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This article discusses a study that uses functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to analyze walking patterns in older adults. The study finds that certain walking features are associated with health indicators such as age, BMI, average cadence, and physical function. The results suggest that higher acceleration magnitude at the cadence may be indicative of younger age and better physical function. However, the study has limitations, including a small sample size and data collected in a lab environment. The authors suggest that future research should explore the associations between walking features obtained in real-world conditions and health indicators. [Extracted from the article]

The gendered organization of daily activities results in differential contexts of physical activity (PA) for the working population, especially during the “second shift” – a time window dominated by household-based activities. Existing research predominantly relies on self-reported leisure-time activities, yielding a partial understanding of gender difference in the source, timing, and accumulation pattern of PA. To address these limitations, this study draws on the interplay between work and family to understand how they shape gender difference in household-based PA across occupational groups. It combines work schedule and accelerometry PA data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which permits our study of second-shift PA on workdays among full-time workers, aged 20 to 49, with a regular daytime schedule. To capture different aspects of second-shift PA, the PA outcomes are measured as both volume and accumulation patterns during time windows following (i.e., 6pm–9pm) and prior to typical working hours (7:30am-8:30am). Using generalized estimating equations, we estimate gender differences in the volume and fragmentation of second-shift PA. Overall, women with a full-time job exhibit both higher volume and higher fragmentation of second-shift PA than their male counterparts. The occupational group moderates such gender difference in PA. The gender gaps in PA volume and fragmentation are only evident for professional workers, whereas the second shift represents a gender-neutral context for PA accumulation for non-professional groups. These findings are supported by a secondary analysis when analyzing the whole-day PA data using functional data analysis. Such social patterning of second-shift PA calls for further research on gendered PA under the interplay of work and family beyond the usual focus on leisure activities.

We propose an inferential framework for fixed effects in longitudinal functional models and introduce tests for the correlation structures induced by the longitudinal sampling procedure. The framework provides a natural extension of standard longitudinal correlation models for scalar observations to functional observations. Using simulation studies, we compare fixed effects estimation under correctly and incorrectly specified correlation structures and also test the longitudinal correlation structure. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to a longitudinal functional dataset on physical activity. The computer code for the proposed method is available at https://github.com/rli20ST758/FILF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several research studies have investigated the human activity recognition (HAR) domain to detect and recognise patterns of daily human activities. However, the accurate and automatic assessment of activities of daily living (ADLs) through machine learning algorithms is still a challenge, especially due to limited availability of realistic datasets to train and test such algorithms. The dataset contains data from 52 participants in total (26 women, and 26 men). The data for these participants was collected in two phases: 33 participants initially, and 19 further participants later on. Participants performed up to 5 repetitions of 24 different ADLs. Firstly, we provide an annotated description of the dataset collected by wearing a wrist-worn measurement device, Empatica E4. Secondly, we describe the methodology of the data collection and the real context in which participants performed the selected activities. Finally, we present some examples of recent and relevant target applications where our dataset can be used, namely lifelogging, behavioural analysis and measurement device evaluation. The authors consider the dissemination of this dataset can highly benefit the research community, and specially those involved in the recognition of ADLs, and/or in the removal of cues that reveal identity.

ObjectivesWristband activity trackers (accelerometers) could serve as a convenient monitoring tool to continuously quantify physical activity throughout the day. We aim to provide reference values for the use of these devices in healthy children.MethodsChildren were recruited at a local school and provided with activity trackers (Fitbit Charge 2). Pupils were instructed to wear devices during all normal daytime activities over a period of 11–15 days. Demographic data, total number of daily steps and heart rate were recorded. In addition, all children/parents were asked to complete a questionnaire providing information about daily physical routine (mode of transport to school, sporting activities as well as sport club memberships).ResultsThree hundred two children (54.6% boys; median age 8.7 years) participated in this prospective study. Median wearing time of the device was 12.1 h/day. Overall, the median daily total step count was 12,095. Median step counts/day were significantly higher in boys compared to girls (13,015 vs. 11,305 steps/day; p < 0.0001). In addition, step counts were significantly higher during the week, compared to weekend days. The effect of age on daily step count was found to be non-linear: the total daily step count increased from 6 to 8.5 years of age, while older children (aged >8.5 years) had lower step counts compared to the younger children. Significant predictors of the daily step count were male gender (+1,324.9 steps, p = 0.0008), mode of transportation to school (walking, bicycle, scooter: +865.5 steps p = 0.049), active membership in a sports club (+1,324.9 steps/day, p = 0.0008), and number of structured units of physical exercise performed (+336.5/per 45 min, p < 0.0001). Severe obesity was associated with a significant reduction in total daily step count (−3037.7 steps/day, p = 0.015).ConclusionOur prospective cohort study of healthy school children provides reference values for wristband accelerometers in normal individuals. In addition, it clarifies the effect of age, body weight and lifestyle on normal daily step counts in school children. This data should be helpful to judge the degree of physical limitation of patients compared to healthy peers.

The gendered organization of daily activities results in differential contexts of physical activity (PA) for the working population, especially during the "second shift" - a time window dominated by household-based activities. Existing research predominantly relies on self-reported leisure-time activities, yielding a partial understanding of gender difference in the source, timing, and accumulation pattern of PA. To address these limitations, this study draws on the interplay between work and family to understand how they shape gender difference in household-based PA across occupational groups. It combines work schedule and accelerometry PA data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which permits our study of second-shift PA on workdays among full-time workers, aged 20 to 49, with a regular daytime schedule. To capture different aspects of second-shift PA, the PA outcomes are measured as both volume and accumulation patterns during time windows following (i.e., 6pm-9pm) and prior to typical working hours (7:30am-8:30am). Using generalized estimating equations, we estimate gender differences in the volume and fragmentation of second-shift PA. Overall, women with a full-time job exhibit both higher volume and higher fragmentation of second-shift PA than their male counterparts. The occupational group moderates such gender difference in PA. The gender gaps in PA volume and fragmentation are only evident for professional workers, whereas the second shift represents a gender-neutral context for PA accumulation for non-professional groups. These findings are supported by a secondary analysis when analyzing the whole-day PA data using functional data analysis. Such social patterning of second-shift PA calls for further research on gendered PA under the interplay of work and family beyond the usual focus on leisure activities., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Activity recognition can provide useful information about an older individual’s activity level and encourage older people to become more active to live longer in good health. This study aimed to develop an activity recognition algorithm for smartphone accelerometry data of older people. Deep learning algorithms, including convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM), were evaluated in this study. Smartphone accelerometry data of free-living activities, performed by 53 older people (83.8 ± 3.8 years; 38 male) under standardized circumstances, were classified into lying, sitting, standing, transition, walking, walking upstairs, and walking downstairs. A 1D CNN, a multichannel CNN, a CNN-LSTM, and a multichannel CNN-LSTM model were tested. The models were compared on accuracy and computational efficiency. Results show that the multichannel CNN-LSTM model achieved the best classification results, with an 81.1% accuracy and an acceptable model and time complexity. Specifically, the accuracy was 67.0% for lying, 70.7% for sitting, 88.4% for standing, 78.2% for transitions, 88.7% for walking, 65.7% for walking downstairs, and 68.7% for walking upstairs. The findings indicated that the multichannel CNN-LSTM model was feasible for smartphone-based activity recognition in older people.

Electromyogram (EMG) pattern recognition is an advanced signal-processing technique that has long been investigated as a method of improving the control of powered upper-limb prostheses. Several factors have recently been identified that affect the robustness of EMG pattern recognition, such as changes in limb position and performing dynamic activities. Some researchers have suggested that integrating accelerometry (ACC) data with EMG signals may provide the classifier with additional information about the limb position and therefore reduce the limb position effect. In these studies, however, it was assumed that the classifier was trained with data from all possible limb positions. This work investigates the suitability of combining ACC and EMG data when the training occurs only in a subset of tested positions. It is shown that, unless the classifier is trained in most of the possible positions, the integration of accelerometry data with EMG data can significantly degrade performance compared with EMG alone. In addition to the possible degradation of performance, because of the excessive training time, training the system in many positions is not clinically practical. Consequently, a dynamic training method that moves the residual limb through the regions of interest is introduced. This approach is shown to minimize training time while improving performance when combining ACC and EMG data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increasingly aging society and consequently rising number of patients with poststroke-related neurological dysfunctions are forcing the rehabilitation field to adapt to ever-growing demands. Although clinical reasoning within rehabilitation is dependent on patient movement performance analysis, current strategies for monitoring rehabilitation progress are based on subjective time-consuming assessment scales, not often applied. Therefore, a need exists for efficient nonsubjective monitoring methods. Wearable monitoring devices are rapidly becoming a recognized option in rehabilitation for quantitative measures. Developments in sensors, embedded technology, and smart textile are driving rehabilitation to adopt an objective, seamless, efficient, and cost-effective delivery system. This study aims to assist physiotherapists' clinical reasoning process through the incorporation of accelerometers as part of an electronic data acquisition system. Methods: A simple, low-cost, wearable device for poststroke rehabilitation progress monitoring was developed based on commercially available inertial sensors. Accelerometry data acquisition was performed for 4 first-time poststroke patients during a reach-press-return task. Results: Preliminary studies revealed acceleration profiles of stroke patients through which it is possible to quantitatively assess the functional movement, identify compensatory strategies, and help define proper movement. Conclusion: An inertial data acquisition system was designed and developed as a low-cost option for monitoring rehabilitation. The device seeks to ease the data-gathering process by physiotherapists to complement current practices with accelerometry profiles and aid the development of quantifiable methodologies and protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Wristband activity trackers (accelerometers) could serve as a convenient monitoring tool to continuously quantify physical activity throughout the day. We aim to provide reference values for the use of these devices in healthy children., Methods: Children were recruited at a local school and provided with activity trackers (Fitbit Charge 2). Pupils were instructed to wear devices during all normal daytime activities over a period of 11-15 days. Demographic data, total number of daily steps and heart rate were recorded. In addition, all children/parents were asked to complete a questionnaire providing information about daily physical routine (mode of transport to school, sporting activities as well as sport club memberships)., Results: Three hundred two children (54.6% boys; median age 8.7 years) participated in this prospective study. Median wearing time of the device was 12.1 h/day. Overall, the median daily total step count was 12,095. Median step counts/day were significantly higher in boys compared to girls (13,015 vs. 11,305 steps/day; p < 0.0001). In addition, step counts were significantly higher during the week, compared to weekend days. The effect of age on daily step count was found to be non-linear: the total daily step count increased from 6 to 8.5 years of age, while older children (aged >8.5 years) had lower step counts compared to the younger children. Significant predictors of the daily step count were male gender (+1,324.9 steps, p = 0.0008), mode of transportation to school (walking, bicycle, scooter: +865.5 steps p = 0.049), active membership in a sports club (+1,324.9 steps/day, p = 0.0008), and number of structured units of physical exercise performed (+336.5/per 45 min, p < 0.0001). Severe obesity was associated with a significant reduction in total daily step count (-3037.7 steps/day, p = 0.015)., Conclusion: Our prospective cohort study of healthy school children provides reference values for wristband accelerometers in normal individuals. In addition, it clarifies the effect of age, body weight and lifestyle on normal daily step counts in school children. This data should be helpful to judge the degree of physical limitation of patients compared to healthy peers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lammers, Romanowski, Baumgartner, Diller and Uebing.)

Several research studies have investigated the human activity recognition (HAR) domain to detect and recognise patterns of daily human activities. However, the accurate and automatic assessment of activities of daily living (ADLs) through machine learning algorithms is still a challenge, especially due to limited availability of realistic datasets to train and test such algorithms. The dataset contains data from 52 participants in total (26 women, and 26 men). The data for these participants was collected in two phases: 33 participants initially, and 19 further participants later on. Participants performed up to 5 repetitions of 24 different ADLs. Firstly, we provide an annotated description of the dataset collected by wearing a wrist-worn measurement device, Empatica E4. Secondly, we describe the methodology of the data collection and the real context in which participants performed the selected activities. Finally, we present some examples of recent and relevant target applications where our dataset can be used, namely lifelogging, behavioural analysis and measurement device evaluation. The authors consider the dissemination of this dataset can highly benefit the research community, and specially those involved in the recognition of ADLs, and/or in the removal of cues that reveal identity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Activity recognition can provide useful information about an older individual's activity level and encourage older people to become more active to live longer in good health. This study aimed to develop an activity recognition algorithm for smartphone accelerometry data of older people. Deep learning algorithms, including convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM), were evaluated in this study. Smartphone accelerometry data of free-living activities, performed by 53 older people (83.8 ± 3.8 years; 38 male) under standardized circumstances, were classified into lying, sitting, standing, transition, walking, walking upstairs, and walking downstairs. A 1D CNN, a multichannel CNN, a CNN-LSTM, and a multichannel CNN-LSTM model were tested. The models were compared on accuracy and computational efficiency. Results show that the multichannel CNN-LSTM model achieved the best classification results, with an 81.1% accuracy and an acceptable model and time complexity. Specifically, the accuracy was 67.0% for lying, 70.7% for sitting, 88.4% for standing, 78.2% for transitions, 88.7% for walking, 65.7% for walking downstairs, and 68.7% for walking upstairs. The findings indicated that the multichannel CNN-LSTM model was feasible for smartphone-based activity recognition in older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]