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Background: There are two types of central auditory disorders due to pathology of the bilateral auditory cortices in adult patients: auditory agnosia with residual hearing; cortical deafness with total hearing loss. However, long-term changes of hearing acuity over physical development time are unknown. Objective: The aim of this case report was to illustrate the pathophysiology of auditory changes in a 1 year-3 months old child who was diagnosed with auditory agnosia as a sequel of herpes encephalitis and later developed cortical deafness during a 36-year follow-up. Materials and Methods: Brain MRI, hearing tests, ABR, DPOAE and developmental tests of speech/language were periodically performed. Results: Brain imaging revealed extensive damage in the bilateral auditory cortices. His auditory speech perception was lost and his language development was seriously delayed. His hearing threshold progressively decreased over time from normal at first to profound hearing loss as a teenager. However, at 29 years of age his ABR was normal. He was able to communicate and converse by sign language or writing. Conclusions and Significance: Later developing cortical deafness with profound hearing loss could be caused by retrograde degeneration of the auditory radiation overtime to the bilateral medial geniculate bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate Auditory Evoked Brainstem Responses (ABR) and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) suppression in migraine patients with and without phonophobia. Methods: Thirty-two migraine patients with normal hearing and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. Migraine characteristics and phonophobia status of migraine patients were noted. The patients were divided into two groups according to their phonophobia status. All participants underwent ABR, DPOAE and DPOAE suppression. Results: Migraine patients had less DPOAE suppression (1481 and 2222 hz) and shorter ABR wave latencies compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Twelve (37.5%) of the migraine patients did not have phonophobia, and 20 (62.5%) had phonophobia. Phonophobia was not found to affect DPOAE suppression (p > 0.05). However, ABR wave I and V latencies in migraine patients with phonophobia were shorter than in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are changes in the auditory evoked brainstem responses and medial olivocochlear efferent system of migraine patients. While phonophobia in migraine patients does not affect the medial olivocochlear efferent system, it may affect auditory evoked brainstem responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveDesignStudy sampleResultsConclusionsTo evaluate the effects of changes in group delay from a click signal to a chirp signal on the 40-Hz Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) using magnetoencephalography (MEG).In this study, each participant was exposed to 10 chirp signals with gradually varying group delays from the CE chirp to the click at 60 dB nHL. The 40-Hz ASSR was measured using MEG and evaluated for amplitude and latency in the maximum signal channel at the click signal measured in each hemisphere.Ten native Japanese speakers without histories of auditory diseases (8 males and 2 females, mean age 28.4 ± 5.70 years) participated in the study.The 40-Hz ASSR amplitude increased with the group delay of the chirp signal, was most efficient with the CE-chirp (longest group delay) and was significantly larger in the contralateral hemisphere for the CE-chirp than with the click signal. No significant differences were observed in ipsilateral hemispheres. The latency of the 40-Hz ASSR decreased as the group delay of the chirp signal increased.This study demonstrated that chirp signals, particularly the CE chirp, are more efficient than click signals in eliciting a 40-Hz ASSR, especially in the contralateral hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) greatly complicates the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). It was previously found that subcutaneous (SQ) treatment with the mononuclear phagocyte (MP)-selective activator complements peptide-derived immunostimulant-02 (CPDI-02; formerly EP67) and increases prophylaxis of outbred CD-1 mice against SQ infection with CA-MRSA. Here, we determined if treatment with CPDI-02 also increases curative protection. Methods: Female CD-1 mice were challenged SQ with CA-MRSA USA300 LAC, then CPDI-02 or inactive scCPDI-02 was administered by a topical, SQ, IM, or IV route at 6 or 24 h post-challenge. Abscess sizes were compared over 10 days and CA-MRSA burden, neutrophils, MP, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were compared in subcutaneous abscesses. CPDI-02 PK and distribution in female CD-1 mice were compared after IM or IV dosing and CPDI-02 toxicity in male and female CD-1 mice was determined by IM dose escalation and repeat IM dosing. Results: Repeat IM treatment starting at 6 h post-challenge decreased maximum abscess surface area, CA-MRSA burden, and time to resolution, whereas repeat treatment by a topical, SQ, or IV route had no effect. Repeat treatment starting at 24 h post-challenge was ineffective by the current routes. Single IM treatment starting at 6 h post-challenge was as effective as repeat IM treatment, increased systemic exposure to CPDI-02, and, in subcutaneous abscesses, initially decreased IL-1β and increased MP. CPDI-02 was tolerated between 130 and 170 mg/kg after IM dose escalation and between 65 and 130 mg/kg after repeat IM dosing with males being more tolerant. Conclusions: Single early-stage IM treatment with CPDI-02 may increase curative protection against SSTI caused by CA-MRSA and/or other pathogens controlled by activated MP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis (MS) can be marked by tiredness, ataxia, sensory complaints, attention, and motor speech, as well as weakness in the arms and legs. Cortical symptoms, cognitive decline, hearing loss and epileptic seizures are typical symptoms. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of MS on the auditory and vestibular pathways. Materials and Methods: MS patients mental abilities were assessed in this study, accounting for vestibular and auditory function. Fifteen MS patients and fifteen healthy controls were recruited. The experimental and patient groups underwent vestibular and audiological testing and the results from these two groups were compared. The patients underwent simultaneous impedance audiometry. Results: The data from our study showed significant results for the right and left ears of MS patients when we used pure tone audiometry. In the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) test, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss was observed in seven patients. On the Video Head Impulse Test (VHIT), the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gains of 9 MS patients were outside normal limits, while the VOR gains of one patient were low in the left lateral canal. On the Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials test, wave latencies were delayed in 12 of the patients and the left P1 and N1 waveforms were not observed in two patients. Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, we can say that auditory and vestibular functions are significantly impaired in MS patients. We can recommend that studies with larger patient populations should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing of auditory signals critically depends on the neuron's ability to fire brief, precisely timed action potentials (APs) at high frequencies and high fidelity for prolonged times. This requires the expression of specialized sets of ion channels to quickly repolarize neurons, prevent aberrant AP firing and tightly regulate neuronal excitability. Although critically important, the regulation of neuronal excitability has received little attention in the auditory system. Neuronal excitability is determined to a large extent by the resting membrane potential (RMP), which in turn depends on the kind and number of ion channels open at rest; mostly potassium channels. A large part of this resting potassium conductance is carried by two-pore potassium channels (K2P channels). Among the K2P channels, the subunit Task5 is expressed almost exclusively in the auditory brainstem, suggesting a specialized role in auditory processing. However, since it failed to form functional ion channels in heterologous expression systems, it was classified "non-functional" for a long time and its role in the auditory system remained elusive. Here, we generated Task5 knock-out (KO) mice. The loss of Task5 resulted in changes in neuronal excitability in bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Moreover, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to loud sounds were altered in Tasko5-KO mice. Thus, our study provides evidence that Task5 is indeed a functional K2P subunit and contributes to sound processing in the auditory brainstem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cochlear synaptopathy is a disorder where auditory perceptual impairments, such as speech perception in noise and tinnitus, may not be accurately reflected by audiometric thresholds, even if the audiogram appears normal. It is proposed that the connections between hair cells and the auditory nerve are more susceptible to sound and aging damage than the cochlea's hair cells. Cochlear synaptopathy can be present in ears with normal audiograms and undamaged hair cells, leading to hidden hearing loss. This study aims to construct electrophysiological and behavioral auditory parameters associated with persons exposed to loudness and having normal audiograms and auditory complaints to identify hidden hearing loss. Results: A case–control study was done with forty participants with a documented history of exposure to loud sounds and various auditory complaints, compared to a control group of forty persons who had all been confirmed to have normal audiograms. The chosen behavioral core tests comprised the speech intelligibility in noise test (SPIN), gaps detection in noise (GIN test), and pitch pattern sequence test (PPS). The electrophysiological measures utilized in the study were the auditory brainstem response test (ABR) and electrocochleography (ECochG). The SPIN, PPS, and GIN test results demonstrated statistically significant disparities between the control and case groups. The amplitude ratio of wave I to wave V in ABR and the ratio of EcochG AP to SP demonstrated a statistically significant variance between the two groups. The SPIN test exhibited the highest AUC, signifying its superior diagnostic capability in identifying hidden hearing loss. Conclusion: The present study has shown that the SPIN, as a behavioral test, and the EcochG AP amplitude measure, as an electrophysiological test, provide the greatest auditory diagnostic capability for identifying cochlear synaptopathy. Wave I amplitude in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the SP/AP ratio in electrocochleography (EcochG) are promising non-behavioral measures of cochlear synaptopathy or hidden hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cochlear synaptopathy is a disorder where auditory perceptual impairments, such as speech perception in noise and tinnitus, may not be accurately reflected by audiometric thresholds, even if the audiogram appears normal. It is proposed that the connections between hair cells and the auditory nerve are more susceptible to sound and aging damage than the cochlea’s hair cells. Cochlear synaptopathy can be present in ears with normal audiograms and undamaged hair cells, leading to hidden hearing loss. This study aims to construct electrophysiological and behavioral auditory parameters associated with persons exposed to loudness and having normal audiograms and auditory complaints to identify hidden hearing loss. Results A case–control study was done with forty participants with a documented history of exposure to loud sounds and various auditory complaints, compared to a control group of forty persons who had all been confirmed to have normal audiograms. The chosen behavioral core tests comprised the speech intelligibility in noise test (SPIN), gaps detection in noise (GIN test), and pitch pattern sequence test (PPS). The electrophysiological measures utilized in the study were the auditory brainstem response test (ABR) and electrocochleography (ECochG). The SPIN, PPS, and GIN test results demonstrated statistically significant disparities between the control and case groups. The amplitude ratio of wave I to wave V in ABR and the ratio of EcochG AP to SP demonstrated a statistically significant variance between the two groups. The SPIN test exhibited the highest AUC, signifying its superior diagnostic capability in identifying hidden hearing loss. Conclusion The present study has shown that the SPIN, as a behavioral test, and the EcochG AP amplitude measure, as an electrophysiological test, provide the greatest auditory diagnostic capability for identifying cochlear synaptopathy. Wave I amplitude in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the SP/AP ratio in electrocochleography (EcochG) are promising non-behavioral measures of cochlear synaptopathy or hidden hearing loss.

Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy is characterized by irreversible loss of synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) despite normal hearing thresholds. We analyzed hearing performance and cochlear structure in C57BL/6 N mice exposed to 100, 106, or 112 dB SPL broadband noise (8–16 kHz) for 2 h. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were assessed before, directly after, and up to 28 days post-trauma. Finally, the number, size, and pairing of IHC presynaptic (CtBP2-positive) ribbons and postsynaptic AMPA receptor scaffold (Homer1-positive) clusters were analyzed along the cochlea. Four weeks after the 100 dB SPL trauma, a permanent threshold shift (PTS) was observed at 45 kHz, which after the higher traumata extended toward middle to low frequencies. Loss in ABR wave I amplitudes scaled with trauma strength indicating loss of functional IHC synaptic connections. Latencies of wave I mostly increased with trauma strength. No trauma-related OHC loss was found. The number of synaptic pairs was reduced in the midbasal and basal cochlear region in all trauma conditions, with ribbon loss amounting up to 46% of control. Ribbons surviving the trauma were paired, whereas 4–6 unpaired postsynapses/IHC were found in the medial, midbasal, and basal regions irrespective of trauma strength, contrasting findings in CBA/CaJ mice. Our data confirm the susceptibility of ribbon synapses and ABR wave I amplitudes to a noise trauma of 100 dB SPL or larger. Notably, peripheral dendrites bearing IHC postsynapses were less vulnerable than presynaptic ribbons in C57BL/6 N mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching close-to-optimal bandwidth utilization in dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) systems can, in theory, be achieved with a small discrete set of bit rate representations. This includes typical bit rate ladders used in state-of-the-art DASH systems. In practice, however, we demonstrate that bandwidth utilization, and consequently the quality of experience (QoE), can be improved by offering a continuous set of bit rate representations, i.e., a continuous bit rate slide (COBIRAS). Moreover, we find that the buffer fill behavior of different standard adaptive bit rate (ABR) algorithms is sub-optimal in terms of bandwidth utilization. To overcome this issue, we leverage COBIRAS' flexibility to request segments with any arbitrary bit rate and propose a novel ABR algorithm MinOff, which helps maximizing bandwidth utilization by minimizing download off-phases during streaming. To avoid extensive storage requirements with COBIRAS and to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we design and implement a proof-of-concept DASH system for video streaming that relies on just-in-time encoding (JITE), which reduces storage consumption on the DASH server. Finally, we conduct a performance evaluation on our testbed and compare a state-of-the-art DASH system with few bit rate representations and our JITE DASH system, which can offer a COBIRAS, in terms of bandwidth utilization and video QoE for different ABR algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patients with age-related hearing loss complain often about reduced speech perception in adverse listening environment. Studies on animals have suggested that cochlear synaptopathy may be one of the primary mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. A decreased wave I amplitude in supra-threshold auditory brainstem response (ABR) can diagnose this pathology non-invasively. However, the interpretation of the wave I amplitude in humans remains controversial. Recent studies in mice have established a robust and reliable mathematic algorithm, i.e., curve curvature quantification, for detecting cochlear synaptopathy. This study aimed to determine whether the curve curvature has sufficient test–retest reliability to detect cochlear synaptopathy in aging humans. Methods: Healthy participants were recruited into this prospective study. All subjects underwent an audiogram examination with standard and extended high frequencies ranging from 0.125 to 16 kHz and an ABR with a stimulus of 80 dB nHL click. The peak amplitude, peak latency, curvature at the peak, and the area under the curve of wave I were calculated and analyzed. Results: A total of 80 individuals with normal hearing, aged 18 to 61 years, participated in this study, with a mean age of 26.4 years. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between curvature and age, as well as between curvature and extended high frequency (EHF) threshold (10–16 kHz). Additionally, the same correlation was observed between age and area as well as age and EHF threshold. The model comparison demonstrated that the curvature at the peak of wave I is the best metric to correlate with EHF threshold. Conclusion: The curvature at the peak of wave I is the most sensitive metric for detecting cochlear synaptopathy in humans and may be applied in routine diagnostics to detect early degenerations of the auditory nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundInner ear disorders, such as EH, commonly lead to hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. EH is particularly prevalent in various inner ear diseases, including Meniere’s disease. We aimed to evaluate the effects of EH on WAI and OAEs.ObjectiveThis study explores the potential of wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) for the early detection of changes in acoustic transmission associated with vasopressin-induced endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in a guinea pig model.MethodsWe induced EH in guinea pigs via daily intraperitoneal injections of arginine vasopressin over 14 consecutive days. Auditory function was assessed using Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR), while changes in sound energy transmission were measured using WAI and Distortion Products Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE).ResultsIncreased ABR thresholds in EH models were statistically significant (p 0.05).ConclusionWAI demonstrates greater sensitivity than DPOAE in the early detection of acoustic transmission alterations in EH models, suggesting its utility as a diagnostic tool in early-stage inner ear disorders.

Processing of auditory signals critically depends on the neuron’s ability to fire brief, precisely timed action potentials (APs) at high frequencies and high fidelity for prolonged times. This requires the expression of specialized sets of ion channels to quickly repolarize neurons, prevent aberrant AP firing and tightly regulate neuronal excitability. Although critically important, the regulation of neuronal excitability has received little attention in the auditory system. Neuronal excitability is determined to a large extent by the resting membrane potential (RMP), which in turn depends on the kind and number of ion channels open at rest; mostly potassium channels. A large part of this resting potassium conductance is carried by two-pore potassium channels (K2P channels). Among the K2P channels, the subunit Task5 is expressed almost exclusively in the auditory brainstem, suggesting a specialized role in auditory processing. However, since it failed to form functional ion channels in heterologous expression systems, it was classified “non-functional” for a long time and its role in the auditory system remained elusive. Here, we generated Task5 knock-out (KO) mice. The loss of Task5 resulted in changes in neuronal excitability in bushy cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Moreover, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to loud sounds were altered in Tasko5-KO mice. Thus, our study provides evidence that Task5 is indeed a functional K2P subunit and contributes to sound processing in the auditory brainstem.

In the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse model, oxidative stress leads to premature senescence and age-related hearing impairment (ARHI). CMS121 inhibits oxytosis/ferroptosis by targeting fatty acid synthase. The aim of our study was to determine whether CMS121 is protective against ARHI in SAMP8 mice. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were used to assess baseline hearing in sixteen 4-week-old female SAMP8 mice, which were divided into two cohorts. The control group was fed a vehicle diet, while the experimental group was fed a diet containing CMS121. ABRs were measured until 13 weeks of age. Cochlear immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the number of paired ribbon-receptor synapses per inner hair cell (IHC). Descriptive statistics are provided with mean ± SEM. Two-sample t-tests were performed to compare hearing thresholds and paired synapse count across the two groups, with alpha = 0.05. Baseline hearing thresholds in the control group were statistically similar to those of the CMS121 group. At 13 weeks of age, the control group had significantly worse hearing thresholds at 12 kHz (56.5 vs. 39.8, p = 0.044) and 16 kHz (64.8 vs. 43.8, p = 0.040) compared to the CMS121 group. Immunohistochemistry showed a significantly lower synapse count per IHC in the control group (15.7) compared to the CMS121 group (18.4), p = 0.014. Our study shows a significant reduction in ABR threshold shifts and increased preservation of IHC ribbon synapses in the mid-range frequencies among mice treated with CMS121 compared to untreated mice.

Purpose: To evaluate how prosthetic management affects the otological and audiological state of infants with cleft lip and palate by preventing or treating otitis media (OM). Materials and Methods: Thirty infants with cleft lip and palate (L/P) were assigned to three equal groups according to the age of prosthetic intervention; Group I: immediately after birth, Group II: 2 months old, Group III: 5 months old. Assessment of middle ear function by tympanometry and hearing quality by auditory brainstem response (ABR) under natural sleep was conducted before and after prosthetic treatment every month till 10 months of age. Data from the study groups were compared. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between Gp I and Gp II in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th months for right and left ears (p > 0.05). In the 5th month, statistically significant differences between the three groups were found in tympanometry for right (p = 0.011) and left (p = 0.024) ears also, in ABR for right (p = 0.007) and left (p = 0.011) ears. Tympanometric readings starting from the 6th till the 10th month showed no statistically significant differences between the three groups (p >0.05). The final ABR outcomes of the 10th month indicated statistically significant differences between the three groups for both ears (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Early prosthetic care could delay the development of OM, so it could potentially improve the otological and audiological state in infants with cleft L/P. However, prosthetic treatment may not be able to completely prevent or eliminate middle ear disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the efficacy of several Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for the classification of hearing loss in patients using preprocessed auditory brainstem response (ABR) image data. Specifically, we employed six CNN architectures—VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet121, DenseNet-201, AlexNet, and InceptionV3—to differentiate between patients with hearing loss and those with normal hearing. A dataset comprising 7990 preprocessed ABR images was utilized to assess the performance and accuracy of these models. Each model was systematically tested to determine its capability to accurately classify hearing loss. A comparative analysis of the models focused on metrics of accuracy and computational efficiency. The results indicated that the AlexNet model exhibited superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 95.93%. The findings from this research suggest that deep learning models, particularly AlexNet in this instance, hold significant potential for automating the diagnosis of hearing loss using ABR graph data. Future work will aim to refine these models to enhance their diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, fostering their practical application in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some electrophysiological changes can occur in the auditory system in response to noise exposure with or without any permanent auditory threshold shift. The purpose of this study was to identify and measure cochlear function after noise exposure in individuals with normal hearing according to standard audiometric thresholds. Material and methods: Pure tone audiometry (PTA) over the standard 0.250--8 kHz range and at 12 kHz, as well as distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, were performed on 42 soldiers who had participated in combat. A control group of 40 participants underwent the same tests. Results: In the noise-exposed group, significantly poorer PTA thresholds were recorded at 12 kHz. DPOAE levels were significantly low only at 4 kHz. On ABR testing, both wave I and wave V demonstrated a significant decrease in amplitude and a significant increase in latency for the noise-exposed group. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that high levels of noise can not only damage outer hair cells but also cause changes at the level of the synapses (synaptopathy) which are not evident using standard PTA tests. However, electrophysiological methods can detect some changes in cochlear function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points In utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) programs the fetus, increasing offspring risk for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease later in life. Hyperglycaemia is widely recognized as the driving force of diabetes‐induced programming. We have previously shown that GDM exposure alters DNA methylation and gene expression associated with actin remodelling in primary feto‐placental arterial endothelial cells (fpEC). Thus, we hypothesized that hyperglycaemic insults underlie programmed changes in fpEC morphology and actin organization by GDM. Therefore, arterial fpECs isolated after normal and GDM pregnancy, as well as normal fpECs that were exposed to hyperglycaemia in vitro, were analysed for the effect of GDM and hyperglycaemia on actin organization and network formation. Integration of gene expression and DNA methylation data identified the RhoA activator active BCR‐related (ABR) as programmed by GDM and altered by in vitro hyperglycaemia. ABR silencing in GDM‐exposed cells reduced RhoA activity by 34 ± 26% (P = 0.033) and restored normal fpEC phenotype. In fact, in vitro hyperglycaemia induced a similar fpEC phenotype as intrauterine exposure to GDM, i.e. round morphology and increased network formation on Matrigel by 34 ± 33% (P = 0.022) vs. 22 ± 20% for GDM (P = 0.004). Thus, we identified ABR as a novel glucose sensitive regulator of actin organization and cell shape, programmed by GDM and upregulated by hyperglycaemia. Identification of mechanisms induced by hyperglycaemia and affecting endothelial function in the long term will contribute to understanding GDM‐induced programming of offspring endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Future studies could focus on investigating the prevention or reversal of such malprogramming. In utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects future health of the offspring, with an increased risk for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in later life. GDM alters DNA methylation and expression of ABR in feto‐placental arterial endothelial cells (fpEC), a model for endothelial cells exposed to the intrauterine environment of the fetus. GDM phenotype of fpECs is also induced by hyperglycaemia in vitro, and is characterized by altered actin organization and cell shape, which can be restored by ABR silencing. Revealing the cellular mechanisms induced by GDM and hyperglycaemia is important for understanding the mechanisms of how these conditions disturb endothelial function in the offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective-based methods for intraoperative monitoring have been suggested to assess the coupling and the outcomes of Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB). Although several techniques were proposed, they have not been widely adopted due to their complexity and invasiveness. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of a new coupling quality index using an intraoperative ABR threshold via AcoustiAP and its correlation with the perioperative measures. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary center. The medical records were retrieved for all patients who underwent VSB implantation and had an intraoperative objective assessment for the coupling efficiency. AcoustiAP was used to evaluate the intraoperative ABR thresholds, which were assessed directly after the floating mass transducer (FMT) placement using acoustic CE-Chirp signals. The Vibrogram was used for the postoperative audiological evaluation. A new coupling quality index was calculated based on the intraoperative ABR thresholds. Results: Ten patients were eligible for the present study. The ABR thresholds for good coupling ranged from 35 to 60 dBnHL. The loose coupling thresholds ranged considerably from 40 to 100 dBnHL. Overall, the median intraoperative ABR threshold at good coupling was 42.5 (40–60) dBnHL and 60 (40–100) dBnHL at loose coupling. The analysis showed that there was a significant change in the coupling quality index at the good and loose coupling points (24.3 ± 14 vs 38.8 ± 18.2, respectively, p < 0.001). At a cut-off value of 22.6 dB, the coupling quality index had a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 90% for discriminating good and loose coupling. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the utility of intraoperative ABR measurements in predicting the coupling efficiency in patients with VSB. Our results showed that the coupling quality index had an acceptable accuracy in discriminating between good and poor coupling, which can help clinicians optimize the fitting process for individuals and may ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many viral infections can cause hearing loss due to affection of cochlear hair cells or neurogenic pathway. Although, the damage secondary to viral infections is mainly cochlear affection; auditory brainstem can be affected as well. It was predicted that SARS-COV-2 infection can similarly affect the auditory system. This study aimed to detect affection in auditory system and if present investigate the possible site of lesion (up to the level of the brain stem) in relation to COVID-19 infection. Methods This is a case control study, where the study group constituted of thirty adults, diagnosed with COVID-19 at least 2 weeks prior to testing and up to 6 months, without previous auditory complaints pre-COVID-19 or other risk factors that could affect the auditory pathway. Fifteen adult participants that were age and gender matched to the study group with no previous history of covid-19 infection constituted the control group. Audiological evaluations done to all participants were pure-tone and speech audiometry, tympanometry, transient-evoked otoacoustic emission with and without contralateral suppression and auditory brainstem response measurements. Results The study group showed significantly worse pure tone thresholds at high frequencies 4 and 8 kHz (p < 0.01), significantly worse transient-evoked otoacoustic emission signal to noise ratio at 2800 Hz and 4000 Hz (p < 0.05) and significantly lower total suppression index (p 0.05). Conclusion COVID-19 had subtle effect on cochlear basal turn, and it is shown that the auditory efferent system may also be affected, while the auditory nerve and afferent brainstem pathways seems to be spared. Moreover, the absence of the symptoms of auditory dysfunction postcovid-19 does not guarantee normal auditory functions.

Introduction: Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is the gold standard for hearing testing in dogs. ABR is commonly used in puppies to diagnose congenital sensorineural deafness. Long test times limit the use for a more comprehensive hearing screening in veterinary practice. This study aimed to establish a superfast hearing screening protocol in dogs. Methods: Hearing thresholds were routinely measured with a mobile device designed for newborn hearing screening in 90 dogs. We introduced modifications of the ABR protocol, e. g., a binaural test mode, higher stimulus rates, a broadband chirp stimulus, and an algorithm for automatic peak V detection in a stepwise fashion. Hearing thresholds were then measured with fast protocols utilizing either 30  Hz click or 90  Hz broadband chirp stimuli with 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 and −10 dBnHL stimulation intensities. Interrater reliability, agreement between click and chirp hearing thresholds and correlations with clinical characteristics of the dogs were assessed. Results: Using all innovations, the test time for hearing threshold assessment in both ears was reduced to 1.11  min (mean). The chirp stimulus accentuated both, peak V and the subsequent trough, which are essential features for judgement of the hearing threshold, but preceding peaks were less conspicuous. Interrater reliability and agreement between click and chirp hearing threshold was excellent. Dogs >10  years of age and dogs with abnormal hearing score or otitis score had significantly higher hearing thresholds than younger dogs (p≤  0.001) or dogs without abnormalities (p  <  0.001). Conclusion: The results demonstrate that modifications in ABR protocols speed-up test times significantly while the quality of the recordings for hearing threshold assessment is maintained. Modified ABR protocols enable super-fast hearing threshold assessment in veterinary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many viral infections can cause hearing loss due to affection of cochlear hair cells or neurogenic pathway. Although, the damage secondary to viral infections is mainly cochlear affection; auditory brainstem can be affected as well. It was predicted that SARS-COV-2 infection can similarly affect the auditory system. This study aimed to detect affection in auditory system and if present investigate the possible site of lesion (up to the level of the brain stem) in relation to COVID-19 infection. Methods: This is a case control study, where the study group constituted of thirty adults, diagnosed with COVID-19 at least 2 weeks prior to testing and up to 6 months, without previous auditory complaints pre-COVID-19 or other risk factors that could affect the auditory pathway. Fifteen adult participants that were age and gender matched to the study group with no previous history of covid-19 infection constituted the control group. Audiological evaluations done to all participants were pure-tone and speech audiometry, tympanometry, transient-evoked otoacoustic emission with and without contralateral suppression and auditory brainstem response measurements. Results: The study group showed significantly worse pure tone thresholds at high frequencies 4 and 8 kHz (p < 0.01), significantly worse transient-evoked otoacoustic emission signal to noise ratio at 2800 Hz and 4000 Hz (p < 0.05) and significantly lower total suppression index (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between both groups in auditory brainstem response wave latencies (p > 0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 had subtle effect on cochlear basal turn, and it is shown that the auditory efferent system may also be affected, while the auditory nerve and afferent brainstem pathways seems to be spared. Moreover, the absence of the symptoms of auditory dysfunction postcovid-19 does not guarantee normal auditory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to cope with the fluctuation of network bandwidth and provide smooth video services, adaptive video streaming technology is proposed. In particular, the adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithm is widely used in dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) to improve quality of experience (QoE). However, existing ABR algorithms still ignore the inherent visual sensitivity of human visual system (HVS). As the final receiver of video, HVS has different sensitivity to the quality distortion of different video content, and video content with high visual sensitivity needs to allocate more bitrate resources. Therefore, existing ABR algorithms still have limitations in reasonably allocating bitrate and maximizing QoE. To solve this problem, this paper designs an adaptive bitrate strategy from the perspective of user vision, studies the modeling of visual sensitivity, and proposes a visual sensitivity aware ABR algorithm. We extract a set of content features and attribute features from the video, and consider the simulation of HVS to establish a totalmasking effectmodel that reflects the visual sensitivity more accurately. Further, the network status, buffer occupancy, and visual sensitivity are comprehensively considered under a deep reinforcement learning framework to select the appropriate bitrate for maximizing QoE. We implement the proposed algorithm over a realistic trace-driven evaluation and compare its performance with several latest algorithms. Experimental results show that our algorithm can align ABR strategy with visual sensitivity to achieve better QoE in high visual sensitivity content, and improves the average perceptual video quality and overall user QoE by 18.3% and 22.8%, respectively. Additionally, we prove the feasibility of our algorithm through subjective evaluation in the real environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deviance detection describes an increase of neural response strength caused by a stimulus with a low probability of occurrence. This ubiquitous phenomenon has been reported for humans and multiple other species, from subthalamic areas to the auditory cortex. Cortical deviance detection has been well characterized by a range of studies using a variety of different stimuli, from artificial to natural, with and without a behavioral relevance. This allowed the identification of a broad variety of regularity deviations that are detected by the cortex. Moreover, subcortical deviance detection has been studied with simple stimuli that are not meaningful to the subject. Here, we aim to bridge this gap by using noninvasively recorded auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to investigate deviance detection at population level in the lower stations of the auditory system of a highly vocal species: the bat Carollia perspicillata (of either sex). Our present approach uses behaviorally relevant vocalization stimuli that are similar to the animals' natural soundscape. We show that deviance detection in ABRs is significantly stronger for echolocation pulses than for social communication calls or artificial sounds, indicating that subthalamic deviance detection depends on the behavioral meaning of a stimulus. Additionally, complex physical sound features like frequency- and amplitude modulation affected the strength of deviance detection in the ABR. In summary, our results suggest that the brain can detect different types of deviants already in the brainstem, showing that subthalamic brain structures exhibit more advanced forms of deviance detection than previously known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of hearing loss is 0.09–2.3% in low risk neonates, and 0.3–14.1% in the high-risk population. The treatment requires early identification by neonatal hearing screening and early rehabilitation. OAE (oto-acoustic emission) and ABR (Auditory Brain Response) are the two objective tests used to evaluate hearing loss in neonates. OAE tests the biological response of the cochlea to auditory stimuli. ABR tests the auditory pathway. The aim is to estimate hearing loss in high-risk neonates using the Distortion Product Oto- acoustic emission (DP OAE) and to correlate the associated high-risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between March 2021 to September 2022. Newborns satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study. DP- OAE is performed to screen for hearing loss within 48 h of birth. Infants failing the first screening test are then examined for treatable causes and then repeated at 2 weeks. Newborns who fail the second DP-OAE are subjected to ABR for confirmation of hearing loss. A total of 100 high risk neonates underwent hearing screen using DP-OAE. Most common risk factors seen in our study are prematurity (22%), Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) (20%), Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia (17%), Maternal risk factors (GDM) (14%). Most neonates with prematurity failed the hearing test with significant p-value of 0.05. DP- OAE test can be successfully implemented as newborn hearing screening method, for early detection of hearing impairment to achieve the high quality standard of screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to define the functions of MRS and ABR as predictors of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) in full-term neonates who required intervention (phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion). This prospective cohort study was done at the NICU of Tanta University Hospitals over a 2-year duration. Fifty-six full-term neonates with pathological unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were divided according to MRS and ABR findings into 2 groups: group (1) included 26 cases with mild acute bilirubin encephalopathy (BIND-M score 1–4). Group (2) included 30 cases with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia only. In addition, 20 healthy neonates with similar ages were employed as the controls. When compared to group 2 and the control group, group 1's peak-area ratios of NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho were found to be significantly reduced (P < 0.05). As compared to group 2 and the control group, group 1's Lac/Cr ratio was significantly greater (P < 0.05), but the differences were not significant for group 2 when compared to the control group. Waves III and V peak latencies, I–III, and I–V interpeak intervals were significantly prolonged in group 1 in comparison to group 2 and controls (P < 0.05) with no significant difference between group 2 and control group. Conclusion: When the symptoms of ABE are mild and MRI does not show any evident abnormalities, MRS and ABR are helpful in differentiating individuals with ABE from patients with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT06018012. What is Known: • MRS can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for the differential diagnosis of patients with acute bilirubin encephalopathy, from patients with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia What is New: • ABR is a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in the care and management of neonates with significantly raised bilirubin. It can be used as early predictor of acute bilirubin encephalopathy in the earliest stage of auditory damage caused by bilirubin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunter syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) II, is a rare lysosomal disorder characterized by progressive, multi-system disease. As most symptoms cannot be reversed once established, early detection and treatment prior to the onset of clinical symptoms are critical. However, it is difficult to identify affected individuals early in disease, and therefore the long-term outcomes of initiating treatment during this optimal time period are incompletely described. We report long-term clinical outcomes of treatment when initiated prior to obvious clinical signs by comparing the courses of two siblings with neuronopathic Hunter syndrome (c.1504 T > G[p.W502G]), one who was diagnosed due to clinical disease (Sibling-O, age 3.7 years) and the other who was diagnosed before disease was evident (Sibling-Y, age 12 months), due to his older sibling's findings. The brothers began enzyme replacement therapy within a month of diagnosis. Around the age of 5 years, Sibling-O had a cognitive measurement score in the impaired range of

IntroductionAuditory brainstem response (ABR) is the gold standard for hearing testing in dogs. ABR is commonly used in puppies to diagnose congenital sensorineural deafness. Long test times limit the use for a more comprehensive hearing screening in veterinary practice. This study aimed to establish a super-fast hearing screening protocol in dogs.MethodsHearing thresholds were routinely measured with a mobile device designed for newborn hearing screening in 90 dogs. We introduced modifications of the ABR protocol, e. g., a binaural test mode, higher stimulus rates, a broadband chirp stimulus, and an algorithm for automatic peak V detection in a stepwise fashion. Hearing thresholds were then measured with fast protocols utilizing either 30 Hz click or 90 Hz broadband chirp stimuli with 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 and −10 dBnHL stimulation intensities. Interrater reliability, agreement between click and chirp hearing thresholds and correlations with clinical characteristics of the dogs were assessed.ResultsUsing all innovations, the test time for hearing threshold assessment in both ears was reduced to 1.11 min (mean). The chirp stimulus accentuated both, peak V and the subsequent trough, which are essential features for judgement of the hearing threshold, but preceding peaks were less conspicuous. Interrater reliability and agreement between click and chirp hearing threshold was excellent. Dogs >10 years of age and dogs with abnormal hearing score or otitis score had significantly higher hearing thresholds than younger dogs (p ≤ 0.001) or dogs without abnormalities (p

To determine the clinical features of bilirubin encephalopathy in preterm infants (pBE) in Japan. We performed a retrospective, nationwide questionnaire-based survey. The initial survey determined the number of children with pBE who were born after 2000. Using a structured questionnaire, the second survey clarified the clinical manifestations and characteristics of children with pBE, including demographic data, neurological symptoms, and MRI and auditory brainstem response (ABR) findings. The initial survey identified 41 pBE infants from 18 institutions. After exclusion of patients included in previous studies, clinical information was collected from 30 patients (21 boys and 9 girls) during the secondary survey. The median gestational age was 26 weeks and the median birthweight was 846 g. Chronic lung disease and symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus were common neonatal complications. Head control was observed in 63% and functional gait in 17% of patients. Purposeful hand use was seen in 57% and verbal communication in 50% of patients. MRI showed T2 hyperintensities in the globus pallidus of 29 of 30 patients. ABR abnormalities were present in 11 of 15 patients. None of the variables were significantly different between the 2017 and 2021 surveys. The pBE infants had severely impaired gross motor function and relatively preserved manual function and verbal communication. MRI and ABR findings aid in the diagnosis of pBE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis, caused by Brucella, dominates in the Middle East. Acute or chronic brucellosis can involve any organ system, and the involvement of the central nervous system leads to encephalitis, called neurobrucellosis (NB). We report a rare case from north India where a variant of Brucella caused NB led to progressive labyrinthine dysfunction; who developed vertigo, disequilibrium, and gradual progressive sensorineural (SN) hearing loss. Audiological tests pure-tone audiometry (PTA), otoacoustic emissions (OAE), stapedial muscle reflexes, auditory evoked brainstem responses (ABR), and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) were conducted on the patients. PTA showed a bilateral profound SN hearing loss, an absent OAE, and ABR suggestive of cochlear dysfunction. The cervical and ocular VEMP showed delayed n1 and p1 latencies, suggesting superior and inferior nerve branch involvement. Vertigo or disequilibrium and SN hearing loss can be the late-onset manifestations of labyrinthine dysfunction in chronic Brucella-induced encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It has recently been discussed whether hearing screening and hearing threshold assessment can accurately be completed using automated ASSR methods for children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Possible causes for the claimed potential failures were investigated here. Design: The study is based on the analysis of stored ASSR raw data. Study sample: This study reviewed raw ASSR data from 274 patients with a total of 5809 individual recordings. Results: Cochlear microphonics (CM) were found in 18 of the 274 patient records. Four of these 18 were obtained from patients with ANSD. One patient with ANSD without click auditory brainstem responses up to 100 dBnHL demonstrated clear ASSR responses from 65 dBnHL upwards. Where click stimulation suggests an auditory nerve defect, narrow-band chirps were shown to evoke ASSR in certain patients. CMs are elicited by narrow-band chirps in the same way as by broadband stimuli. CM residuals as well as a presumed enlarged wave I with absent neural responses, always accompanied by CM, were found as possible causes of misinterpretation at high stimulus levels. A CM detector was created. Conclusions: The CM detector, indicating the presence of CM, will prevent misinterpretation of clinical ASSR results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is the response of the brain stem through the auditory nerve. The ABR test is a method of testing for loss of hearing through electrical signals. Basically, the test is conducted on patients such as the elderly, the disabled, and infants who have difficulty in communication. This test has the advantage of being able to determine the presence or absence of objective hearing loss by brain stem reactions only, without any communication. This paper proposes the image preprocessing process required to construct an efficient graph image data set for deep learning models using auditory brainstem response data. To improve the performance of the deep learning model, we standardized the ABR image data measured on various devices with different forms. In addition, we applied the VGG16 model, a CNN-based deep learning network model developed by a research team at the University of Oxford, using preprocessed ABR data to classify the presence or absence of hearing loss and analyzed the accuracy of the proposed method. This experimental test was performed using 10,000 preprocessed data, and the model was tested with various weights to verify classification learning. Based on the learning results, we believe it is possible to help set the criteria for preprocessing and the learning process in medical graph data, including ABR graph data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although peripheral facial paralysis and sudden sensorineural hearing loss are not as common as anosmia, they are reported neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We present a 62-year-old, serologically COVID-19 positive woman with seventh and eighth nerve involvement showed electrophysiologically with Auditory Brainstem Response and electroneurography and radiologically with internal acoustic canal magnetic resonance imaging. This single case report suggests a possible association between the SARS-CoV-2 infection with simultaneous sudden sensorineural hearing loss and isolated facial paralysis. However, further studies are needed to determine whether this relationship is coincidental or occasional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus is a phantom sound perception affecting both auditory and limbic structures. The mechanisms of tinnitus remain unclear and it is debatable whether tinnitus alters attention to sound and the ability to inhibit repetitive sounds, a phenomenon also known as auditory gating. Here we investigate if noise exposure interferes with auditory gating and whether natural extracts of cannabis or nicotine could improve auditory pre-attentional processing in noise-exposed mice. We used 22 male C57BL/6J mice divided into noise-exposed (exposed to a 9–11 kHz narrow band noise for 1 h) and sham (no sound during noise exposure) groups. Hearing thresholds were measured using auditory brainstem responses, and tinnitus-like behavior was assessed using Gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. After noise exposure, mice were implanted with multi-electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus to assess auditory event-related potentials in response to paired clicks. The results showed that mice with tinnitus-like behavior displayed auditory gating of repetitive clicks, but with larger amplitudes and longer latencies of the N40 component of the aERP waveform. The combination of cannabis extract and nicotine improved the auditory gating ratio in noise-exposed mice without permanent hearing threshold shifts. Lastly, the longer latency of the N40 component appears due to an increased sensitivity to cannabis extract in noise-exposed mice compared to sham mice. The study suggests that the altered central plasticity in tinnitus is more sensitive to the combined actions on the cholinergic and the endocannabinoid systems. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of pharmacological modulation of auditory sensory gating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic adaptive video streaming over HTTP (DASH) plays a crucial role in delivering video across networks. Traditional adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms adjust video segment quality based on network conditions and buffer occupancy. However, these algorithms rely on fixed rules, making it challenging to achieve optimal decisions considering the overall context. In this paper, we propose a novel deep-reinforcement-learning-based approach for DASH streaming, with the primary focus of maintaining consistent perceived video quality throughout the streaming session to enhance user experience. Our approach optimizes quality of experience (QoE) by dynamically controlling the quality distance factor between consecutive video segments. We evaluate our approach through a comprehensive simulation model encompassing diverse wireless network environments and various video sequences. We also conduct a comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in QoE, ensuring users enjoy stable, high-quality video streaming sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Similarly to hearing loss and dizziness, tinnitus is a frequently reported complication of COVID-19 and remains the subject of numerous scientific reports. However, the exact impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the pathophysiology of tinnitus observed in post-COVID syndrome remains unclear. One suspected cause behind the development of vestibulocochlear symptoms is the inflammation of neural tissue triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the results of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP) in the context of tinnitus development among patients diagnosed with post-COVID syndrome. Material and methods: This retrospective study involved the analysis of BAEP test results of patients admitted to the Audiology Clinic of the Military Institute of Medicine at the National Research Institute and diagnosed with the post-COVID syndrome. The study compared the average latency values of waves I, II, III, IV, V, and intervals I--III, III--V, I--V. The statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. Results: Out of 18 patients (9 female, 9 male) with an average age of 54.22 years (±9.65) diagnosed with post-COVID syndrome, tinnitus was identified in 5 individuals (27.78%). A statistically significant increase in wave V latency (5.98 vs. 5.63 [ms]; P < 0.05) and interval III--V (1.99 vs. 1.71 [ms]; P<0.05) was observed between the groups of patients with and without tinnitus. Discussion: Study results analyzing BAEP changes in patients with post-COVID syndrome in the context of tinnitus are insufficient in current literature. The only available report linking post-COVID syndrome with sensorineural hearing loss demonstrated a statistically significant increase in latency values of waves III, V, and an increase in intervals I--III, III--V. Conclusions: Tinnitus in patients suffering from post-COVID syndrome may be related to prolonged conduction of nerve impulses within the brainstem auditory pathway. Detailed pathophysiology of these changes requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimedia video streaming, identified as the dominant internet data consumption service, brings forth challenges in consistently delivering optimal video quality. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), while prevalent, often encounters buffering problems, causing video pauses due to empty video buffers. This study introduces the Adaptive Scalable Video Streaming (ASViS) protocol as a solution. ASViS incorporates scalable video coding, a flow-controlled User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and deadline-based criteria. A model is developed to predict the behavior of ASViS across varying network conditions. Additionally, the effects of diverse parameters on ASViS performance are evaluated. ASViS adjusts data flow similarly to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), based on bandwidth availability. Data are designed to be discarded by ASViS according to video frame deadlines, preventing outdated information transmission. Compliance with RFC 8085 ensures the internet is not overwhelmed. With its scalability feature, ASViS achieves the highest possible image quality per frame, aligning with Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and the available data layers. The introduction of ASViS offers a promising approach to address the challenges faced by DASH, potentially providing more consistent and higher-quality video streaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise and specialized circuitry in the auditory brainstem develops through adaptations of cellular and molecular signaling. We previously showed that elimination of microglia during development impairs synaptic pruning that leads to maturation of the calyx of Held, a large encapsulating synapse that terminates on neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Microglia depletion also led to a decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for mature astrocytes. Here, we investigated the role of signaling through the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1), which is expressed by microglia and mediates communication with neurons. CX3CR1-/- and wild-type mice were studied before and after hearing onset and at 9 weeks of age. Levels of GFAP were significantly increased in the MNTB in mutants at 9 weeks. Pruning was unaffected at the calyx of Held, but we found an increase in expression of glycinergic synaptic marker in mutant mice at P14, suggesting an effect on maturation of inhibitory inputs. We observed disrupted tonotopic gradients of neuron and calyx size in MNTB in mutant mice. Auditory brainstem recording (ABR) revealed that CX3CR1-/- mice had normal thresholds and amplitudes but decreased latencies and interpeak latencies, particularly for the highest frequencies. These results demonstrate that disruption of fractalkine signaling has a significant effect on auditory brainstem development. Our findings highlight the importance of neuron-microglia-astrocyte communication in pruning of inhibitory synapses and establishment of tonotopic gradients early in postnatal development.

Translational audiology research aims to transfer basic research findings into practical clinical applications. While animal studies provide essential knowledge for translational research, there is an urgent need to improve the reproducibility of data derived from these studies. Sources of variability in animal research can be grouped into three areas: animal, equipment, and experimental. To increase standardization in animal research, we developed universal recommendations for designing and conducting studies using a standard audiological method: auditory brainstem response (ABR). The recommendations are domain-specific and are intended to guide the reader through the issues that are important when applying for ABR approval, preparing for, and conducting ABR experiments. Better experimental standardization, which is the goal of these guidelines, is expected to improve the understanding and interpretation of results, reduce the number of animals used in preclinical studies, and improve the translation of knowledge to the clinic.

Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers' antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.

3D animation makes art "live" and gives works of art with vitality, thus enabling artistic charm to be better presented and artistic practice to create more value. Due to the superior 3D model creation of 3D animation, it has important practical prospects in the field of art. At the same time, 3D animation is an important part of the animation industry, and its artistic style affects the quality of animation works and derivatives. Against the backdrop of computer technology, computer has a great influence on 3D animation art, which greatly enhances the artistic expression of 3D animation and promotes new animation forms. The artistic expression of 3D animation is mainly reflected in the performance of light and film, space and motion, lens, details and texture, and traditional artistic expression of 3D technology. However, when viewing 3D animation, we are often affected by the network bandwidth which leads to lag in 3D animation video and affects the user Quality of experience (QoE). According to the duration of 3D animation videos, this paper divides them into three types and obtains better user QoE through reinforcement learning (RL). The datasets of 3D animation videos of different durations are used to train the RL model, and the corresponding reward function parameters of different 3D animation video durations are obtained. Therefore, duration-sensitive Asynchronous Advantage Actor Critic (A3C)—RL algorithm is presented. The experimental results show that the A3C-RL algorithm has a much better user QoE for 3D animation video than that of state-of-the-art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is estimated that the prevalence of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome (DS) ranges from 38% to 82%. However, the diagnosis of hearing loss in DS is difficult, due to an impaired ability to cooperate for subjective tests. Thus, objective tests such as impedance audiometry, otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) may be more appropriate. In this study objective methods without anesthesia were used to determine the amount, type, and prevalence of hearing loss in people with DS. Material and methods: The study included 39 subjects with DS, ranging in age from 1 year to 27 years. Hearing tests in DS subjects were performed during physiological sleep or while awake. Otoscopic examination was performed in all DS subjects. If no abnormalities were seen, tympanometry, otoacoustic emissions, and recording of ABRs were attempted. Results: Objective hearing tests showed that the DS group had various types of hearing disorders. Based on all objective tests carried out in all ears (n = 78), the following diagnoses were made: normal hearing, 36 ears (46%); cochlear hearing loss, 27 ears (35%); conductive hearing loss, 8 ears (10%); suspected deafness, 7 ears (9%). Based on wave V thresholds, the following degrees of hearing loss were established: normal hearing, 36 ears (46%); 21--40 dB nHL, 21 ears (27%); 50--60 dB nHL, 8 ears (10%); 70--80 dB nHL, 6 ears (8%); > 80 dB nHL, 7 ears (9%). Conclusions: In previous studies of DS subjects by other authors, conductive hearing loss predominated, followed by sensorineural hearing loss. In the present study, more sensorineural than conductive hearing loss was diagnosed. In most cases, the diagnosis of the type of hearing disorder was based on the ABR result, and other tests such as tympanometry and otoacoustic emissions played a supporting role. Due to the often limited cooperation of the patient, the DPOAE test was difficult to perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]