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Introduction: Poor anteroposterior mandibular relations comprise the largest number of cases. In this group class II malocclusion is the most frequent. Orthodontists began using extraoral forces with modifi ed Hawley retainers many years ago. Margolis realized that removable appliances combined with extraoral forces could not only serve as good containers, but be used as effective correction mechanisms. He called his appliance ACCO (AC acrylic, CO cervico occipital anchorage). Objective: The objectives of the case hereby presented were maxillary growth control and try to protrude the mandible. Case presentation: A 10 year-3 month-old female patient attended the Orthodontics Clinic at the Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She presented a skeletal class II due to mandibular retrusion and maxillary protrusion, a vertical growth pattern, excessive growth of the nasomaxillary complex and protrusive incisors. Treatment: Orthopedic: ACCO with high traction and impact to retrude the maxilla and decrease vertical growth; with expansion screw (one turn a week). Headgear: nocturnal use and three to four hours in the afternoon. Active plate 24 hours and the patient was told to remove it for eating. Orthodontic treatment: .022 Roth fi xed appliances retention: bimaxillary appliance for nocturnal use. Results: After fi ve months of ACCO use, cephalometric tracings were performed again and the following values were obtained: maxillomandibular relationship: ANB 5o (initial 11o ), Wits 2 mm (initial 3 mm), Bimler overjet 9 mm (initial 10 mm) convexity 6 mm (initial 11 mm). Maxillary position: SNA 82o (initial 87o ) mandibular position: SNB: 78o (initial 76o ). Facial pattern: facial cone of 67o (61o initial dolichofacial). Vertical dimension: SN-mandibular 36.5o (initial 42o), FMA (Tweed) 35o (initial 43o), Goniac (Jarabak) 130o (initial 128o ). Incisor Inclination: UpI/SN 114o (initial 117o), LowI/Mand remained the same (95o). Conclusions: Orthopedics in conjunction with orthodontics harmonizes the maxilla and mandible and at the same time provides natural facial aesthetics, while maintaining proper functions: chewing, swallowing, phonation and breathing. It is vitally important to perform a timely diagnosis in order to intervene orthopedically, correct this kind of malocclusions and limit or prevent its severity. Key words: ACCO, headgear, vertical control.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_ciane_xavier_goncalves.pdf: 2548463 bytes, checksum: 75f8193b6bd48d05e54efb24e14099b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 Ethylene is the inductor and acceleratorhormone of the maturation and senescence of climacteric fruits, as is the case of Cantaloupe melons (Cucumismelo var. Cantalupensis, Naud cv. Vedrantais) and tomatoes (LicopersicumesculentumL. cv. Micro-Tom). It is known that the reduction of production and/or the action of this hormone prolongs the shelf life of these fruits. Thus, in order to reduce the production of such hydrocarbon, were genetically transformed melon trees with clones of the ACC oxidase 'antisense', of melon (pMEL1AS, Ayubet al., 1996) and of apple (pAP4AS, Silva et al., 2004). As expected, in both cases, the ethylene production was reduced, prolonging shelf life of fruits in 7 days. However, the production of volatile compounds was also affected. The transgenic melons produced, on average, 70% less esters than the WT, independently of having been transformed with pMEL1AS or pAP4AS. As the intervention made acted in the reduction of the production of ethylene. It was emitted the hypothesis that, with the supplementation of the hormone, the synthesis of flavors would be restored. Such fact was proven in pMEL1AS melons, but not in pAP4AS. The exact causes of this difference were not yet made clear. It is believed that because of the greater reduction of the ethylene production in the fruit pAP4AS, besides affecting genes directly related to the ripening classical metabolic pathways, genes related to other pathways of synthesis of hormones have also been affected, as is the case of cytokininsor polyamines. By observation of the phenotype of pAP4AS plants we realized that these had more vegetative growth and lateral sproutings. Considering such observations, it was launched the hypothesis that with the increase of the levels of cytokinins one could interfere in the responses to ethylene, delaying the normal evolution of the fruits. In pAP4AS melons it was proved that there are higher levels of cytokinins, both in the roots and fruits.However, to confirm that these changes are effectively consequence of higher levels of cytokinins, exogenous application of that growth regulators was made. Nevertheless, were not observed any expected responses. So we decided to test the application of cytokinin in another plant model, the tomato tree cv. Micro- Tom, who is also a producer of climacteric fruits and that provides greater ease of cultivation and obtainment of greater quantity of fruit in protected environments and in areas with limited space. As molecular variables for assessment of the treatments in melons were determined the accumulation of transcript of genes of HPL, LOX and AAT, besides the ACCO and ACCS. In tomatoes, were performed physicochemical analyzes. For melons, when quantifying the accumulation of transcripts of genes of ACC synthase (ACCS), it was found that genes ACCS1 and ACCS3 showed higher expressions in WT fruits, suggesting that they have a strong relation with the evolution of the climacteric crisis. Moreover, the gene ACCS5 was more expressed in fruits pMEL1AS and pAP4AS, indicating that it is negatively regulated by ethylene. For the other variables evaluated (total soluble solids, color, carotenoids, chlorophylls, pulp firmness) during the ripening on the plant, there were no marking differences between pMEL1AS and pAP4AS. After harvesting and treatment of pMEL1AS fruits with ethylene, there was a degreening of the peel and increase of the production of esters, correlated with higher levels of transcripts of the genes of HPL, LOX, AAT1, AAT2, AAT3 and AAT4. In pAP4AS fruits, the levels of these transcripts was significantly lower, not having been observed degreeningor yellowing, nor restoration of the synthesis of esters. In these fruits (pAP4AS) it was detected a higher concentration of zeatin and zeatin ribose than in pMEL1AS and WT. For tomato plants, in which was done application of cytokinins, there was prolongation of the vegetative cycle and delay in the maturation. The fruits from the treated plants also prolonged the maturation cycle, but did not decrease sensitivity to ethylene action. It is believed that cytokinins may be the responsible ones for lower sensitivity to ethylene in melons, but this hypothesis was not confirmed and must be tested with greater profundity. The attempt to prove it using tomato plants as model was not efficient. O etileno é o hormônio indutor e acelerador da maturação e senescência de frutos climatéricos, como é o caso de melões Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis, Naud cv. Vedrantais) e de tomates (Licopersicum esculentum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Sabe-se que a redução de produção e/ou a ação desse hormônio prolonga o período de conservação desses frutos. Assim, com o objetivo de reduzir a produção desse hidrocarboneto, foram transformados geneticamente meloeiros com clones da ACC oxidase antisense , de melão (pMEL1AS, Ayub et al., 1996) e de maçã (pAP4AS, Silva et al., 2004). Como era esperado, em ambos os casos, a produção de etileno foi reduzida, prolongando a vida de prateleira dos frutos em 7 dias. Entretanto, a produção de compostos voláteis também foi afetada. Os melões transgênicos produziram, em média, 70% menos ésteres do que os não transformados (NT), independentemente de terem sido transformados com o pMEL1AS ou pAP4AS. Como a intervenção feita agiu na redução da produção do etileno, emitiu-se a hipótese de que com a suplementação do hormônio, a síntese de aromas seria restaurada. Tal hipótese foi comprovada em melões pMEL1AS, mas não nos pAP4AS. As causas exatas dessa diferença ainda não foram esclerecidas. Acredita-se que pela maior redução da produção de etileno nos frutos pAP4AS, além de ter-se afetado genes diretamente relacionados com as vias metabólicas clássicas do amadurecimento, genes relacionados a outras vias de síntese de hormônios também tenham sido afetados, como é o caso de citocininas ou poliaminas. Pela observação do fenótipo de plantas pAP4AS percebeu-se que essas tiveram maior crescimento vegetativo e brotações laterais. Considerando-se tais observações, lançou-se a hipótese de que com o aumento dos níveis de citocininas poderia interferir nas respostas ao etileno, retardando a evolução normal dos frutos. Em melões pAP4AS comprovou-se haver maiores teores de citocininas, tanto nas raízes quanto nos frutos. Porém, para confirmar que essas alterações são efetivamente consequência de maiores teores de citocininas, fez-se aplicação exógena desse regulador de crescimento. No entanto, não se observaram as respostas esperadas. Então optou-se por testar a aplicação de citocininas noutro modelo vegetal, o tomateiro cv. Micro-Tom, que também é produtor de frutos climatéricos e que propicia maior facilidade de cultivo e obtenção de maior quantidade de frutos em ambientes protegidos e em áreas com limitação de espaço. Como variáveis moleculares para avaliação dos tratamentos em melões determinou-se o acúmulo de transcritos de genes de HPL, LOX e AAT, além da ACCO e ACCS. Em tomates, foram realizadas análises físico-quimicas. Para melões, ao se quantificar o acúmulo de transcritos de genes da ACC sintase (ACCS), verificou-se que os genes ACCS1 e ACCS3 apresentaram maiores expressões nos frutos NT, sugerindo que esses têm forte relação com a evolução da crise climatérica. Por outro lado, o gene ACCS5 foi mais expresso nos frutos pMEL1AS e pAP4AS, indicando que é regulado negativamente pelo etileno. Para as demais variáveis avaliadas (sólidos solúveis totais, coloração, carotenóides, clorofilas, firmeza de polpa) durante o amadurecimento na planta, não houve diferenças marcantes entre pMEL1AS e pAP4AS. Após a colheita e tratamento dos frutos pMEL1AS com etileno, houve desverdeamento da casca, e aumento da produção de ésteres, correlacionado com maiores níveis de transcritos dos genes da HPL, LOX, AAT1, AAT2, AAT3 e AAT4. Nos frutos pAP4AS, os níveis desses transcritos foi significativamente inferior, não tendo-se observado desverdeamento, nem amarelamento, tampouco restauro da síntese de ésteres. Nesses frutos (pAP4AS) foi detectada uma maior concentração de zeatina e zeatina ribose do que nos pMEL1AS e nos NT. Para tomateiros, nos quais fez-se a aplicação de citocininas, houve prolongamento do ciclo vegetativo e retardamento da maturação. Nos frutos provenientes de plantas tratadas verificou-se que a ação do etileno foi regulada, em particular em relação à variação dos principais pigmentos desse fruto (β-caroteno e licopeno). Desse modo, acredita-se que as citocininas possam ser as responsáveis pela menor sensibilidade ao etileno em melões, mas essa hipótese precisa ser testada com maior profundidade. A tentativa de prová-la usando tomateiros como modelo não foi totalmente eficiente.

O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) é uma das principais espécies cultivadas do gênero Passiflora. Seus frutos são ricos em minerais, vitaminas e apresentam aroma e sabor agradáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a produção de etileno e atividade enzimática da ACCoxidase (ACCO) em maracujá-amarelo colhido em diferentes estádios de maturação. A determinação do estádio de maturação foi realizada com o auxílio de um colorímetro, que, por meio da radiação ultravioleta, estabeleceu valores absolutos da cor dos frutos de cada um dos grupos (I, II e III). A produção de etileno e a atividade da ACCoxidase foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa. Os frutos do grupo I são predominantemente verdes, de acordo com os valores absolutos da cor obtidos. Os frutos do grupo II são predominantemente, coloridos, ou seja, em um estádio de maturação intermediário, e os frutos do grupo III, totalmente coloridos, apresentando-se, portanto, em início da senescência. Os frutos do grupo I apresentaram atividade da ACCO predominantemente mais elevada do que os frutos do grupo III, ocorrendo também o mesmo comportamento com a produção de etileno, com um valor médio de 7,25 nL. g-1. h-1, bem acima do nível máximo estabelecido para espécies classificadas como fracamente produtoras de etileno (0,5 nL. g-1. h-1). Assim, o maracujá-amarelo difere quanto à produção de etileno e atividade da enzima ACCO, de acordo com o estádio de maturação. A espécie foi considerada, em comparação com outras espécies, como produtora intermediária de etileno. A atividade enzimática da ACCO é mais elevada em frutos predominantemente verdes, mas ela é limitada e necessita de co-fatores enzimáticos para sua atividade máxima. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) is one of the main cultivated species of Passiflora genus. Its fruits are rich in mineral salts and vitamins and to present agreeable aroma and flavour. The purpose of this work was to determine ethylene production and enzymatic activity of ACC oxidase (ACCO) in yellow passion fruit cropped in different maturation stages. The determination of maturation stage was effected with the help of a colorimeter that established the absolute value of fruit colour, using UV light, and classified the fruits into three groups (I, II, III). Ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity were measured by gaz chromatography. Fruits in group I, predominantly green, those in group II, as predominantly coloured, which means in an intermediary state of maturation, and those in group III, totally coloured, at the beginning of senescence. ACC oxidase activity was detected in predominantly green fruits, with values higher than those encountered in mature fruits. Higher ethylene production was also found in fruits of group I, with a mean value of 7,25 nL. g-1. h-1 , in relation to the maximum level established for species classified as poor producers of ethylene (0,5 nL. g-1. h-1). These results show that the ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity of passion fruits are related to their maturation stage. In comparison with other species, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa was considered as an intermediary producer of ethylene. The activity of ACC oxidase enzyme was higher in predominantly green fruits, but was limited and needs enzymatic co-factors for its maximum activity.

RESUMENIntroducciónLas malas relaciones mandibulares anteroposteriores comprenden el mayor número de casos. En este grupo, la maloclusión de clase II es la más frecuente. Los ortodoncistas comenzaron utilizando extraorales con contenedores de Hawley modificados hace muchos años. Margolis se dio cuenta que los aparatos removibles combinados con la fuerza extraoral podían no sólo servir como buenos contenedores, sino ser utilizados como efectivos mecanismos de corrección. Llamó a su aparato ACCO (AC acrílico, CO anclaje cervicooccipital).ObjetivoLos objetivos óseos del caso fueron controlar el crecimiento maxilar y tratar de protruir la mandíbula.Presentación del casoSe presenta a la Clínica de Ortodoncia de la División de Estudios de Postgrado e Investigación de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México paciente femenino de 10 años con 3 meses de edad, clase II esquelética por retrusión mandibular y protrusión maxilar, patrón de crecimiento vertical, crecimiento excesivo del complejo nasomaxilar, protrusión de incisivos.TratamientoOrtopédico: ACCO con tracción alta para retruir e impactar el maxilar y disminuir el crecimiento vertical; con tornillo de expansión (una vuelta a la semana). Arco extraoral uso nocturno y de tres a cuatro horas por las tardes. Placa activa 24 horas y se indica quitar para comer. Tratamiento ortodóntico: aparatología fija Roth .022. Retención: aparato bimaxilar de uso nocturno.ResultadosDespués de cinco meses de uso del ACCO se volvieron a hacer trazados cefalométricos y se obtuvieron los siguientes valores: relación maxilomandibular: ANB 5° (inicial de 11°), Wits 2mm (inicial 3mm), resalte Bimler 9mm (inicial 10mm), convexidad 6mm (inicial 11mm). Posición maxilar: SNA 82o (inicial 87o). Posición mandibular: SNB: 78° (inicial 76°). Patrón facial: cono facial de 67° (inicial 61° dolicofacial). Dimensión vertical: SN-mandibular 36.5° (inicial 42°), FMA Tweed 35° (inicial 43°), Goniaco Jarabak 130° (inicial 128°). Inclinación de los incisivos: I Sup SN 114° (inicial 117°), I infMand se mantuvo igual (95°).ConclusionesLa ortopedia en conjunto con la ortodoncia armonizan los maxilares y al mismo tiempo proporcionan estética facial natural, mientras mantienen el adecuado funcionamiento de la masticación, la deglución, la fonación y la respiración. Es de vital importancia realizar un diagnóstico oportuno para poder interceder ortopédicamente y llegar a corregir este tipo de maloclusiones y limitar o evitar su severidad.ABSTRACTIntroductionPoor anteroposterior mandibular relations comprise the largest number of cases. In this group class II malocclusion is the most frequent. Orthodontists began using extraoral forces with modified Hawley retainers many years ago. Margolis realized that removable appliances combined with extraoral forces could not only serve as good containers, but be used as effective correction mechanisms. He called his appliance ACCO (AC acrylic, CO cervico occipital anchorage).ObjectiveThe objectives of the case hereby presented were maxillary growth control and try to protrude the mandible.Case presentationA 10 year-3 month-old female patient attended the Orthodontics Clinic at the Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She presented a skeletal class II due to mandibular retrusion and maxillary protrusion, a vertical growth pattern, excessive growth of the nasomaxillary complex and protrusive incisors.TreatmentOrthopedic: ACCO with high traction and impact to retrude the maxilla and decrease vertical growth; with expansion screw (one turn a week). Headgear: nocturnal use and three to four hours in the afternoon. Active plate 24hours and the patient was told to remove it for eating. Orthodontic treatment: .022 Roth fixed appliances retention: bimaxillary appliance for nocturnal use.ResultsAfter five months of ACCO use, cephalometric tracings were performed again and the following values were obtained: maxillomandibular relationship: ANB 5° (initial 11°), Wits 2mm (initial 3mm), Bimler overjet 9mm (initial 10mm) convexity 6mm (initial 11mm). Maxillary position: SNA 82° (initial 87°) mandibular position: SNB: 78° (initial 76°). Facial pattern: facial cone of 67° (61° initial dolicofacial). Vertical dimension: SN-mandibular 36.5° (initial 42°), FMA (Tweed) 35° (initial 43°), Goniac (Jarabak) 130° (initial 128°). Incisor Inclination: UpI/SN 114° (initial 117°), LowI/Mand remained the same (95°).ConclusionsOrthopedics in conjunction with orthodontics harmonizes the maxilla and mandible and at the same time provides natural facial aesthetics, while maintaining proper functions: chewing, swallowing, phonation and breathing. It is vitally important to perform a timely diagnosis in order to intervene orthopedically, correct this kind of malocclusions and limit or prevent its severity.