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The main pest affecting banana fruit is Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), known as the banana red spot thrips. One way of control is by biological control with the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii. In this context, the aim of the work was to compare the population fluctuation of C. signipennis, and after the introduction of A. swirskii in banana cultivation. For this purpose, 250 mites per freshly bagged bunch were applied in a banana plantation and three plots were delimited where plants were taken at random to count the adults of C. signipennis and A. swirskii during 12 weeks. Observations were made between the leaf margins and the inner margins of the pseudostem. The sum of the populations per week were very heterogeneous. The total sum of C. signipennis was 1147 thrips, lower than the A. swirskii record of 4860 mites. Populations of C. signipennis declined from the second week, but increased again in week 11, unlike A. swirskii which increased every two weeks. The population distribution of C. signipennis in the three sections where the plots were divided was aggregated, with the highest population concentrated between the middle and the end of the plots. The distribution was different in A. swirskii, which showed a homogeneous distribution in the plots., La principal plaga que afecta a los frutos del banano es Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), conocido como el trips de la mancha roja del banano. Una forma de control es mediante el control biológico con el ácaro depredador Amblyseius swirskii. En este contexto, el objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la fluctuación poblacional de C. signipennis, y después de introducir A. swirskii en el cultivo de banano. Para esto, en una bananera se aplicó en todo el área cultivada 250 ácaros por cada racimo recién embolsado, luego se delimitó tres parcelas donde se tomó planta al azar para contabilizar los adultos de C. Signipennis y A. swirskii durante 12 semanas. Las observaciones fueron entre los bordes de las hojas y los márgenes interiores del pseudotallo. La suma de las poblaciones por semana fueron muy heterogéneas. La suma total de C. signipennis fue de 1147 trips, inferior al registro de A. swirskii de 4860 ácaros. Las poblaciones de C. Signipennis se redujo desde la segunda semana, pero se volvió a incrementar en la semana 11, a diferencia de A. Swirskii que se incrementa cada dos semanas. La distribución poblacional de C. Signipennis en los tres tramos que se dividieron las parcelas fue agregada, concentrando la mayor población entre el centro y el final de las parcelas. Distribución diferente en A. Swirskii que mostró una distribución homogénea en las parcelas. &nbsp

La producción de aguacate ha incrementado a nivel mundial debido a la alta demanda que actualmente esta fruta tiene, gracias a su agradable sabor, textura cremosa y su excelente composición nutricional. No obstante, al igual que otros cultivos, su producción se ve afectada por el ataque de diferentes insectos y ácaros. Dentro de los ácaros asociados al cultivo se destaca la familia Tetranychidae, en especial, la especie Oligonychus yothersi, la cual es la de mayor importancia para los productores de aguacate Hass en Colombia. Su daño está relacionado con su alimentación ya que se alimenta sobre el haz de las hojas y ocasiona un aspecto bronceado sobre el tejido y a su vez, como daño secundario la producción se ve afectada. Su manejo, por lo general, se hace con productos de síntesis química, sin embargo, se están explorando alternativas de control biológico del ácaro con el fin de disminuir costos de producción, reducir las aplicaciones de químicos y con ello contribuir a ofrecer al mercado una fruta más limpia. Por tales motivos el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los parámetros de la tabla de vida del ácaro depredador N. californicus al ser alimentado con O. yothersi en aguacate Hass. La investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de Entomología y Acarología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Palmira en condiciones de 26 ± 3°C y 56 ± 3% HR. La especie N. californicus presentó un tiempo de desarrollo de huevo a adulto de 5 días en aguacate Hass, con un porcentaje de sobrevivencia del 96%. La tasa neta de reproducción (Ro) fue de 9,7 individuos hembra/generación, la tasa intrínseca decrecimiento natural (rm) 0,20, la tasa finita de multiplicación (λ) 1,2 días, el tiempo generacional (T) fue de 10.9 días y el tiempo de duplicación (Td) fue de 3.3 días. Estos hallazgos confirman que N. californicus puede completar su desarrollo satisfactoriamente alimentándose de O. yothersi en aguacate Hass. Palabras clave: Persea americana; Oligonychus yothersi; Neoseiulus californicus; ácaros. (Texto tomado de la fuente) Avocado production has increased worldwide due to the high demand for this fruit, thanks to its pleasant flavor, creamy texture and excellent nutritional composition. However, like other crops, its production is affected by the attack of different insects and mites. Among the mites associated with the crop, the Tetranychidae family stands out, especially the species Oligonychus yothersi, which is the most important for Hass avocado growers in Colombia. Its damage is related to its feeding, since it feeds on the leaves and causes a bronzed appearance on the tissue, and in turn, as secondary damage, production is affected. Its management is usually done with chemical synthesis products; however, biological control alternatives of the mite are being explored in order to reduce production costs, reduce chemical applications and thus contribute to offer a cleaner fruit to the market. For these reasons, the objective of this research is to evaluate the life table parameters of the predatory mite N. californicus when fed with O. yothersi on Hass avocado. The research was carried out in the Entomology and Acarology laboratory of the National University of Colombia, Palmira, in conditions of 26 ± 3°C and 56 ± 3% RH. N. californicus presented a time from egg to adult of 5 days in Hass avocado, with a high survival rate of 96%. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 9.7 female individuals/generation, the intrinsic rate of natural decrease (rm) 0.20, the finite multiplication rate (λ) 1.2 days, the generation time (T) was 10.9 days and the doubling time (Td) was 3.3 days. These findings confirm that N. californicus can successfully complete its development by feeding on O. yothersi on Hass avocado Maestría Maestría en Ciencias Agrarias Se siguió la metodología descrita por García (2019), en la cual se lavaron las hojas de aguacate para retirar el polvo, antes de trasladar las hembras de O. yothersi, evitando así que ácaros de otras especies e insectos estuvieran presentes. Posteriormente, las hojas se secaron con papel toalla y se colocaron sobre una espuma saturada de agua, dentro de una caja de Petri. Los bordes de las hojas se rodearon con algodón húmedo para evitar el escape de los ácaros (figura 1a), y con la ayuda de un pincel se procedió a transferir las hembras de O. yothersi para que iniciaran a formar sus colonias (figura 2a y 2b) Protección de cultivos Ciencias Agropecuarias.Sede Palmira

Funder: Woolf Fisher Trust, Parasite conservation is important for the maintenance of ecosystem diversity and function. Conserving parasites relies first on understanding parasite biodiversity and second on estimating the extinction risk to that biodiversity. Although steps have been taken independently in both these areas, previous studies have overwhelmingly focused on helminths in vertebrate hosts over broad scales, providing low resolution and excluding a large proportion of possible host and parasite diversity. We estimated both total obligate parasite richness and parasite extinction risk in freshwater mussels (Unionidae and Margaritiferidae) from Europe and the United States to provide a case study for considering parasite conservation in a severely understudied system. We used currently reported host-parasite relationships to extrapolate parasite diversity to all possible mussel hosts and then used the threat levels of those hosts to estimate the extinction risk for both described and undescribed parasites. An estimated 67% of parasite richness in freshwater mussels is undescribed and over 80% of the most host-specific groups (digenean trematodes and ciliates) are undescribed. We estimated that 21% of this total parasite fauna is at immediate risk of extinction, corresponding to 60 unique species, many of which will likely go extinct before being described. Given the important roles parasites play in community structure and function and the strong ecosystem engineering capacities of freshwater mussels, such extinctions are likely to severely affect freshwater ecosystems. Our detailed study of mussel parasites provides compelling evidence for the hidden conservation threat to parasites through extinction cascades and shows parasites are deserving of immediate attention.

Genetically modified plants are one of the tactics used in integrated pest management - IPM. There is great concern about the impact of these plants on non-target organisms. On the other hand, there is little information in the literature on the effects of transgenics (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt on populations of phytophagous mites, and the physiological responses that this attack promotes on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of the T. ludeni mite in Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. To evaluate the behavior of food and oviposition preference of the T. ludeni with Bt cotton and isohybrid. Verify if the physiological stress caused by T. ludeni’s attack is differentiated in Bt cotton. The mites were reared in Bt cotton and isohybrid, in a total of 40 replicates in the completely randomized design and the biological cycle was evaluated. The food preference and oviposition analysis were done with 10 replicates, with choice. The physiological stress was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence, under greenhouse conditions. The data of the T. ludeni biology were analyzed by Student's t-test, for food and oviposition preference the chi-square test was performed. Regression models were fitted for the fluorescence parameters. The model identity test was used to evaluate the differences between Bt and isohybrid treatments. Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins have not affected the biology of T. ludeni. The photosynthetic parameters in Bt cotton plants were less influenced by T. ludeni infestation. Resumo O uso de plantas geneticamente modificadas é uma das táticas utilizadas no manejo integrado de pragas - MIP. Observa-se grande preocupação com o impacto dessas plantas sobre organismos não alvos. Por outro lado, existe pouca informação na literatura sobre efeitos dos transgênicos (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt em populações de ácaros fitófagos, e as respostas fisiológicas que esse ataque promove nas plantas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a biologia do ácaro T. ludeni em algodoeiro Bt, expressando as proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac. Avaliar se há comportamento de preferência alimentar e postura de T. ludeni em relação ao algodoeiro Bt e seu iso-híbrido. E verificar se o estresse fisiológico causado pelo ataque de T. ludeni é diferenciado em algodoeiro Bt. Os ácaros foram criados em algodoeiro Bt e iso-híbrido, em um total de 40 repetições no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foi avaliado o ciclo biológico. A análise de preferência alimentar e de posturas foi feita com 10 repetições, com escolha. O estresse fisiológico foi avaliando através da fluorescência da clorofila, em casa de vegetação. Os dados da biologia de T. ludeni foram analisados pelo teste t Student, para preferência alimentar e postura foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado. Para os parâmetros da fluorescência, foram ajustados modelos de regressão. Para testar as diferenças entre Bt e iso-híbrido foi utilizado o teste de identidade de modelos. As proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac não afetaram a biologia de T. ludeni. Os parâmetros fotossintéticos em plantas de algodoeiro Bt foram menos influenciados pela infestação de T. ludeni.

Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests. Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-10T15:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mascarin-Production-purpureocillium-pdf.pdf: 5098621 bytes, checksum: 98756a819d4dc68e1d4034ecc0da2dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2022-09-20T17:10:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Costa Calvet.pdf: 1657129 bytes, checksum: 86ee0b6425136f25da2f61008bfbc7e1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-20T17:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Costa Calvet.pdf: 1657129 bytes, checksum: 86ee0b6425136f25da2f61008bfbc7e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-03-28 The introduction of exotic organisms can occur naturally, through the processes of dispersion or through the transit of material promoted by the anthropic trade. The effects of invading organisms in the new environment are difficult to measure, so for a long time it was quantified economic losses in agricultural crops. However, the introduction of an exotic species has environmental effects that can alter established ecological relationships, starting to compete with native fauna and/or flora, modifying ecosystems, causing displacement or extinction of species. In the western hemisphere, almost 20 years ago, an exotic mite Raoiella indica was introduced, this mite is considered an important agricultural pest of coconut and banana, two crops extensively cultivated in the countries of the Americas. The coconut tree has a rich mite fauna, and studies show a drastic reduction in species richness after the introduction of R. indica. In order to study the effect that R. indica may have on the ecological interactions existing in the coconut tree, a native herbivorous mite Oligonychus pratensis and a predator Amblyseius largoensis were selected to carry out several interaction experiments between species. The results show that R. indica and O. pratensis are negatively and asymmetrically affected competition for resource (leaflet). However, there are indications that R. indica benefits from the presence of O. pratensis when there is no resource limitation. Raoiella indica prefers to remain at the site with co-ocorrence by O. pratensis and has a better intrinsic growth rate when interacting with O. pratensis. Amblyseius largoensis prefers to feed on native prey in the most diverse situations to which it has been exposed. Raoiella indica is able to recognize A. largoensis clues in addition to showing antipredation behavior in the presence of A. largoensis clues. Therefore, the risk of displacement of O. pratensis is supported by the data generated in this work. A introdução de organismos exóticos pode ocorrer de forma natural, através dos processos de dispersão ou pelo trânsito de material promovido pelo homem. Os efeitos dos organismos invasores no novo ambiente são difíceis de mensurar, de forma que por muito tempo apenas se quantificou perdas econômicas em culturas agrícolas. Entretanto, a introdução de uma espécie exótica tem efeitos ambientais podendo alterar relações ecológicas estabelecidas, passando a competir com a fauna e/ou flora nativa, causando deslocamento ou extinção de espécies. No hemisfério ocidental, há quase 20 anos, ocorreu a introdução de um ácaro exótico Raoiella indica. Esta espécie é apontada como importante praga agrícola de coqueiro e bananeira, duas culturas extensivamente cultivadas em diversos países americanos. O coqueiro possui uma rica acarofauna, e estudos sugerem redução drástica da riqueza de espécies após a introdução de R. indica. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito que R. indica pode potencialmente interferir nas interações ecológicas existentes no coqueiro foi selecionado um ácaro herbívoro nativo Oligonychus pratensis e um predador Amblyseius largoensis para realização de diversos experimentos de interação entre espécies. Os resultados apontam que R. indica e O. pratensis são negativamente e assimetricamente afetados pela competição por recurso (folíolo). No entanto, há indícios que R. indica se beneficia da presença de O. pratensis quando não há limitação de recurso. Raoiella indica tem preferência em permanecer em local com coocorência de O. pratensis e apresenta melhor taxa intrínseca de crescimento na interação com O. pratensis. Amblyseius largoensis tem preferência de se alimentar da presa nativa nas mais diversas situações a que foi exposto. Raoiella indica é capaz de reconhecer pistas de A. largoensis além de apresentar comportamento antipredação na presença de pistas de A. largoensis. Portanto, o risco de deslocamento de O. pratensis é suportado pelos dados gerados neste trabalho.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2022-10-06T17:16:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre dos Santos Melo.pdf: 704859 bytes, checksum: f75f9714c1db47110a33b058858048b6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-10-06T17:16:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre dos Santos Melo.pdf: 704859 bytes, checksum: f75f9714c1db47110a33b058858048b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Mites are small arthropods that are present in the most varied crops. However, studies on the presence of mites in mango culture are still quite scarce in Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate the diversity of mites in mango, the correlations between the most abundant species, and their relationships with abiotic factors. For this, monthly collections were carried out for a year, considering different quadrants, branches, leaves, and reproductive structures of the plant. Twenty-eight mite species were found. The Eriophyidae family was the most abundant in the phytophagous mites category, representing 90.0% of the individuals collected. Among the phytophagous, Cisaberoptus kenyae, Vilaia pamithus and Oligonychus mangiferus were the most abundant, representing, respectively, 87.4; 6.1 and 3.0% of the total mites collected in this category. The Phytoseiidae and Cunaxidae families were the most abundant among predators, with 40.1 and 36.5% of the total mites collected in this category, respectively. Diversity was regulated by environmental variables, temperature, and precipitation, being higher at the basal and median levels of the plant. Eriophyid mites correlated only with abiotic factors, while O. mangiferus with predators of the Cheyletidae family and also with abiotic factors. The species Spinacus pagonis and Vilaia pamithus were more abundant in the eastern and southern quadrants, respectively. The number of O. mangiferus and the Phytoseiidae family was higher in the basal leaves of the branch. Os ácaros são pequenos artrópodes que estão presentes nas mais variadas culturas agrícolas. Todavia, os estudos sobre a presença de ácaros na cultura da mangueira ainda são bastante escassos no Brasil. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a diversidade de ácaros na mangueira, as correlações entre as espécies mais abundantes, e suas relações com os fatores abióticos. Para isso, coletas mensais foram realizadas durante um ano, considerando diferentes quadrantes, ramos, folhas e estruturas reprodutivas da planta. Vinte e oito espécies de ácaros foram encontradas. A família Eriophyidae foi a mais abundante na categoria dos ácaros fitófagos, representando 90,0% dos indivíduos coletados. Dentre os fitófagos, Cisaberoptus kenyae, Vilaia pamithus e Oligonychus mangiferus foram os mais abundantes, representando, respectivamente, 87,4; 6,1 e 3,0% do total de ácaros coletados nessa categoria. As famílias Phytoseiidae e Cunaxidae foram as mais abundantes dentre os predadores, com 40,1 e 36,5% do total de ácaros coletados nessa categoria, respectivamente. A diversidade foi regulada pelas variáveis ambientais, temperatura e precipitação, sendo maior no nível basal e mediano da planta. Os ácaros eriofiídeos se correlacionaram apenas com os fatores abióticos, enquanto O. mangiferus com os predadores da família Cheyletidae e também com fatores abióticos. As espécies Spinacus pagonis e Vilaia pamithus foram mais abundantes nos quadrantes leste e sul, respectivamente. O número de O. mangiferus e da família Phytoseiidae foi maior nas folhas basais do ramo.

Dermatological diseases are increasingly gaining prominence in the routine of veterinary clinics and hospitals, and within this context, the lynxacariasis caused by the mite Lynxacarus radovskyi has presented a significant occurrence in domestic cats. Thus, the aim of this study is to make a narrative literature review about this agent, addressing the epidemiology, diagnostic methods and treatment. Finally, it is considered that the main purpose of the study was achieved, since it is an agent that is not commonly found in domestic animals; however, it is extremely important to know about its causes, epidemiology, therapeutic protocols and prophylaxis in order to control its prevalence and infection rates in its hosts. Las enfermedades dermatológicas están ganando cada vez más protagonismos en la rutina de las clínicas y hospitales veterinarios, y dentro de este contexto, la linxacariasis causada por el ácaro Lynxacarus radovskyi ha presentado una importante incidencia en los gatos domésticos. De esta forma, el objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión de la literatura narrativa sobre este agente, abordando la epidemiología, los métodos de diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Finalmente, se considera que el objetivo principal del estudio se logró, ya que es un agente que no se encuentra comúnmente en los animales domésticos; sin embargo, es sumamente importante conocer sus causas, epidemiología, protocolos terapéuticos y profilaxis para controlar su prevalencia y las tasas de infección en sus huéspedes. Enfermidades dermatológicas vêm ganhando cada vez mais destaque na rotina de clínicas e hospitais veterinários, e dentro desse contexto a linxacariose causada pelo ácaro Lynxacarus radovskyi tem apresentado uma ocorrência significativa em felinos domésticos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é fazer uma revisão de literatura narrativa acerca desse agente, abordando a epidemiologia, métodos diagnósticos e tratamento. Por fim, considera-se que o intuito principal do estudo foi alcançado, tratando-se de um agente que não é comumente encontrado em animais domésticos, contudo é de extrema importância o conhecimento acerca de suas causas, epidemiologia, protocolos terapêuticos e profilaxia a fim de controlar sua prevalência e as taxas de infecção em seus hospedeiros.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a flutuação populacional deste ácaro na Região Oeste Catarinense e verificar seu comportamento em relação a algumas práticas de manejo dos pomares.

No estado do Amapá, integrante da Amazônia Legal, até o momento os estudos na área de Acarologia Agrícolaforam pontuais embora tenham indicado rica diversidade de espécies. Neste trabalho apresentamos o estado daarte da Acarologia Agrícola no Amapá, com o intuito de atrair e estimular a fixação de acarologistas no Estado,assegurando a produção de conhecimento científico sobre este importante grupo biológico. In the state of Amapá, Brazil, part of the Legal Amazon, so far studies in the area ofAgricultural Acarology have been punctual, although they have indicated rich species diversity. In this paper wepresent the state of the art of Agricultural Acarology in Amapá state, in order to attract and stimulate the establishmentof acarologists in the state, ensuring the production of scientific knowledge about this important biological group. Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-27T04:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26997.pdf: 82758 bytes, checksum: 5480b3845b04bad5ed3107de64ff6780 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Tenuipalpidae), has mainly been registered on palm species (Arecaceae), and its expansion in Brazil has the potential to cause significant negative impact on cultivated as well as native palms. Here, we evaluate the potential of native palms from Northeast Brazil to act as hosts of R. indica. Specifically, we used in situ free-choice and confinement tests, in which sections of palm leaves/leaflets of various species were experimentally infested with R. indica. We tested the following species: Acrocomia aculeata, Acrocomia intumescens, Allagoptera caudescens, Attalea funifera, Attalea oleifera, Bactris acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa, Bactris ferruginea, Bactris glassmanii, Bactris hirta var. spruceana, Bactris pickelii, Copernicia prunifera, Desmoncus orthacanthos, Desmoncus polyacanthos, Syagrus coronata and Syagrus schizophylla. All of these were compared with the mite's preferred host, the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera. In the free-choice test, both male and female R. indica preferred C. nucifera in comparison to each of the native palms. In the confinement test, we observed significant differences in the survivorship between mites on native palms and those on coconut palms after the second day of infestation. By the fifth day, survivorship of mites on the native palms was almost always significantly lower than on C. nucifera (excepting for C. prunifera). We conclude that, among all the native palms evaluated, only the carnauba palm (C. prunifera) is at risk from R. indica. This result is relevant as this palm is an economically important species in the region.

Orientadores: Sandra Eliza Fontes de Avila, Hélio Pedrini Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação Resumo: Pragas da agricultura de citros são fatores relevantes da perda de produção e, por isso, o motivo de grande investimento em prevenção de seus agentes causadores. No Brasil, o Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) é o método mais utilizado para prevenir e amenizar os estragos causados pelas pragas e pelos vetores de doenças nas lavouras. No entanto, seus resultados são propensos a erros humanos, pois são executados por trabalhadores que vão aos pomares para identificar visualmente sintomas de doenças, insetos e ácaros. Nesta tese, foram propostos métodos de aprendizado fracamente supervisionados e aprendizado profundo para ajudar a automatização da identificação de ameaças presentes no MIP. Para isso, a base de dados Citrus Pest Benchmark foi coletada utilizando dispositivos móveis e lupas para contemplar os requisitos necessários do reconhecimento das pragas mais relevantes do interior paulista invisíveis a olho nu. Os métodos propostos para classificação binária, chamados MIL-Guided e Attention-based MIL-Guided, utilizam dois tipos de abordagens fracamente supervisionadas: a primeira abordagem, aprendizado por múltiplas instâncias, é guiada pela segunda, mapas de saliências criados por mapas de ativação. Os dois métodos mostraram que são capazes de reconhecer e classificar imagens com regiões de interesse muito pequenas relativamente ao tamanho total da área capturada, como as imagens da base coletada. Além disso, uma nova formulação matemática, chamada Two-WAM, referente aos mapas de ativação baseados em atenção foi proposta e utilizada, produziu localizações fracamente supervisionadas capazes de chegar ao nível de métodos totalmente supervisionados. A atenção, como foi proposta, ajudou no processo de encontrar regiões muito pequenas, como as dos ácaros. Para o problema de diferenciar entre várias espécies de ácaros (classificação multirrótulos), os experimentos mostraram que o uso do rótulo referente à classe negativa influenciou negativamente na geração e treinamento de modelos. Por outro lado, o uso da adaptação de domínio não supervisionada, conjuntamente com os mapas de ativação baseados em atenção, teve um impacto positivo nos resultados de classificação de ácaros. Também, foram executados experimentos com outra base de dados chamada IP102, que contém imagens de pragas grandes e salientes. Esses experimentos avaliaram a classificação de diferentes tipos de insetos e ácaros e quantificaram as localizações fracamente supervisionadas. As propostas desta tese, além de produzirem ótimos resultados para pragas pequenas e minúsculas, sempre estiveram ao mesmo nível que os melhores classificadores para a IP102, porém com uma rede mais leve Abstract: Pests in citrus yields are relevant factors in production losses and, therefore, the reason for significant investments in preventing their threats. In Brazil, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the most used method to prevent and mitigate the damage caused by pests and disease vectors in crops. However, their results are prone to human error because workers perform the management by going to orchards to identify symptoms of diseases, insects, and mites visually. This thesis proposes weakly supervised learning and deep learning methods to help automate threat identification present in IPM. For this, the Citrus Pest Benchmark dataset was collected using mobile devices and magnifying glasses to contemplate the requirements for classifying the most relevant pests in the São Paulo countryside that are invisible to the naked eye. The proposed methods for binary classification, called MIL-Guided and Attention-based MIL-Guided, use two types of weakly supervised approaches: the first approach, multi-instance learning, is guided by the second, saliency maps created by activation maps. Both methods showed that they could recognize and classify images with proportionally tiny regions of interest, such as the images of the collected dataset. Furthermore, a new mathematical formulation, called Two-WAM, referring to attention-based activation maps, was proposed and used, producing weakly supervised locations capable of reaching the level of fully supervised methods. Attention, as proposed, helped in finding tiny regions, such as mites. To distinguish between various mite species (multi-label classification), the experiments showed that the label referring to the negative class negatively influenced the models' training. On the other hand, unsupervised domain adaptation, in conjunction with attention-based activation maps, positively impacted mite classification results. Moreover, experiments were conducted with another database called IP102, which contains images of salient pests. These experiments evaluated the classification of different types of insects and mites and quantified the weakly supervised locations. In addition to producing excellent results for tiny pests, these thesis proposals have always been at the same level as the best classifiers for IP102 but with a smaller deep neural network Doutorado Ciência da Computação Doutor em Ciência da Computação CAPES 001

Mites of the family Pyemotidae are reported as ectoparasites of a large number of arthropods He et al., 2019; Sousa et al., 2020; Chen et al. 2021), mainly insects of the orders Lepidoptera (Cunha et al., 2006; Oliveira et al., 2007; He et al. 2012, 2014; Liu et al, 2020; Tian et al. 2020), Hemiptera (Han, 2016; Li et al. 2019; Yu et al. 2019), and Coleoptera (Cunha et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2009; Oliveira et al., 2010). Pyemotes spp., also known as ?straw itch mites?, are of particular interest in applied acarology, both for their behavior as insect parasites and for their medical importance (Tomczyk-Socha et al. 2017; He et al., 2019). Adult females of this mite attach themselves to the host to feed, undergoing physogastry, the expansion of the posterior portion of their body (opisthosoma) to facilitate offspring development (Cunha et al. 2006). According to Tomalski et al. (1988), approximately 200 to 350 sexually mature mites are produced per female. Males are the first to be born, as adults, immediately copulating with their adult sisters. The newborn females immediately seek new hosts, which once parasitized, become paralyzed by the release of toxins (Sousa et al., 2020). Neurotoxins from a single female are sufficient to paralyze an insect host up to 150,000 times the size of the mite (Mullen and Oconnor, 2019). Studies on the potential of Pyemotes zhonghuajia as a biological control agent for eggs, larvae and pupae of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) demonstrated that a female is capable of killing more than 50% of first to third instar larvae of S. frugiperda and M. separata within 72 h under laboratory conditions (Liu et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020). Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-26T15:05:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A-QUATERLY-JOURNAL-ACAROLOGY-10.pdf: 951941 bytes, checksum: 919daf06fdbcd1810120aeaea2bf618a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Na cultura do algodoeiro, embora diversas estratégias que compõem o manejo integrado para conter a população de pragas o controle mais adotado ainda é o químico. Mas a utilização constante deste método de controle tem levado à seleção de organismos-praga resistentes, além de onerar o custo de produção. O controle biológico é definido como o uso de agentes predadores parasitoides e/ou entomopatógenos com o objetivo de reduzir as populações de pragas. Já se observa uma tendência de aumento do uso de agentes de controle biológico ou bioinsumos no Brasil. Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-09T15:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BIOINSUMOS-NO-ALGODAO.pdf: 533859 bytes, checksum: f9c03bd60e85d2a7da6b5b24fa92ded7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

No presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito temperatura sobre a dinâmica populacional de Tenuipalpus heveae Baker em cinco clones de seringueira. O estudo foi conduzido de novembro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019 no jardim clonal de seringueiras do campo experimental da Embrapa Acr,e Rio Branco, estado do Acre, nos clones CPAA C18, FDR 5788, FX 3899, PB 312 e RRIM 600. Semanalmente foram retiradas, aleatoriamente, oito folhas do terço inferior da copa de quatro plantas de cada clone. Os ácaros coletados foram montados em lâminas de microscopia em meio de Hoyer. A relação entre a temperatura média e a abundância de T. heveae foi testada por meio de um modelo linear generalizado com distribuição de Poisson. Foi amostrado um total de 2.909 ácaros em 6.720 folíolos analisados. Observou-se um efeito negativo da temperatura sobre a abundância de T. heveae. In the present study, the effect of temperature on the population dynamics of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker in five rubber tree clones was evaluated. The study was conducted from November 2018 to January 2019 in the rubber tree clonal garden of the experimental field of Embrapa Acre, municipality of Rio Branco, state of Acre, Brazil in the clones CPAA C18, FDR 5788, FX 3899, PB 312 and RRIM 600. Eight leaves were randomly removed weekly from the lower third of the canopy of four plants of each clone. The collected mites were mounted on microscope slides in Hoyer?s medium. Thus, the relationship between mean temperature and T. heveae abundance was tested using a generalized linear model with Poisson?s distribution. A total of 2,909 mites were sampled from 6,720 leaflets analyzed. A negative effect of temperature on T. heveae abundance was observed. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-15T10:44:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27241.pdf: 199320 bytes, checksum: dd631340709af894c8a430717bfdcceb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021