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The health monitoring of planted forests is essential for the planning, management and management of these areas, which are fundamental for the economy and ecosystem services. In this sense, this review explicitly focuses on studies related to the monitoring of commercial forests threatened by biotic and abiotic stress factors. Our objective was to examine studies related to the remotely piloted aircraft (RPAS) remote sensing data, methods and technologies used, as well as discuss scientific and technical advances that could further increase the potential of RPAS for forestry in the future. A systematic bibliometric review of articles published between 2015 and 2023 was carried out. In total, 29 scientific articles were obtained, where the results revealed the preference for multispectral sensors for monitoring biotic and abiotic stress. RPAS, with the integration of passive and active sensors, and associated artificial intelligence technologies, are excellent options for the development of monitoring the health of planted forests, as they allow the rapid and accurate acquisition of information, as well as the ability to predict potential changes. Finally, monitoring crop health and vigor through RPAS has proven to be effective and robust, as evidenced by the authors in their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplonychus indicus, a tropical, skilled predatory water bug with a global distribution, has been studied for its predatory performance. In this study, a detailed account and a thorough assessment on the population dynamics, reproductive fecundity, and the various factors, viz., effect of space size, temperature, food deprivation, aquatic vegetation, competition, and prey density influencing the predatory performance of D. indicus have been portrayed. Over the course of a year, the population dynamics of D. indicus was observed in a permanent pond located in the Kanyakumari region of Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Except for temperature, D. indicus nymphs and adults, had a positive correlation with abiotic (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and rainfall) and biotic (Culex larvae) parameters. With regard to reproductive fecundity, on an average, 20 female individuals of D. indicus produced 1062 eggs, with a maximum hatching percentage of 88.3 at water temperatures of 25–26 °C, and an incubation period of 9.0 ± 0.35 days. The stadial duration of nymphs was 77.68 days, with the Ist stage being the shortest (5.2 ± 0.32 days) and the Vth stage the longest (34.22 ± 4.12). The IVth stage followed by the Vth stage had the highest rates of survival from egg to adult. The predatory performance of D. indicus nymphs evaluated based on the following factors, viz., space size, temperature, starvation, vegetation, competition, and prey density, are as follows. Maximum number of prey (Culex larvae) predated (411.20 ± 8.76) was in circular experimental glass container of 1 L volume space size; at a temperature of 25 °C (11.20 ± 0.30); after 24 h of starvation (558.26 ± 2.56); in 2.0 g density of aquatic vegetation (388.16 ± 2.32); with six competitors (2484.60 ± 8.10); and at 80 prey density (28.52 ± 1.02). The current study provides a critical insight into these variables that are crucial in the predatory performance of their prey, and are successful parameters in establishing a specific predator-prey interaction. This is a useful parameter for figuring out a specific predator-prey interaction in the wild. All the above mentioned factors will affect how well D. indicus performs as a predator in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that affect plant growth and limit agricultural productivity. In this study, the effects of iron (FeNP), silver (AgNP), and silicon dioxide (SiNP) nanoparticles on the morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro boysenberry plants grown under salinity stress (NaCl) were investigated. According to our study results, higher values were obtained from SiNP application in terms of shoot development parameters; FeNP application was found to be more successful for root development; AgNP application was effective in terms of SPAD, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and relative growth rate (RGR); and FeNP application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Salt stress significantly affected root development, SPAD values, LRWC and RGR, and SOD and CAT enzyme activities. As a result, under salt stress conditions, SiNP, FeNP, and AgNP applications can significantly reduce the negative effects of stress and promote the vegetative development of the plant compared to control conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispecies assemblages of Appalachian desmognathans have long intrigued ecologists seeking to understand the structure of ecological communities. Body size and life history in this group correlate with the moisture gradient from stream to forest, with large species being more aquatic and progressively smaller ones being ever more terrestrial. Since the work of N.G. Hairston, Sr. in the early 1980s, the prevailing hypothesis has been that predation and competition among desmognathans themselves have been the driving processes in the development and maintenance of the spatial organization along stream sides, with large, aggressive species forcing smaller ones to occupy less favorable terrestrial niches. Decades of research have confirmed that biotic interactions are important. However, evidence from recent studies has not agreed with the idea that biotic interactions are primary. Herein, I have concluded that the prevailing hypothesis fails to reconcile the currently available data. I have presented an alternative hypothesis that an abiotic factor, specifically the relative abundance of water, has been the primary force driving adaptation of species of Desmognathus longitudinally along moisture gradients by way of stream headwaters. Interspecific interactions, though important aspects of the current ecology of these species, are not the underlying drivers of spatial organization along the moisture gradient. I have further generated specific predictions that will enable this hypothesis to be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The present research work aimed to study the influence of Carrabiitol®, an oligosaccharide polyol composition, in alleviating the adverse impact of various abiotic stresses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Experiments included raising tomato plants treated with different dosages of Carrabiitol® and studying their growth and physiological and biochemical parameters on exposure to abiotic stresses, namely salinity, flooding, drought, and high temperatures. It was observed that plants that were raised from pre-treated seeds or those given booster dosages at the 2–3 leaf stage or at the flowering stage were more resistant to the adverse effects of the abiotic stresses. It can be concluded that the Carraiitol® formulation influences the growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters of tomato plants grown under stress conditions. The formulation can serve as an effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly biostimulant for plant growth and productivity and is very relevant in the present scenario of climate change. Abiotic stress results in various physiological and biochemical changes in plants. Osmolytes play a pivotal role in improving the tolerance to abiotic stress in plants. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercial formulation, Carrabiitol®, an oligosaccharide polyol composition, in alleviating adverse impacts of abiotic stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Arka Rakshak) plants. Plants were raised from seed and treated with 1 mL/L, 2 mL/L, and 3 mL/L of Carrabiitol®. The foliage of developing plants was treated at the 2–3 leaf stage (T2, T3, and T4) and at pre-flowering stage (T5, T6, and T7). Growth conditions were compared with those of plants developed from untreated seed (T1). Developing tomato plants were then exposed to flooding, salinity (50 mM NaCl), high temperature (41.1 °C), or drought at the flowering stage. Plants were evaluated for their dry weight, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, antioxidant potential, chlorophyll, carotenoid, glucose, sucrose, malondialdehyde, and proline contents. Pre-treated seed, which received a booster treatment at the 2–3 leaf stage (T4 = seed treatment and booster at the 2–3 leaf stage with 3 mL/L Carrabiitol®) and pre-flowering stages (T5, T6, and T7 = seed treatment and booster doses at the pre-flowering stage with 1, 2, and 3 mL/L Carrabiitol®, respectively), was effective in mitigating negative impacts on various growth parameters of stressed tomato plants (p < 0.05). Carrabiitol® may be an effective, sustainable, and bio-rational organic osmolyte formulation for reducing the effects of abiotic stress on plant growth and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The AtiPGAM2 gene is a member of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily in Arabidopsis and is involved in the glycolysis process. Studying the response mechanism of AtiPGAM2 gene under stress conditions lays the foundation for further studying the stress resistance function of AtiPGAM2.[Method]This study used PlantCARE online software to analyze the cis-acting elements of the AtiPGAM2 gene promoter. Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the response patterns of AtiPGAM2 under NaCl and ABA stress. The AtiPGAM2 gene was cloned and transferred it into Arabidopsis to obtain an overexpressing strain of the AtiPGAM2 gene. The Atipgam2 mutant was identified using the three primer method. Statistical analysis was conducted on the germination rate, green seedling rate, and phenotypes under various abiotic stresses, including mannitol, ABA, and MeJA, for overexpression, mutants, and wild-type under salt stress.[Result] There are multiple abotic stress and hormone responsive elements on its promoter, such as light, MeJA, low temperature, ABA, SA, GAs, etc. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that AtiPGAM2 was induced to varying degrees under NaCl and ABA stress. AtiPGAM2 gene overexpression and mutant strains were obtained successfully. Under salt stress, the germination rate and green seedling rate of AtiPGAM2 overexpressing strains were higher than those of the wild type, while the mutant surface type was the opposite. The germination rate of the mutant under mannitol treatment was lower than that of the wild-type. The germination rates of mutant and overexpressing AtiPGAM2 strains treated with ABA within 48 h were lower than those of the wild-type. Under MeJA treatment, the number of overexpressed lateral roots was higher than that of the wild-type, while the mutant was the opposite.[Conclusion]AtiPGAM2 has the tolerance to salt, and this gene responds to mannitol, ABA, and MeJA treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Astragalus (Fabaceae), with more than 3000 species, represents a globally successful radiation of morphologically highly similar species predominant across the northern hemisphere. It has attracted attention from systematists and biogeographers, who have asked what factors might be behind the extraordinary diversity of this important arid‐adapted clade and what sets it apart from close relatives with far less species richness. Methods: Here, for the first time using extensive phylogenetic sampling, we asked whether (1) Astragalus is uniquely characterized by bursts of radiation or whether diversification instead is uniform and no different from closely related taxa. Then we tested whether the species diversity of Astragalus is attributable specifically to its predilection for (2) cold and arid habitats, (3) particular soils, or to (4) chromosome evolution. Finally, we tested (5) whether Astragalus originated in central Asia as proposed and (6) whether niche evolutionary shifts were subsequently associated with the colonization of other continents. Results: Our results point to the importance of heterogeneity in the diversification of Astragalus, with upshifts associated with the earliest divergences but not strongly tied to any abiotic factor or biogeographic regionalization tested here. The only potential correlate with diversification we identified was chromosome number. Biogeographic shifts have a strong association with the abiotic environment and highlight the importance of central Asia as a biogeographic gateway. Conclusions: Our investigation shows the importance of phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of logistically challenging "mega‐radiations." Our findings reject any simple key innovation behind high diversity and underline the often nuanced, multifactorial processes leading to species‐rich clades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targeting Life Below Water by introducing user-friendly modeling approaches. It delves into the impact of abiotic factors on the first two trophic levels within the marine ecosystem, both naturally and due to human influence. Specifically, the study examines the connections between environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, nutrients) and plankton along the Romanian Black Sea coast during the warm season over a decade. The research develops models to forecast zooplankton proliferation using machine learning (ML) algorithms and gathered data. Water temperature significantly affects copepods and "other groups" of zooplankton densities during the warm season. Conversely, no discernible impact is observed on dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans blooms. Salinity fluctuations notably influence typical phytoplankton proliferation, with phosphate concentrations primarily driving widespread blooms. The study explores two scenarios for forecasting zooplankton growth: Business as Usual, predicting modest increases in temperature, salinity, and constant nutrient levels, and the Mild scenario, projecting substantial temperature and salinity increases alongside significant nutrient decrease by 2042. The findings underscore high densities of Noctiluca scintillans under both scenarios, particularly pronounced in the second scenario, surpassing the first by around 70%. These findings, indicative of a eutrophic ecosystem, underscore the potential implications of altered abiotic factors on ecosystem health, aligning with SDGs focused on Life Below Water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that affect plant growth and limit agricultural productivity. In this study, the effects of iron (FeNP), silver (AgNP), and silicon dioxide (SiNP) nanoparticles on the morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro boysenberry plants grown under salinity stress (NaCl) were investigated. According to our study results, higher values were obtained from SiNP application in terms of shoot development parameters; FeNP application was found to be more successful for root development; AgNP application was effective in terms of SPAD, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and relative growth rate (RGR); and FeNP application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Salt stress significantly affected root development, SPAD values, LRWC and RGR, and SOD and CAT enzyme activities. As a result, under salt stress conditions, SiNP, FeNP, and AgNP applications can significantly reduce the negative effects of stress and promote the vegetative development of the plant compared to control conditions.

The Klaten Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, is a leptospirosis endemic area. The purpose of this study is to spatially describe the abiotic and biotic environmental factors that contributed to the incidence of leptospirosis in the Klaten Regency in 2018. This was a descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach conducted in the Klaten Regency, Central Java, in 2019 with 59 respondents. The results revealed that the percentage of abiotic environmental factors such as poor waste disposal facilities, poor gutter conditions, rivers < 200 m, and flooding history, namely 35.6%, 41.2%, 54.2%, and 6.8%, respectively. The highest leptospirosis cases occurred in April 2018, with 325 mm of rainfall, an average temperature of 27 °C, an average humidity of 82.3%, and an altitude of 100–200 MASL (79.7%). Meanwhile, biotic factors included rat nest existence (100%), having pets at risk (32.2%), and ≥three types of vegetation (79.7%). The main result confirmed that all leptospirosis cases had rat nests throughout the respondent’s house. This finding emphasizes the importance of rat pest control programs by establishing cross-sectoral collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and educating the public to also play a role in environmental cleanliness in controlling rats.

Agate geodes contain spheroidal patterns characterized by spectacularly coloured and circularly concentric laminations with radially aligned quartz crystals, yet the origin of these geometric patterns has remained enigmatic. Here, detailed comparisons are documented between these kinds of patterns in a selection of geodes and concretions and those produced by abiotic chemically oscillating reactions. We find strikingly comparable self-similar, fractal patterns in both natural volcanogenic geodes and sedimentary concretions as well as in these benchtop experiments. In addition, the mineralogical composition of patterns and associated organic matter point to the oxidation of organic compounds in both geodes and concretions. This process occurred during diagenetic or supergene alteration, and it is consistent with spontaneous and abiotic chemically oscillating reactions. It is concluded that the oxidation of organic acids was involved in the formation of these patterns and that these rocks indicate oxidation–reduction reactions involving organic carbon, which itself may be abiotic or biological in origin. Hence, agate geodes and concretions represent the abiotic biosignatures of possible biological origin in volcanic and sedimentary rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural radioactive concentration assessment was conducted on sediment, water, and biota obtained on Vaan and Koswari islands in the Tuticorin group of islands, Tamil Nadu, India. For biotic and abiotic components, radiation profiles such as gross alpha, beta, primordial radionuclide, polonium, and lead analyses were performed. The gross α and β range from BDL to 15.18 ± 1.7 Bq/kg and 40.43 ± 4.9 Bq/kg to 105.12 ± 11.7 Bq/kg, respectively. Primordial radionuclides were analyzed using Nal(TI)-based scintillator with PC-MCA, and the concentrations ranged from 13.43 ± 3.3 Bq/kg to 30.97 ± 9.6 Bq/kg with a mean of 21.31 ± 2.7 Bq/kg for 238U; for 232Th, the values ranged from 11.09 ± 2.6 Bq/kg to 33.55 ± 9.5 Bq/kg with an average value of 23.89 ± 3.7 Bq/kg; and for 40 K, the values are 93.33 ± 27.3 Bq/kg to 219.91 ± 39.6 Bq/kg with an average value of 148.27 ± 21.7 Bq/kg. The present study values are lesser than the world average values. 210Po and 210Pb concentrations with an average value were determined to be 33.13 Bq/L and 16.56 Bq/L, 47.55 Bq/L and 22.37 Bq/L in the water sample, and 50.437 Bq kg1 and 62.012 Bq kg1, 46.99 Bq/kg and 58.625 Bq/kg in sediments of Vaan island and Koswari island. The concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb of Pogonias cromis were 19.27 ± 1.5 Bq/kg and 8.27 ± 1.01 Bq/kg, Belonidae 28.54 ± 2.4 Bq/kg and 18.32 ± 2.3 Bq/kg, Lepisosteidae 18.68 ± 1.4 Bq/kg and 11.17 ± 1.8 Bq/kg. The committed effective dosage was determined to be 35.74–54.61 µSv/y for 210Po and 25.39–56.25 µSv/y for 210Pb, in which the 210Pb value is lower; however, the 210Po value is higher than the global average value. The annual committed effective dosage as well as the radiological hazard indices were assessed and found to be much below the global average and the recommended limit, respectively. This research provides an extensive analysis of natural background radiation and establishes a baseline report on the radiological profile of biotic and abiotic factors in the Tuticorin group of islands, namely Vaan and Koswari, in Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ichthyofaunal diversity of Son stream, main tributary of Beas River in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh has been described in relation to selected physicochemical parameters (Water temperature, pH, TDS, Total alkalinity, Total hardness) in present research paper. Detailed analysis of the influence of physicochemical parameters on fish-faunal composition and distribution is also done. 4 orders and 6 families, consisting of 12 fish, have been reported for the first time from the stream. As per IUCN, out of 12 species, 2 species belongs to VU (Vulnerable) category, one each species belongs to EN (Endangered), NE (Not Evaluated) and DD (Data Deficient) category. Remaining 7 species falls under LC (Least Concern) category. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to derive the relation among physicochemical parameters and fish species variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Abiotic resource is included as an impact category in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The most widely accepted LCIA method is abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP). However, numerous studies have illustrated the limitations of the ADP method, such as the neglect of resources that can be recycled. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive and objective method for assessing the impact of resource use on future generations, which can be used at different stages of the life cycle. Methods: Based on the above research objectives, this paper proposes a new method, the abiotic resource expected dissipation potential (AEDP) method, for assessing the impacts of current resource use on the abiotic resource accessibility. The method is divided into four impact categories based on different endpoints of the dissipative flow and replaces the resource extraction rate with the global annual dissipation rate and adds anthropogenic stocks to the total reserves, resulting in the characterization factor AEDPs. Finally, the four impact categories are weighted to obtain a final impact score for resource use. Results: Results of the new method are presented as a multi-dimensional reflection of natural reserves, dissipation rates, and extraction rates of resources. The comparison between AEDPs and ADPs revealed differences between them, but they were not significant. A higher power of the total reserves in the AEDP formula can overemphasize the effect of natural reserves on the characterization factor. Furthermore, other natural reserve data was used as alternative indicators in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The new assessment method enables the future impacts of abiotic resource use to be more accurately assessed. It can be used at any life cycle stage to support relevant stakeholder decision-making. However, a broader database is required to be developed to calculate more characterization factors. Moreover, the over-dominance of reserve data in the characterization factors overshadows the influence of other dimensions. Consequently, further research is necessary to improve the operability and plausibility of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To make a comprehensive analysis and review the main aspects of the formation of the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under the influence of various factors. To show the mechanism of action of the main physiological and biochemical processes in the context of understanding the general functionality of hydrobiont bodies. To summarize the basic concepts and opinion regarding the activity of metabolic processes, regulation of enzymatic activity in hydrobiont bodies against the background of the conditions of influence of abiotic and biotic factors. Findings. An overview of modern scientific publications is presented, showing the idea of the hydrobiont body as a single functional system. Supplemented by the author’s own judgments regarding the role of physiological and biochemical processes in the formation of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms of fish, the main mechanisms of adjustment of vital processes in view of the influence of stress factors. In general, open literature data on the studies on the adaptive capacity of hydrobiont bodies against the background of the introduction of adaptogens, developmental stimulants, and immunomodulators. The general aspects of ways to solve the problem in the context of increasing the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under various exposure conditions, including growing conditions, are considered. Experimental studies were analyzed, in particular, the effectiveness of the influence of the feed factor, technological elements of cultivation on the general functional status of hydrobiont bodies. The main physiological and biochemical mechanisms of influence on metabolic processes, enzymatic activity and adaptive capabilities of fish under the influence of biologically active substances and the conditions of the aquatic environment were studied. Aspects of neurohumoral regulation in fiosh body are highlighted, which reflect the general mechanism of action and mechanisms for adjusting the vital functions of the functional system of hydrobionts. Practical value. The review carried out on the presented topic can be useful for scientists, students of higher education, practitioners, private entrepreneurs who are related to the fishery industry, research works in aquaculture.

Sugar beet is a crop with high sucrose content, known for sugar production and recently being considered as an emerging raw material for bioethanol production. This crop is also utilized as cattle feed, mainly when animal green fodder is scarce. Bioethanol and hydrogen gas production from this crop is an essential source of clean energy. Environmental stresses (abiotic/biotic) severely affect the productivity of this crop. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress responses in sugar beet have been investigated using next-generation sequencing, gene editing/silencing, and over-expression approaches. This information can be efficiently utilized through CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to mitigate the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet cultivation. This review highlights the potential use of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for abiotic and biotic stress management in sugar beet. Beet genes known to be involved in response to alkaline, cold, and heavy metal stresses can be precisely modified via CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for enhancing sugar beet’s resilience to abiotic stresses with minimal off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology can help generate insect-resistant sugar beet varieties by targeting susceptibility-related genes, whereas incorporating Cry1Ab and Cry1C genes may provide defense against lepidopteron insects. Overall, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology may help enhance sugar beet’s adaptability to challenging environments, ensuring sustainable, high-yield production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes is a crucial step in establishing the mechanisms behind plant abiotic stress tolerance. A sensitive method of regulating transcription factors activity, stability, protein interaction, and subcellular localization is through phosphorylation. This review highlights a widespread regulation mechanism that involves phosphorylation of plant TFs in response to abiotic stress. Abiotic stress is one of the main components limiting crop yield and sustainability on a global scale. It greatly reduces the land area that is planted and lowers crop production globally. In all living organisms, transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. They participate in cell signaling, cell cycle, development, and plant stress response. Plant resilience to diverse abiotic stressors is largely influenced by TFs. Transcription factors modulate gene expression by binding to their target gene's cis-elements, which are impacted by genomic characteristics, DNA structure, and TF interconnections. In this review, we focus on the six major TFs implicated in abiotic stress tolerance, namely, DREB, bZIP, WRKY, ABF, MYB, and NAC, and the cruciality of phosphorylation of these transcription factors in abiotic stress signaling, as protein phosphorylation has emerged as one of the key post-translational modifications, playing a critical role in cell signaling, DNA amplification, gene expression and differentiation, and modification of other biological configurations. These TFs have been discovered after extensive study as stress-responsive transcription factors which may be major targets for crop development and important contributors to stress tolerance and crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suaeda salsa is an important salt- and drought-tolerant plant with important ecological restoration roles. However, little is known about its underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, understanding the response mechanisms of plants to salt and drought stress is of great importance. In this study, metabolomics analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of salt and drought stress on S. salsa. The experiment consisted of three treatments: (1) control (CK); (2) salt stress (Ps); and (3) drought stress (Pd). The results showed that compared with the control group, S. salsa showed significant differences in phenotypes under salt and drought stress conditions. First, a total of 207 and 292 differential metabolites were identified in the Ps/CK and Pd/CK groups, respectively. Second, some soluble sugars and amino acids, such as raffinose, maltopentoses, D-altro-beptulose, D-proline, valine-proline, proline, tryptophan and glycine-L-leucine, showed increased activity under salt and drought stress conditions, suggesting that these metabolites may be responsible for salt and drought resistance in S. salsa. Third, the flavonoid biosynthetic and phenylalanine metabolic pathways were significantly enriched under both salt and drought stress conditions, indicating that these two metabolic pathways play important roles in salt and drought stress resistance in S. salsa. The findings of this study provide new insights into the salt and drought tolerance mechanisms of S. salsa. This study used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to study the changes of small molecule metabolites of Suaeda salsa under salt and drought stress. We showed the main metabolites and metabolic pathways that changed under salt and drought stress environments, and revealed the molecular responses of S. salsa in response to salt and drought from the level of metabolomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has led to irregular precipitation patterns and various abiotic and biotic stresses, resulting in unforeseen consequences for wildlife. Plant species are particularly vulnerable to these global climate changes, struggling to adapt to the increasing stressors. Urban environments exacerbate these challenges, further hindering plant survival and growth. The declining number of climate- and urban-tolerant plant species is a direct consequence of escalating stresses. However, resistance breeding approaches coupled with environmentally friendly technologies like biostimulants offer hope by expanding the pool of adaptable species. Urban vegetation plays a vital role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, supporting mental well-being among residents, and preserving biodiversity. In this study, we comprehensively review recent research findings on these topics with a focus on publications from the past 5 years. Emphasizing stress-tolerant ornamental urban plants including trees and herbaceous species becomes crucial for establishing sustainable living practices. By incorporating resilient plant varieties into urban landscapes, we can enhance ecological balance while improving the overall quality of urban environments for both human inhabitants and wildlife populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignification is a vital function in plants for improving tolerance against stressors. This article presents studies conducted on the relationship of wheat straw lignin with enhanced plant adaptation against lodging and stressors. Herein, we provide a thorough discussion of the chemical structure and lignin composition of straw and its alteration and uses. Lignin plays a critical role in withstanding harsh environments (biotic and abiotic). Resistance to accommodation in wheat also plays a critical role. Lignin can also produce several products, e.g., costly petroleum-based materials and other vital products, such as resins and composites, and new materials, such as biofuels and chemicals. In this study, wheat straw lignification analysis highlighted that lignin formation regulates cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis. In addition, the analysis showed considerable encouragement of lignin growth inside wheat straw and the formation of lignin interfaces, as for cellulose and hemicellulose. Wheat straw lignin is an important source of many essential bioactive moieties, particularly lignocelluloses, straw-based biofuels, and various chemicals. We also explored the molecular tools that influence lignin formation in wheat and the significant strides taken in broadening our understanding of nanotechnology tools. This knowledge could assist in the development of advanced wheat cultivars, increase lignin content, and strengthen feedstock efficiency, reducing the impact of other lignin-associated agronomic gains.

Abiotic stress results in various physiological and biochemical changes in plants. Osmolytes play a pivotal role in improving the tolerance to abiotic stress in plants. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercial formulation, Carrabiitol®, an oligosaccharide polyol composition, in alleviating adverse impacts of abiotic stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Arka Rakshak) plants. Plants were raised from seed and treated with 1 mL/L, 2 mL/L, and 3 mL/L of Carrabiitol®. The foliage of developing plants was treated at the 2–3 leaf stage (T2, T3, and T4) and at pre-flowering stage (T5, T6, and T7). Growth conditions were compared with those of plants developed from untreated seed (T1). Developing tomato plants were then exposed to flooding, salinity (50 mM NaCl), high temperature (41.1 °C), or drought at the flowering stage. Plants were evaluated for their dry weight, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, antioxidant potential, chlorophyll, carotenoid, glucose, sucrose, malondialdehyde, and proline contents. Pre-treated seed, which received a booster treatment at the 2–3 leaf stage (T4 = seed treatment and booster at the 2–3 leaf stage with 3 mL/L Carrabiitol®) and pre-flowering stages (T5, T6, and T7 = seed treatment and booster doses at the pre-flowering stage with 1, 2, and 3 mL/L Carrabiitol®, respectively), was effective in mitigating negative impacts on various growth parameters of stressed tomato plants (p < 0.05). Carrabiitol® may be an effective, sustainable, and bio-rational organic osmolyte formulation for reducing the effects of abiotic stress on plant growth and productivity.

Sugar beet is a crop with high sucrose content, known for sugar production and recently being considered as an emerging raw material for bioethanol production. This crop is also utilized as cattle feed, mainly when animal green fodder is scarce. Bioethanol and hydrogen gas production from this crop is an essential source of clean energy. Environmental stresses (abiotic/biotic) severely affect the productivity of this crop. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress responses in sugar beet have been investigated using next-generation sequencing, gene editing/silencing, and over-expression approaches. This information can be efficiently utilized through CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to mitigate the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet cultivation. This review highlights the potential use of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for abiotic and biotic stress management in sugar beet. Beet genes known to be involved in response to alkaline, cold, and heavy metal stresses can be precisely modified via CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for enhancing sugar beet’s resilience to abiotic stresses with minimal off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology can help generate insect-resistant sugar beet varieties by targeting susceptibility-related genes, whereas incorporating Cry1Ab and Cry1C genes may provide defense against lepidopteron insects. Overall, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology may help enhance sugar beet’s adaptability to challenging environments, ensuring sustainable, high-yield production.

Amphibian populations are undergoing worldwide declines, and high‐elevation, range‐restricted amphibian species may be particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. In particular, future climate change may have disproportional impacts to these ecosystems. Evaluating the combined effects of abiotic changes and biotic interactions simultaneously is important for forecasting the range of future outcomes. This information is necessary to aid conservation decision‐making.We use field data to estimate population demographic parameters for an exemplary high‐elevation amphibian species, the federally endangered Shenandoah salamander Plethodon shenandoah. These parameters were entered into a Markov projection model which we used to forecast the future population status of the Shenandoah salamander.We found that if the population maintains its current site colonization and persistence rates, it is at the risk of extinction that could be exacerbated by both climate and interspecific competition.Synthesis and applications. Managers have a fundamental objective directed by official policy of maintaining the species 'for the foreseeable future'. Our evaluation of multiple hypotheses about population drivers reveals that extinction is projected for this species. Our analysis suggests that considering active management need not depend on resolving the uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impact of climate change on the vegetation cover in the past is crucial for predicting the future warming scenario and its consequences. The present study integrates biotic (palynological analysis) and abiotic proxy (sediment chemistry, clay mineral assemblages and grain size end member (EM) analysis) records in a chronologically constrained sedimentary sequence from the southeastern part of the Mahanadi River delta to reconstruct the hydroclimate since 2600 years. The Mahanadi delta sediments are primarily derived from felsic rock source possibly composed of granites or granulites. The dominance of herbaceous taxa, high aridity index and deposition of fine grain (EM1) sediment possibly suggest a relatively cold and dry climate in the study region during ~2600–2100 cal yr BP corresponding to the Iron Age Cold Period (IACP). Presence of diverse mangrove and tree taxa, deposition of coarser sediment (EM3) and relatively high abundance of secondary clay minerals possibly indicate high precipitation associated with the Roman Warm Period (RWP, ~2100–1800 cal yr BP). A decline in mangroves, dominance of herbaceous taxa and high deposition of fine grain (EM2) sediment from ~1800 to 1300 cal yr BP may indicate a relatively drier climate coinciding with the Dark Age Cold Period (DACP). High moisture index and an increased value of Rb/Sr during ~1300 cal yr BP may suggest a wet phase with the onset of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) and later shifted to an arid climate during ~1100–800 cal yr BP. After ~800 cal yr BP, a sharp decline in all weathering indices and vegetation cover, dominance of illite indicates a relatively dry climate which could mark the Little Ice Age (LIA, ~800–300 cal yr BP). A small increase in the terrestrial flux, as well as the weathering indices after ~300 cal yr BP, may suggest the onset of recent warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents the results of a field trial performed in the eight-year orchard with the apple cultivar (Malus doestica): 'Fuji', 'William's Pride' and 'Pink Lady', on the rootstock M9. The experiment as a randomized block system included 18 apple trees (9 for each cultivar). Each plant was monitored and examined some bio-morphological parameters. At the same time monitoring and examining some abiotic factors (frozen, drought, hail wind) and biotic factors (pests, diseases, birds) through agrologic stations and sampling. By the results obtained we found that: abiotic factors we have identified drought damage caused by high temperatures and radiation, lack of rainfall and wind, while from biotic factors damage is caused by diseases, pests and birds. According to apple cultivars, the 'Fuji' cultivar suffered the greatest damage to productivity from two factors, abiotic (49.74% failure to achieve optimal fruit mass and 17% superficial burning of fruits) and biotic (56.24% birds, 9.93 scab and 4.33 others). 'Pink Lady' is damaged from biotic factor (43.17% failure to achieve optimal fruit mass and 36% superficial burning of fruits, 3.64% Cracking of fruits, and 1.64% fruit fall) whereas from biotic factors damage (19.2% birds, 23.8% scab, 10.07% codling moth and 4.8% apple sawfly). While 'William's Pride' has suffered the least damage (36.68% failure to achieve optimal fruit mass and 4.66% other physical damage) and biotic factor (12.4% fruit rot, 9.4% powdery mildew, 5.4% birds, 29% codling moth, 2.7% apple sawfly). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are a group of autotrophic microorganisms that can live in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Microalgae in peat swamp waters are important to investigate and identify because they are used as aquatic bioindicators and have various potency and applications. This study aims to identify microalgae in peat swamp water in the Universitas Palangka Raya area, Central Kalimantan. This research used a purposive sampling method with two stations. The abiotic factors observed were temperature, dissolved oxygen, water transparency, and pH. Microalgae found were 12 genera (Behind the FMIPA UPR Building) and 6 genera (Jalan B Koetin). Some of the microalgae included Closterium, Micrasterias, Chlorella, Botryococcus, Cosmarium, Euastrum, Pleurotaenium, Chroococcus, Chlorogonium, Euglena, Selenastrum, Zygnema, Anabaena, Thalassionema, Pinnularia, Staunrastrum, and Gonatozygon. Some of them have morphological characteristics and potential in various fields. The abiotic factors in this research showed the normal temperature (29.5 0C and 27 0C), quite low for DO (2.9 mg/L and 4.7 mg/L), low brightness (23.25 and 25 cm), and acidic pH (4). Abiotic factors indicate that the condition of peat swamp water is a reasonably extreme ecosystem but is still suitable for the life of several species of microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the study was to trace the influence of several abiotic factors on the distribution of the mesozooplankton community from the Black Sea. Sampling was performed in cold and warm seasons of 2013-2020, from stations located on the three sectors of the Romanian Black Sea coast (northern-N, central-C, and southern-S). After determining the species composition, abundance, and biomass, the results were subjected to statistical analysis. A total of 25 taxa were identified, Copepoda representing the bulk of the community. The analysis of the main components explains, through the first two identified factors--temperature and salinity, the variation of environmental factors. The mesozooplanktonic community responded differently to the analysed environmental factors, recording positive and negative correlations, depending on the water column's depth; a positive correlation was observed between mesozooplankton and temperature while negative correlations were observed between nutrients (silicon) and mesozooplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignification is a vital function in plants for improving tolerance against stressors. This article presents studies conducted on the relationship of wheat straw lignin with enhanced plant adaptation against lodging and stressors. Herein, we provide a thorough discussion of the chemical structure and lignin composition of straw and its alteration and uses. Lignin plays a critical role in withstanding harsh environments (biotic and abiotic). Resistance to accommodation in wheat also plays a critical role. Lignin can also produce several products, e.g., costly petroleum-based materials and other vital products, such as resins and composites, and new materials, such as biofuels and chemicals. In this study, wheat straw lignification analysis highlighted that lignin formation regulates cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis. In addition, the analysis showed considerable encouragement of lignin growth inside wheat straw and the formation of lignin interfaces, as for cellulose and hemicellulose. Wheat straw lignin is an important source of many essential bioactive moieties, particularly lignocelluloses, straw-based biofuels, and various chemicals. We also explored the molecular tools that influence lignin formation in wheat and the significant strides taken in broadening our understanding of nanotechnology tools. This knowledge could assist in the development of advanced wheat cultivars, increase lignin content, and strengthen feedstock efficiency, reducing the impact of other lignin-associated agronomic gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work deals with ichthyofaunal studies in relation to abiotic parameters in the Man stream, which is a part of the Beas riverine system in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh. An analysis of various morphological aspects of the Man stream, the physicochemical characteristics of the stream water, and the estimation of fish faunal diversity in different habitats of the aforesaid water body has been presented in the present research paper. The redundancy analysis coordination method is used to show the correlation between environmental variables and fish species. A total of 10 fish species belonging to 5 orders (Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Anabantiformes, Beloniformes, and Synbranchiformes) and 5 families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Bagridae, Belonidae, and Mastacembelidae) are recorded. Cypriniformes is the dominant order, represented by five species, followed by Anabantiformes and Synbranchiformes. Threats and recommendations to protect this vital water body have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]