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In real conditions of high-intensity training and competitive load of athletes, the most important for sports success is the preservation of energy metabolism indicators, and, in particular, the acid-base balance in the range of homeostatic normal values. One of the possible ways to maintain the acid-base balance of an athlete is the use of homeostatic electrolyte drinks, which can have a fairly rapid effect. In this regard, for our work we have identified the following goal of the study: to analyze the possibility of using the functional drink "Aluston" (FDA) produced by JSC "Alushta Essential Oil Plant" to maintain the acid-base balance of athletes and a possible increase in performance, training duration, resistance of athletes to long-term physical activity of high intensity. Methods: Stepwise loading protocol was used on a Kettler bicycle ergometer (Hmbq, Germany). Capillary blood sampling from athletes was carried out at rest before the start of the load and immediately after it was completed using an Epoc capillary (Epocal Inc., Canada). Biochemical parameters of blood like pH, concentration of CO2 and O2, [Na+], [К+], [Сa2+], [Cl–], [HCO3–], Lactate, Glucose, Crea, Hct, Hb, BE(ecf), BE(b ) were recorded by the Epocreader and Epochost analyzers (Epocal Inc., Canada). It was shown that FDA contributes to the stabilization of anion gaps, reduces the severity of the shift of the standard (BE-ecf) and true (BE-b) excess bases into the negative range, which can be regarded as a more pronounced preservation of the “strength” of blood buffer systems, and contributed to a decrease in tension in the pair acidosis-alkalosis. In addition, FDA supplementation likely shifts the phase of creatine fermentation to later loading stages. The last experimental fact requires further research, and also, modification changes in the composition, concentration ratio of active components in the “Aluston” drink remain relevant.

Vinpocetine is a multipurpose medicine with several pharmacological targets. It is known for its neuroprotective properties. Its mechanism of action in brain pathology is due to a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 1, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, and a decrease in calcium influx into neurons. Vinpocetine combines high clinical efficacy and safety of use. Therefore it successfully competes in the pharmaceutical market with an ever-increasing number of new medicines. The purpose of the work was to experimentally study the effects of vinpocetine in cats at a dose of 5 mg/kg on the indicators of the acid-base state (ABS) of arterial and venous blood in the simulation of total cerebral ischemia. The effect of vinpocetine on acid-base status indicators should be considered as the most important aspect of its action, contributing to the neuroprotective effect. The paper discusses possible molecular targets and mechanisms for implementing the protective effect of vinpocetine in ischemia, considering its favorable effect on ABS. These new findings may point to increased use of vinpocetine in human cardiovascular diseases accompanied by ABS deterioration.

Urine and saliva are the most accessible liquids for studying circadian oscillations coherent with the activity of ongoing metabolic processes, which are characterized by a change in the rate and direction of the formation of protons (H+) and electrons (ē). The existing balance of acid-base state (pH) and redox potential (Eh) is an important indicator of homeostasis, reflecting the state of energy metabolism, i.e., the process of dissimilation. If the stability of the main (basic) metabolism does not change during the day, then the rate of facultative energy-consuming processes increases significantly during the daytime and decreases at night.Endogenous formation of hydrogen cations (H+) accompanies all transformation reactions of adenosine triphosphate. Thus, glycolysis is accompanied by lactic acidosis of the cytoplasm, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle performs a hydrogen-donor function, supplying protons (H+) to the respiratory chain of mitochondria. At the same time, depending on the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, a certain part of hydrogen cations (H+) is excreted into the intercellular space, from where it subsequently enters saliva and urine.Daily oscillations of pH and Eh in the urine and oral fluid (saliva) of healthy people reflect the circadian rhythm of metabolic processes and can be important indicators of metabolic disorders in common diseases accompanied by impaired energy metabolism.

The paper investigated the possibility of correct replacement of missing values in sets of acid-base state in the artery and vein in different groups of patients with different outcomes of the disease: “discharged”, “died”, “transferred to another medical institution”, as well as prospects for the application of individual optimization multidimensional estimates of these biomedical parameters in the form of projections on a one-dimensional space. The relevance of the above tasks is determined by the need for the full use of medical data in the analysis of large repositories of information of medical organizations and the provision of verified multidimensional assessments of biomedical systems to doctors from a large range of patient health indicators. A statistical method has been applied to verify the correctness of imputation data sets using discriminant analysis procedures. Further, the imputed data set was processed to obtain a symmetric correlation matrix optimized in a certain way and the accompanying logarithms of criterion functions that are individual system assessments of the condition of each patient in different groups of patients at a certain point in the study. After that, to identify differences in the logarithms of the criterion functions of the acid-base state parameters between groups of patients with different outcomes, the authors used the method of calculating multidimensional Hotelling T2 statistics. The correctness of the application of discriminant analysis procedures to verify the imputation of data sets is shown. Differences in the logarithms of the criteria functions of the acid-base state indicators between venous and arterial blood by patient outcome groups were revealed. Significant differences in the parameters of acid-base state based on the multidimensional statistics of T2 Hotelling between groups of patients with different outcomes were revealed. It is found that data imputation significantly increases the volume and representativeness of the sample under study. It is demonstrated that the substituted data make it possible to carry out a systematic statistical assessment of the totality of body parameters based on the calculation of the logarithms of the criterion functions of the acid-base state. Such logarithms make it possible to reliably distinguish patients in different groups of patients by outcomes in three groups: “discharged”, “deceased”, “transferred to another medical institution”. 100 % differences of biochemical parameters according to the multivariate T2 Hotelling statistics between these three groups of patients with COVID-19 are shown. The results of the study can be applied in the development of information systems of individual medical biochemical and hematological devices and analyzers and corresponding artificial intelligence systems in the future.

With a traditional approach to treatment of hypoxemic respiratory failure, it is believed that SpO2 reduction below 88-90% during oxygen therapy requires emergency care including invasive mechanical ventilation. However, the manifestations of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients have certain features that have led to the change in the traditional respiratory support procedure. The therapeutic goals of respiratory support in this category of patients require clarification.The objective: in patients with COVID-19, to study the relationship of transcutaneous saturation values with clinical indicators that characterize ARF, the state of acid-base balance and blood gas composition.Subjects and methods. A multicenter prospective observational study included 90 COVID-19 patients treated in ICU whose transcutaneous saturation (SpO2) values were below 93% despite treatment. Depending on the degree of impaired oxygenation, patients underwent oxygen therapy through a mask or nasal cannula, high-flow oxygenation or non-invasive ventilation, while it was not always possible to achieve the target values of oxygenation parameters. The patients were divided into the following groups: Group 1 ‒ SpO2 above 93%, Group 2 ‒ SpO2 within 93–90%, Group 3 ‒ SpO2 within 85–89%, Group 4‒ SpO2 within 80–84%, Group 5 ‒ SpO2 within 75–79%, and Group 6 – below 75%.Results. It was revealed that during ARF management by noninvasive methods, different values of transcutaneous saturation and corresponding changes in the acid-base balance (ABB) and blood gas composition were determined When transcutaneous saturation (SpO2) decreased to 85%, there was a corresponding moderate decrease in PaO2 while no metabolic changes occurred. As a rule, there were no obvious clinical signs of respiratory failure (silent hypoxia). In patients with SpO2 reduction down 80–85%, clinical signs of respiratory failure (dyspnea, tachypnea, agitation) and, as a rule, a moderate increase in PаCO2 with the development of respiratory acidosis and compensatory metabolic alkalosis were noted. When SpO2 decreased down to 75–79%, arterial hypoxemia was usually accompanied by moderate hypercapnia and the development of decompensated mixed acidosis and venous desaturation as well as increased lactate levels. With transcutaneous saturation going below 74%, these changes were even more pronounced and were observed in all patients of this group.Conclusion. The revealed changes are mostly consistent with generally accepted ideas about the relationship between values of transcutaneous saturation and blood gas composition and parameters of blood ABB in the case of ARF. Reduction of transcutaneous saturation down to 85% not accompanied by pronounced clinical signs of respiratory failure (dyspnea, tachypnea, agitation), development of acidosis and venous desaturation, and the elevated lactate level can be regarded as relatively safe.

Aim: to study ABS parameters, blood gas composition and complete blood count in newborns upon multiple pregnancy depending on the order of twin birth, neonate weight, and accompanying chronic hypoxia. Materials and Methods. Laboratory parameters assessed in the twin-collected venous blood were analyzed: hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) level, count of red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and white blood cells (WBC), base excess (BЕ), partial pressure of oxygen (рО2) and carbon dioxide (рСО2), оxygen saturation (sО2), standard and total carbon dioxide level (НСО–3, tСО2). Results. The second vs. first twin after vaginal delivery had decreased level of рН (7.30 ± 0.08 and 7.35 ± 0.09; р = 0.03, respectively), рО2 (18.2 ± 13.1 and 27.1 ± 10.7 mm Hg; р = 0.03), sО2 (29.7 ± 22.7 and 41.8 ± 20.3 %; р < 0.001). Metabolic acidosis exacerbated in case of birth interval extending more than 30 minutes. The hypotrophic vs. normotrophic neonates had a decreased WBC (14.2 ±5.9 vs. 15.9 ± 6.5×109/L; р = 0.02), рО2 (19.3 ± 13.6 vs. 22.6 ± 10.6 mm Hg; р = 0.03), sО2 (27.9 ± 19.5 vs. 33.8 ± 20.6 %; р = 0.04). PH and PLT level were lower in newborns with intraventricular hemorrhages (7.29 ± 0.07 and 243.1 ± 75.4×109/L), whereas ВЕ magnitude was higher (–4.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L) than in those lacking intraventricular hemorrhages (7.34 ± 0.06; р = 0.03; 265.4 ±71.6×109/L; р < 0.001; –3.2 ± 4.2 mmol/L; р = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion. During the vaginal delivery, a birth interval should not exceed 30 minutes. In case of diagnosing fetal growth retardation and hypoxia during pregnancy, caesarean section is an optimal option.

Researchers working in various domains are focusing on extracting information from data sets by data mining techniques. However, data mining is a complicated task, including multiple complex processes, so that it is unfriendly to non-computer researchers. Due to the lack of experience, they cannot design suitable workflows that lead to satisfactory results. This article proposes an ontology-based approach to help users choose appropriate data mining techniques for analyzing domain data. By merging with domain ontology and extracting the corresponding sub-ontology based on the task requirements, an ontology oriented to a specific domain is generated that can be used for algorithm selection. Users can query for suitable algorithms according to the current data characteristics and task requirements step by step. We build a workflow to analyze the Acid-Base State of patients at operative measures based on the proposed approach and obtain appropriate conclusions.

Background. The development of new approaches to the therapy of dissociative disorders, taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms in their formation, is an urgent task of psychopharmacology. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of complex therapy with the use of antihypoxants on the dynamics of blood gas parameters in various forms of borderline hysterical disorders in comparison with psychopharmacological treatment. Materials and methods. The study involved 118 patients with borderline hysterical disorders in the framework of hysterical neurosis, hysterical personality development, and hysterical psychopathy in the decompensation stage, randomized into two groups depending on therapy. In one group, patients received treatment with psychopharmacological drugs, in the other, complex therapy using hyperbaric oxygenation, an antioxidant. On the 1st, 10th and 20th days of the study, the parameters of blood acid-base balance were determined in all patients: pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3. Results. On admission to inpatient treatment at the Mordovian Republican Clinical Psychiatric Hospital Municipal Budgetary Health Institution, patients suffering from various forms of dissociative hysterical disorders, unidirectional, but different degrees of severity, changes in the blood gas composition in the form of a decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, an increase in pH blood. By the 10th day of traditional psychopharmacotherapy in all groups of hysterical disorders, an increase in the partial tension of CO2 and a decrease in the blood pH level were recorded, the imbalance of plasma concentrations of which, like hypoxemia, persisted on the 20th day of treatment. The use of antihypoxants in the complex treatment of hysterical disorders also led to an increase in the partial tension of pCO2 and a decrease in blood pH on the 10th day of the study; however, by the 20th day of treatment, these parameters were restored to the level of healthy donors, including the level of partial oxygen tension. Conclusions. The positive dynamics of the indicators of the acid-base state (CBS) of blood plasma when using complex therapy with hyperbaric oxygenation and mexidol indicates the involvement of oxygen-dependent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of dissociative disorders, which allows recommending antihypoxants in the treatment of borderline hysterical disorders in order to stop the hypoxic factor.

Goal: to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics in the patients with aneurysm rupture during their transportation within the hospital. Materials and methods. 60 patients divided into 2 groups were included into the study. Patients from group 1 were transported as it was traditionally adopted in the clinic; additional sedation and continuous administration of nimodipine were used in group 2. Results. The increase of medium blood velocity in cerebral vessels by 23.5% on the operated side was observed in group 1. Continuous administration nimodipine solution during all transport stages allows reducing the velocity increase in cerebral vessels on the operated side down to 4.5%. Conclusion. The increase of cerebral angiospasm was observed during intrahospital transportation. The need for additional sedation has been justified for the patients transported while being on the artificial pulmonary ventilation.

Copyright of Medicina Neotloznyh Sostoanij is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lecture describes modern data on disorders of acid-base state (ABS): their types, etiology, key stages of pathogenesis, main symptoms, and principles of treatment. The first part of the lecture in present journal characterizes main conception, parameters of ABS in normal state, buffer systems, common mechanisms of BS shifts elimination, etiology and pathogenesis of gas-induced (respiratory) disorders of ABS. The second part of the lecture in following journal will describe not gas-induced (metabolic, excretory and exogenous) disorders of ABS and principles of their treatment.

Copyright of Reanimation is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent insights into the allosteric control of oxygen binding in the extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis raised the question about the physico-chemical properties of the protein’s native environment. This study determined the cationic composition and acid–base state of the animal’s extracellular fluid. The physiological concentrations of potential cationic effectors (calcium, magnesium) were more than one order of magnitude below the level effective to increase Hb oxygen affinity. The extracellular fluid in the pericardial space had a typical bicarbonate concentration of 7.6 mM but a remarkably high CO2 partial pressure of 1.36 kPa at pH 7.52 and 20°C. The discrepancy between this high CO2 partial pressure and the comparably low values for water-breathing decapods could not solely be explained by the hemolymph-sampling procedure but may additionally arise from differences in cardiovascular complexity and efficiency. T. cancriformis hemolymph had a non-bicarbonate buffer value of 2.1 meq L−1 pH−1. Hb covered 40–60% of the non-bicarbonate buffering power. The specific buffer value of Hb of 1.1 meq (mmol heme)−1 pH−1 suggested a minimum requirement of two titratable histidines per heme-binding domain, which is supported by available information from N-terminal sequencing and expressed sequence tags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Hyperlactatemia with unexplained absence of metabolic acidosis is observed in acute liver failure. In chronic liver disease offsetting metabolic acid–base disorders could be revealed by means of physical–chemical acid–base analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the acidifying effect of lactate is neutralized by the alkalinizing effect of hypoalbuminemia in acute liver failure. Methods: Serial arterial blood samples of 46 consecutive patients with non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure were studied after admission to a medical ICU in a prospective investigation and compared to healthy controls. Acid–base state was assessed by quantitative physical–chemical analysis. Results: Lactate was increased and albumin was decreased in patients with acute liver failure compared to healthy controls resulting in normal net metabolic acid–base state. The alkalinizing effect of hypoalbuminemia was neutralized by the acidifying effect of elevated lactate. This observation was confirmed in serial analysis during 5 days after admission. Conclusions: The acidifying effect of lactate is neutralized by the alkalinizing effect of hypoalbuminemia in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. The absence of apparent metabolic acidosis in the presence of elevated lactate can be explained by means of the physical–chemical acid–base model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Researchers working in various domains are focusing on extracting information from data sets by data mining techniques. However, data mining is a complicated task, including multiple complex processes, so that it is unfriendly to non-computer researchers. Due to the lack of experience, they cannot design suitable workflows that lead to satisfactory results. This article proposes an ontology-based approach to help users choose appropriate data mining techniques for analyzing domain data. By merging with domain ontology and extracting the corresponding sub-ontology based on the task requirements, an ontology oriented to a specific domain is generated that can be used for algorithm selection. Users can query for suitable algorithms according to the current data characteristics and task requirements step by step. We build a workflow to analyze the Acid-Base State of patients at operative measures based on the proposed approach and obtain appropriate conclusions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 Tianxing et al.)

This study was designed to elucidate the acidbase balance local to the collecting duct urine (CD) and vasa recta blood (VR) in the rat renal papilla in diuresis. The pH changes were measured in both a furosemide-induced and a volume-load-induced diuresis, whereas the PCO (i.e., CO tension) and HCO concentration were measured only in a furosemideinduced diuresis. In an antidiuresis, the pH of the VR was more acidic than that of the systemic arterial blood (ΔpH = 0.44-0.73). Additionally, the pH of the ascending VR was significantly lower than that of the descending VR (ΔpH = 0.14-0.16). In diuresis, the pH of the CD decreased (ΔpH = 0.81-0.97), while the pH of the descending and the ascending VR increased; however, the increase was only significant in the ascending VR (ΔpH = 0.23-0.30). Consequently, the significant difference in the pH gradient between the descending and the ascending VR was eliminated. The PCO values in the CD and the ascending VR were not different from those in antidiuresis, while the HCO concentration in the CD and the ascending VR, respectively, decreased and increased significantly. Thus, in diuresis, the decrease in the pH of the CD and the increase in the pH of the ascending VR result, respectively, from the decrease and the increase in the HCO concentration, with no changes in the PCO values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood gas analysis is useful to obtain information about acid-base state and gas exchange of the lung. Interpretation is based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. This approach has its limitations especially in interpretation of complex disturbances of acid-base status and has been complemented by base excess and anion gap. Peter Stewart described a model of quantitative approach to the acid-base disturbances which has been further developed and is known as the strong ion approach. This model differs from the traditional approach in the assessment of metabolic disorders of acid base status. Both models complement each other but also have their advantages and disadvantages. For simple disorders of the acid-base state the Henderson-Hasselbalch approach can be used, however in complex disturbances of acid-base balance, especially with abnormalities of serum albumin and phosphate concentrations, the strong ion approach is recommended. With the understanding of both models and of the clinical presentation of blood gas abnormalities, optimal case management and therapy can be provided.