nos préoccupations dans ce projet qui considère lʼimpact comme un objet frontière, à lʼintersection de plusieurs champs, permettant de saisir lʼarchitecture et la dynamique des relations entre savoir (savoir scientifique et profane), pouvoir (pouvoir et décision) et avoir (économie/appropriation). Pour ce faire, nous proposons de saisir les différents intérêts qui sʼagrègent autour de la gestion durable des socio-écosystèmes côtiers. Trois sites ont été choisis selon un gradient nord-sud dans des sites de recherche écologique à long terme : la rade de Brest et la mer dʼIroise, la réserve naturelle nationale des îles françaises de lʼocéan Austral et la collectivité dʼoutre-mer de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Lʼapproche du projet SPA consiste à lier concrètement les sciences sociales, les sciences naturelles et les sciences de lʼingénieur sur ces sites dʼétude, dans une approche interdisciplinaire multi-sites et multi-échelles qui permet de mettre au jour les conditions de possibilité (ou dʼimpossibilité) de mise en œuvre dʼune gestion soutenable des socio-écosystèmes côtiers.

International audience; Constraints that prevent women from working longer hours are argued to be important drivers of the gender wage gap in the United States. We provide evidence that in couples where the wife's working hours exceed the husband's, the wife reports lower life satisfaction. By contrast, there is no effect on the husband's satisfaction. The results still hold when controlling for relative income. We argue that these patterns are best explained by perceived fairness of the division of household labor, which induces an aversion to a situation where the wife works more at home and on the labor market.

International audience; In economics, rank-size regressions provide popular estimators of tail exponents of heavy-tailed distributions. We discuss the properties of this approach when the tail of the distribution is regularly varying rather than strictly Pareto. The estimator then over-estimates the true value in the leading parametric income models (so the upper income tail is less heavy than estimated), which leads to test size distortions and undermines inference. For practical work, we propose a sensitivity analysis based on regression diagnostics in order to assess the likely impact of the distortion. The methods are illustrated using data on top incomes in the UK.

This paper deals with a “strange case of topicalization” in the poem Idylle Moderne by Alphonse Allais. On the one hand we can find, at the very beginning of the text, an accentuated form of the “pronoun”, that is to say a nominal substitute; on the other hand, it seems that the comma of the first line has disappeared, while it is maintained in the latter. Between a “false” double-marking and a zero anaphora, we try to describe the syntactical and the informational organization of the first sentences in terms of a hybrid form of operation, where (and when) a topic plays a focal part too..

International audience; Comment les professeurs d’arts pastiques au collège en France déclenchent-ils et organisent-ils le travail des élèves, leur rencontre avec la pratique et les œuvres plastiques, en passant par des gestes de métier spécifiques ? En comparant la pratique professionnelle d’une débutante à celle d’une professeure d’arts plastiques expérimentée, nous interrogeons la façon dont elles élaborent la petite phrase – le plus souvent accompagnée d’outils et de matériaux – qui permet de mettre les élèves au travail, de façon rapide, motivante et productive, qu’on a souvent appelée « incitation ». Dans une approche historico-culturelle, nous montrons comment l’enseignant crée un milieu de travail individuel et collectif dynamique et efficace, dans ce cadre particulier d’enseignement où il est impératif de faire faire pour faire apprendre, et ce en 55 minutes hebdomadaires. C’est donc en termes de prescriptions, de milieu de travail, de genèse instrumentale, d’expérience individuelle et collective que nous aborderons les conditions de l’enseignement de la « créativité » en nous centrant sur l’activité de l’enseignant.

Preliminary Study of Fish Assemblage Structure of the Marine Protected Area of Cayar in Senegal Since its establishment in 2004, Cayar Marine Protected area (North of Senegal) is characterized by a lack of information on its fish fauna. Therefore, it becomes necessary to characterize the fish fauna of this MPA and its dynamics in time and space for a sustainable management of this conservation area. This present study investigated seasonal and spatial structure of the fish assemblage of Cayar MPA. This study consisted of collaborative seasonal sampling with local communities from six stations within the four main fishing areas with two types of fishing gears, purse seine and long line between 2015 and 2016. Ecological and trophic classification was performed in order to determine the fish fauna nature of this MPA. Multivariate analysis like factorial correspondence analysis and hierarchical classification analysis were carried out to study spatial and seasonal structure of fish assemblage of Cayar MPA. A total of 103 fish species from 45 families were reported. The most abundant species and the richest family were Pagellus bellottii and Carangidae, respectively. The fish assemblage was dominated by species of marine affinity and predators. Spatial and seasonal fish assemblages differed both in terms species richness and fish abundance. The highest and lowest species richness and abundance were recorded during the cold season and cold to warm transition period, respectively. A clear separation was found between stations where purse seine and long line were applied, in species composition and abundance. Results from this study might serve as the reference point of the fish assemblage in Cayar MPA. However, further investigation on the environmental variability is needed for a better understanding of the observed fish assemblage organization in time and space.

International audience

Les economistes comme les specialistes de sciences sociales semblent largement s’accorder sur le fait que le capitalisme industriel est entre a un moment donne dans une phase avancee de son developpement, tout particulierement dans ses variantes que l’on observe en Europe de l’Ouest, en Amerique du Nord et au Japon. Que le capitalisme se situe encore a cette etape, ou qu’il l’ait entre-temps deja depassee et laissee a nouveau derriere lui, il se differencie a tout le moins de la phase anterieure (ou bien des phases anterieures), a laquelle on peut rattacher le debut d’une premiere industrialisation et l’avenement de l’industrialisation massive (Hochindustrialisierung). ...

International audience; The impacts of anthropogenisation modify permanently the distribution patterns of brackish and marine species. Globalization leads to a rapid increase of the numbers of introduced species anywhere in the world. Biological invasions often result in significant losses in the economic value, biological diversity and function of invaded ecosystems. This review presents the main pathways of introduction of non-indigenous species and the main benthic taxonomic groups being established and/or invasive along the French Channel-Atlantic coasts. A focus is put on main invasive marine species in the intertidal and subtidal zones of Brittany (France), among macroalgae (Sargassum muticum, Grateloupia turuturu, Undaria pinnatifida, Codium fragile and Gracilaria vermiculophylla), halophytes (Spartina alterniflora) and benthic invertebrates (Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata, Crassostrea gigas and Venerupis philippinarum). The species biology, introduction vectors, reproductive and dispersal capacities are considered, together with proliferation patterns along the Channel-Atlantic coasts. The ecological impacts of these species on the environment are also described, as well as the European regulations existing to limit alien species introduction and some examples of struggle against the invaders including eradication trials and biomass valorization. Last, the on-going impacts of global changes on alien species invasiveness along the Channel- Atlantic coasts are discussed.

International audience; Proliferation of the introduced brown macro alga Sargassum muticum is known as a natural and hard to control phenomenon occurring along the Atlantic coasts. The phenomenon causes serious troubles for local ecosystems including the alteration of ecosystem structure, the reduction in indigenous biodiversity and economic losses (tourism, aquaculture). However, despite the serious troubles caused by S. muticum, this species contains highly remarkable bioactive metabolites. This macro alga is at present under-exploited and the valorization of its metabolites to give a positive value to this seaweed could be a solution of ecosystemic service. Biorefinery process could be one solution to valorize S. muticum. Comprehensive knowledge concerning the biochemical composition of S. muticum and the impact of environmental factors, particularly seasons, on its composition is a prerequisite before its valorization. In this study, the biochemical composition of S. muticum was evaluated by using classic colorimetric methods based on chemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometry (FTIR), and was used as a rapid and safe method that could bring advantages in screening studies and a more comprehensive management and use of seaweed products. Our results are globally in accordance, notably for phenolic compounds, showing the relevance of the use of infrared spectrometry. Moreover, based on the absorption bands of some specific and valuable compounds shown by FTIR, there was a seasonal variation in the polysaccharides, i.e., uronic acids and sulphated compounds, together with phenolic contents of S. muticum.

National audience; This anthropological research aims to highlight a global approach to drug-resistant epilepsy in children from mother's point of views. Forty semi-structured interviews have been conducted to better understand to what extent the epileptic seizure are the core of daily care or not. In the results, its appears that unpredictability is not limited to seizure but rather to the complete trajectory of severe epilepsy. As so, the article describes unpredictability in terms of diagnostic, prognostic, treatments, associated disabilities and disorders, social and educative supports, daily organization. In conclusion, the various unpredictabilities in drug-resistant epilepsy conduct to consider this disease not only as so but rather as a permanent disability for patient and for their family.

International audience; Changes in GDP during the 20th century have been mainly driven by total factor productivity (TFP). This article synthesizes results from our research based on the long period (1890-2015) productivity database we have constructed. In particular, we aim to refine our TFP measure by including the contribution of the improved quality of factor inputs and technology diffusion to TFP growth in four developed areas or countries: the United States, the euro area, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Two types of factor quality are considered: the average level of education and the average age of equipment. Two technological shocks corresponding to two general purpose technologies are investigated: electricity and information and communication technologies (ICT). However, even after these adjustments, long-term patterns of TFP growth do not change, with two major waves appearing over the past century and much of TFP growth remaining unaccounted for by quality-adjusted factors of production and technology diffusion. Our estimates show that the productivity impact of the recent ICT wave remains much smaller than that from the electricity wave, and that the post-1973 and the most recent slowdowns in TFP growth are confirmed.

We discuss the discrete formulation of systems of conservation laws in port-Hamiltonian form on dual chain complexes. Based on integral balance equations and topological information, this representation is exact and qualifies as a control model. The finite-dimensional approximation requires an energy discretization that yields discrete constitutive equations. We give (i) a brief overview of discrete modeling of conservation laws on n-complexes and (ii) extend existing results by allowing for mixed physical types of boundary inputs. This requires the construction of a primal and a dual complex based on the underlying staggered grids and the localization of the inputs on the system boundary. Finally, (iii) we discuss the properties of the resulting structure-preserving discretization scheme based on a consistency analysis for the 2D nonlinear shallow water equations.

International audience; Since 2011, the Lesser Antilles have faced major events of the washing ashore of pelagic Sargassum. Windward, exposed island coasts receive tons of algae that alter the quality of coastal ecosystems and the environment. The events repeated in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016. A major concern for local governments is to predict arriving floating algae and assess the risk of washing ashore. Here, we present a method to use a Sargassum Watch System (SaWS), based on satellite imagery and numerically-modelled surface currents, for near-real-time tracking of floating algae in the central Atlantic. The analysis of satellite data and numerical HYCOM surface ocean currents was used to predict washing ashore events days before they occur. These online products are integrated and made available to users in Keyhole Markup Language (KML) format and uploaded in Google Earth. Tracking of Sargassum slicks, combined with distance from coast and HYCOM current vectors’ direction and speed, can provide an effective prediction tool for possible washing-ashore in specific locations. Comparisons of events between the years 2011 and 2015 show some intensification of the presence of Sargassum in the western Atlantic and a significant increase in the risk of Sargassum washing ashore on the beaches of small islands. The demonstration using simple analyses of existing near real-time online products provides a template for governmental agencies and environmental groups to use, effectively, existing resources towards coastal management.

International audience; In many developing countries and in the particular context of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the challenge of informality is regarded as a fatality. This leads a large fraction of the population being deprived of any social security system. Following an original approach, a cross-sectional contingent valuation study was conducted in Tunisia, between August and September 2013, dealing with willingness to take-up two mandatory health and pension insurance schemes currently run by two national funds: ‘Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie’ (CNAM) and ‘Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale’ (CNSS), respectively. The sample size covers 456 respondents, all non-covered by any social security scheme (health or pension scheme) and recruited in all parts of the country (North, Central and South). The Willingness-to-pay (WTPs) of respondents are elicited in two sampling points: the informal markets (known as Souks) characterized by the high presence of informal workers and the public squares (known as Al-mydan) where peaceful demonstrations of unemployed people were commonplace following the so-called ‘Arab Spring’ that began in Tunisia at the end of 2010.Results support the hypotheses that the proposition of a voluntary affiliation to mandatory insurance schemes, referred to as social insurance schemes, can be accepted by the majority of non-covered and that the WTPs stated are substantial. Willingness-to-join the proposed schemes by informal workers and unemployed varies regarding the three health insurance plans described (the scheme run by the CNAM includes three plans) and risks covered (with an added pension scheme or not). The WTPs declared, for each insurance scheme, show preferences (utility) of Tunisian households to both mandatory health and pension insurance schemes. Accordingly, this suggests important implications for the Tunisian health insurance policy (with universal health coverage goal in mind) and the pension system.The message of this paper is to outline that informality is not an irrevocable choice and that control of social evasion in Tunisia is possible. Another strength of the paper is that it gives some data and information on a population generally difficult to reach, the demonstrators, although informal-workers (non-demonstrators) appear strongly interested by the insurance program.; Dans plusieurs pays en développement et en particulier au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord, l’informalité est regardée comme une fatalité et laisse une proportion importante de la population non couverte par le système de sécurité sociale. Une enquête d’évaluation contingente a été menée en Tunisie en 2013, se proposant d’estimer les consentements à payer (CAP) pour deux régimes hypothétiques d’assurance volontaire : un régime d’assurance maladie géré par la ‘Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie’ et un régime vieillesse géré par la ‘Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale’.L’échantillon se compose de 456 individus non couverts par un régime de sécurité sociale (maladie ou vieillesse), interrogés dans les régions Nord, Centre et Sud du pays. Les personnes interrogées ont été recrutées sur les marchés (souks) – caractérisés par la forte présence d’acteurs du secteur informel – et les places publiques (Al-mydan) – où s’organisaient régulièrement des rassemblements pacifiques de chômeurs pour revendiquer des droits sociaux peu après ce qui a été appelé ‘le printemps Arabe’ qui a débuté en Tunisie fin 2010.L’intention d’adhésion déclarée par les travailleurs informels et les sans-emploi varie selon le type de filière de soins proposée et selon les risques couverts (avec ou sans assurance-vieillesse). Les résultats confirment les hypothèses selon lesquelles une affiliation volontaire à deux régimes d’assurance serait majoritairement acceptée par les non couverts et les CAPs déclarés pour cette affiliation seraient substantiels. Ils apportent donc des éléments de discussion en termes de politiques tunisiennes de santé (objectif de couverture santé universelle) et d’assurance-vieillesse.Finalement, nos résultats montrent d’une part que l’informalité n’est pas un choix des individus et que le contrôle de l’évasion sociale en Tunisie est possible. D’autre part, la comparaison manifestants/non manifestants montre qu’il est possible de généraliser une offre d’assurance sociale au-delà du cercle restreint des « activistes ».

National audience; Par le biais d’un exemple concret (la Fondation La Borie-en-Limousin qui s’impose depuis 2014 comme « lieu de création pour la musique et les arts du son »), cet article se propose d’étudier les interactions entre les politiques culturelles développées par l’État (centralisateur et régalien) et un lieu pluri-artistique dans un processus de territorialisation et de construction d’une identité propre. Si la fondation se construit dans un mouvement de territorialisation visant à définir une identité artistique (implantation, pérennisation, liens avec le terrain et le public), celle-ci semble se définir avant tout dans un dialogue avec ses propres frontières, ces « zones de traduction » et d’interaction qui enrichissent tout processus culturel et artistique. Il s’agira ainsi de penser une possible « modélisation du lieu culturel », pensé dans une dialectique heureuse entre ses propres frontières et l’accueil de l’altérité.

International audience; We are interested in the work activity of the visual arts teachers characterized by labor linking usually produced by two separate spheres : artistic and school.What are the specific training in fine arts concerning work "in general" ? What particular skills acquired by these teachers and then by their pupils, who interest State Education to form, in the broad sense, the citizens of tomorrow, adaptable to the various requirements of contemporary work ? Institutional changes and disruption of the workplace during the implementation of new curricula in "History of Art " show these skills.; Nous nous intéressons à l’activité de travail des professeurs d’arts plastiques caractérisée par la mise en relation du travail produit par deux sphères habituellement séparées : artistique et scolaire. Quelles sont les spécificités de la formation en arts plastiques qui concernent le travail « en général » ? Quelles sont les compétences particulières acquises par ces professeurs, puis par leurs élèves, qui intéressent l’Education Nationale pour former, au sens large, les citoyens de demain, adaptables aux diverses exigences du travail contemporain ? Des changements institutionnels et une perturbation du milieu de travail lors de la mise en œuvre de nouveaux programmes d’enseignement en « Histoire des arts », révèlent ces compétences.; Nós nos interessamos pela atividade de trabalho de professores de artes plásticas caracterizada pela relação do trabalho produzido por duas esferas habitualmente separadas: artística e escolar. Quais são as especificidades da formação em artes plásticas que dizem respeito ao trabalho “em geral”? Quais são as competências particulares adquiridas por esses professores, e em seguida por seus alunos, que interessam à Educação Nacional para formar, no sentido amplo, os cidadãos de amanhã, adaptáveis às diversas exigências do trabalho contemporâneo? Mudanças institucionais e uma perturbação do meio de trabalho durante a implementação de novos programas de ensino em “História das artes” revelam essas competências.

International audience; For the founder of Austrian economics, Carl Menger (1840-1921), many social institutions are “organic” in origin, not voluntarily created (not “pragmatic”). Today, they may be regarded as complex adaptive systems, pieces of evidence of evolutionism. Money (as Menger sees it) fits such an explanation and bears witness to emerging socio-economic phenomena. We regard present-day evolutionary systems, based upon three principles (variation, interaction and selection) as anticipated by Menger.; Pour le fondateur de l’école autrichienne, Carl Menger (1840-1921), nombre d’institutions sociales sont « organiques », non volontaires (« pragmatiques »). En épistémologie, aujourd’hui, elles peuvent s’interpréter comme systèmes adaptatifs complexes. Ainsi la monnaie selon Menger. On la confronte ici aux systèmes adaptatifs complexes vus comme évolutifs et fondés sur trois principes fondamentaux : variation, interaction et sélection. Menger les anticipe ou du moins conduit à eux en droit fil.

Dieser Artikel befasst sich auf die traditionelle Verwendung von Wasser in der Lausitz, einer Region im Nordosten Deutschlands innerhalb der Länder Sachsen und Brandenburg. Das Gewässernetz ist sehr dicht und zahlreiche Teiche wurden seit dem Mittelalter gebaut. Dieser Bereich ist von einer slawischen Minderheit,die Sorben, besiedelt, die das Wasser kontinuierlich für unterschiedliche Zwecke verwendet hat,Wasser spielt auch eine wichtige Rolle in der sorbischen kollektiven Vorstellung und wird direkt oder indirekt auf vielen Volks festen oder besondere Bräuche gefeiert. Die Wassernutzung wird noch heute im Gebiet verewigt, aber ihre Entwicklung ist ziemlich neu, während dessen neue Formen der Wassernutzung entstehen und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Region (Tourismus, usw.) fördern, This article focuses on traditionnal uses of water in Lusatia, region of the north-east of Germany between the Länder of Brandeburg and Saxony. The hydrographic network is very dense and numerous ponds have been built since medieval times. This area is populated by a slavic minority, the Sorbs, who has always used the water for multiple uses. Water also plays an important role in the Sorbian collective imaginary, and is directly or indirectly celebrated at many festivals or special customs. Water uses are still perpetuated in the territory, but their valorization is fairly recent, while in parallel emerging new uses of aquatic environments conducive to the economic developmentof the region (tourism, and so on)., Cet article s'intéresse aux usages traditionnels de l'eau en Lusace, région du nord-est allemand située à cheval sur les Länder de Saxe et du Brandebourg. Le réseau hydrographique y est très dense, et de nombreux étangs ont été aménagés depuis l'époque médiévale. Ce territoire est peuplé par une minorité slave, les Sorabes, qui a toujours utilisé l'eau présente pour de multiples usages. L'eau tient aussi une place importante dans l'imaginaire collectif sorabe, et est célébrée directement ou indirectement lors de nombreuses fêtes ou avec des coutumes particulières. Les usages de l'eau sont toujours perpétués sur le territoire, mais leur mise en valeur est assez récente, alors qu'en parallèle émergent de nouveaux usages des milieux aquatiques, propices au développement économique de la région (tourisme, etc).

International audience; Dieser Artikel befasst sich auf die traditionelle Verwendung von Wasser in der Lausitz, einer Region im Nordosten Deutschlands innerhalb der Länder Sachsen und Brandenburg. Das Gewässernetz ist sehr dicht und zahlreiche Teiche wurden seit dem Mittelalter gebaut. Dieser Bereich ist von einer slawischen Minderheit,die Sorben, besiedelt, die das Wasser kontinuierlich für unterschiedliche Zwecke verwendet hat,Wasser spielt auch eine wichtige Rolle in der sorbischen kollektiven Vorstellung und wird direkt oder indirekt auf vielen Volks festen oder besondere Bräuche gefeiert. Die Wassernutzung wird noch heute im Gebiet verewigt, aber ihre Entwicklung ist ziemlich neu, während dessen neue Formen der Wassernutzung entstehen und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Region (Tourismus, usw.) fördern; This article focuses on traditionnal uses of water in Lusatia, region of the north-east of Germany between the Länder of Brandeburg and Saxony. The hydrographic network is very dense and numerous ponds have been built since medieval times. This area is populated by a slavic minority, the Sorbs, who has always used the water for multiple uses. Water also plays an important role in the Sorbian collective imaginary, and is directly or indirectly celebrated at many festivals or special customs. Water uses are still perpetuated in the territory, but their valorization is fairly recent, while in parallel emerging new uses of aquatic environments conducive to the economic developmentof the region (tourism, and so on).; Cet article s'intéresse aux usages traditionnels de l'eau en Lusace, région du nord-est allemand située à cheval sur les Länder de Saxe et du Brandebourg. Le réseau hydrographique y est très dense, et de nombreux étangs ont été aménagés depuis l'époque médiévale. Ce territoire est peuplé par une minorité slave, les Sorabes, qui a toujours utilisé l'eau présente pour de multiples usages. L'eau tient aussi une place importante dans l'imaginaire collectif sorabe, et est célébrée directement ou indirectement lors de nombreuses fêtes ou avec des coutumes particulières. Les usages de l'eau sont toujours perpétués sur le territoire, mais leur mise en valeur est assez récente, alors qu'en parallèle émergent de nouveaux usages des milieux aquatiques, propices au développement économique de la région (tourisme, etc).

Cet article propose un bilan critique de la littérature en science politique, sociologie et économie-gestion portant sur les effets des dispositifs participatifs sur la décision et l'action publiques. Il souligne combien la vision séquentielle, qui sous-tend les analyses sur les effets de la participation, explique les difficultés récurrentes à rendre compte de l'influence de la participation sur l'action publique. Ainsi, une vision renouvelée de l'action publique, et la clarification systématique de l'analyse conduite (liens de causalité étudiés, variables saisies, éléments de contexte distinctifs), apparaissent comme les conditions nécessaires pour repenser collectivement les liens entre participation et action publique.

National audience; RÉSUMÉ. Kmelia est un langage et un modèle à composants multi-services où les composants sont abstraits et formels de façon à pouvoir y exprimer des propriétés et à les vérifier. Dans Kmelia un service peut interagir avec son appelant ; il peut encapsuler d'autres services aux-quels il donne accès et aussi requérir d'autres services de son appelant ou non. Les services de Kmelia peuvent être paramétrés par des données et sont dotés d'assertions (sous la forme de pré/post-conditions opérant sur les données). Dans cet article nous présentons les principales caractéristiques de Kmelia à travers les moyens de composition de services et de composants qui sont offerts. La composition des composants et des services détermine les possibilités d'in-teraction ; nous présentons ainsi les différents cas d'interaction entre les services qui sont la base de la composition et des interactions. Nous présentons les méthodes d'analyse formelle élaborées en même temps que l'approche Kmelia et l'outil COSTO que nous développons. Nous illustrons l'article par l'étude de cas CoCoME consacrée à la gestion d'un site de vente de produits à distance. ABSTRACT. Kmelia is both a language and a multi-services component-based model. The Kmelia components are abstract and formal to permit the description and the verification of properties. Within Kmelia a service may interact with its caller ; it can encapsulate other services to which it gives access and it can also require services from its caller or from other components. The Kmelia services can be parameterised with data and they are equipped with assertions which are expressed as pre-post-/conditions operating on the data. In this article we introduce the main features of the Kmelia approach through the provided means for service composition and component composition. The composition of components and services determines the feasible interaction ; therefore we present the various cases of interaction between services which are the basis of composition and interaction. We present the formal analysis methods and the COSTO toolbox that accompany the Kmelia approach. The article is illustrated with the CoCoME example which deals with the management of a remote sale system. 1 re soumission à TSI : Composition des objets, composants, services, le 1 er décembre 2009. 2 1 re soumission à TSI

International audience; Conventional wisdom says that the middle classes in many developed countries have recently suffered losses, in terms of both the share of the total population belonging to the middle class, and also their share in total income. Here, distribution-free methods are developed for inference on these shares, by means of deriving expressions for their asymptotic variances of sample estimates, and the covariance of the estimates. Asymptotic inference can be undertaken based on asymptotic normality. Bootstrap inference can be expected to be more reliable, and appropriate bootstrap procedures are proposed. As an illustration, samples of individual earnings drawn from Canadian census data are used to test various hypotheses about the middle-class shares, and confidence intervals for them are computed. It is found that, for the earlier censuses, sample sizes are large enough for asymptotic and bootstrap inference to be almost identical, but that, in the twenty-first century, the bootstrap fails on account of a strange phenomenon whereby many presumably different incomes in the data are rounded to one and the same value. Another difference between the centuries is the appearance of heavy right-hand tails in the income distributions of both men and women.

International audience; Progressively, a kind of paradox is created through the scientific literature related to the game and play fields. The number of works dedicated only to video games conceals gradually the works dedicated to traditional games, although there are always strong links between those two kinds of games. It seems thus clear that a mutual lighting should make us wonder about the singularity or complementarities of the two areas. We propose to look at some of these existing links and contrasts between traditional and digital games. To this end, the introduction to this issue of Sciences du jeu will show a variety of research questions surrounding these phenomena. We will show how the articles help to address some open questions and offer contemporary perspectives for the analysis of games of all categories.; Une sorte de paradoxe est en train de s’affirmer à travers la littérature scientifique dédiée aux domaines ludiques ou en rapport avec le jeu. Le nombre de travaux uniquement consacrés aux jeux numériques occulte petit à petit les travaux dédiés aux jeux traditionnels, alors qu’il existe toujours des liens puissants entre jeux traditionnels et jeux vidéo. Un éclairage réciproque devrait nous inciter à nous interroger sur les singularités ou complémentarités des deux domaines, c’est pourquoi nous proposons ici de nous intéresser à certains de ces liens et contrastes existants entre ces deux types de jeux. Cette introduction à ce numéro de Sciences du jeu vise ainsi à montrer une variété de problématiques qui entourent ces phénomènes et comment les articles contribuent à répondre à certains questionnements ouverts ici et proposent des perspectives contemporaines pour l’analyse des jeux de tous genres.

International audience; no abstract

ISBN : 978-2-9540832-5-4; National audience; Cet article propose de penser la question de la négociation au sein d’un type d’organisation particulier : l’association à vocation artistique et culturelle. Sur la base d’une étude de cas et par l’approche organisationnelle et communicationnelle de l’association, la négociation est envisagée au regard des défis identitaires auxquels se confronte un collectif, voué à se transformer et se rendre hétérogène pour pérenniser et développer le projet associatif. Cette analyse s’attache à éclaircir les contraintes structurelles qui forment le cadre et les conditions des situations de négociation : la prolifération des « systèmes d’activités », leurs valeurs, leurs normes, leurs images, leurs publics, leurs usages et leurs réseaux relationnels, induit de nécessaires ajustements. Dans ce climat, la mise en texte collective de l’organisation relève d’un processus médiateur, où les acteurs produisent une mise en ordre et en continuité de cette réalité pourtant hétérogène et discontinue.