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STUDY QUESTION: What is the association between reproductive health history (e.g. age at menarche, menopause, reproductive lifespan) with abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal women? SUMMARY ANSWER: Higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) tissue levels were observed among women with earlier menarche, earlier menopause, and greater parity. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Postmenopausal women are predisposed to accumulation of VAT and SAT. Reproductive health variables are known predictors of overall obesity status in women, defined by BMI. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study is a secondary analysis of data collected from the baseline visit of the Womens Health Initiative (WHI). The WHI is a large prospective study of postmenopausal women, including both a randomized trial and observational study. There were 10 184 women included in this analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Data were collected from a reproductive health history questionnaire, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, and anthropometric measures at WHI baseline. Reproductive history was measured via self-report, and included age at menarche, variables related to pregnancy, and age at menopause. Reproductive lifespan was calculated as age at menopause minus age at menarche. Statistical analyses included descriptive analyses and multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between reproductive history with VAT, SAT, total body fat, and BMI. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Women who reported early menarche (15 years had 23 cm2 less VAT (95% CI: -31.4, -14.4) and 47 cm2 less SAT (95% CI: -61.8, -33.4) than women who experienced menarche at age 10 years or earlier. A similar pattern was observed for age at menopause: compared to women who experienced menopause 3 pregnancies) was also associated with VAT and SAT. For example, adjusted beta coefficients for VAT were 8.36 (4.33, 12.4) and 17.9 (12.6, 23.2) comparing three to four pregnancies with the referent, one to two pregnancies. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The WHI reproductive health history questionnaire may be subject to poor recall owing to a long look-back window. Residual confounding may be present given lack of data on early life characteristics, such as maternal and pre-menarche characteristics. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study contributes to our understanding of reproductive lifespan, including menarche and menopause, as an important predictor of late-life adiposity in women. Reproductive health has also been recognized as a sentinel marker for chronic disease in late life. Given established links between adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes, this research has implications for future research, clinical practice, and public health policy that makes use of reproductive health history as an opportunity for chronic disease prevention. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): HRB and AOO are supported by the National Institute of Health National Institute of Aging (R01AG055018-04). JWB reports royalties from ACSMS Body Composition Assessment Book and consulting fees from the WHI. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

The goal of this study was to investigate if there is an independent linear relationship between body mass index and gallbladder stone disease in obese people. In the years 2013-2019, 870 patients were recruited with new-onset asymptomatic gallbladder stone disease, and 870 healthy individuals at our university's affiliated hospital for annual medical examinations were also included. We examined weight, height, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and serum lipid indices, and used logistic multivariate regression analysis to assess their relationships. Multivariate analysis revealed that body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and hypercholesterolemia were all significant risk variables for gallbladder stone disease (P < 0.01, all) in pre-initial overweight subjects. In both overweight and obese subjects, waist-to-height ratio had a significantly positive relationship with gallbladder stone disease (P < 0.01, both); hypercholesterolemia had a similar effect on overweight participants (P < 0.01). After stratification by gender, serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significant risk factors in male overweight-obese participants (P < 0.05, both), but waist-to-height ratio and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were equivalent in female overweight-obese subjects (P < 0.05, both). In conclusion, body mass index may be the best predictor for new-diagnosed asymptomatic gallbladder stone disease risk in the pre-initial overweight population without diagnosed diabetes, whereas abdominal adiposity may be during each phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite contradictory observations, it has been postulated that early age of adrenarche predisposes to an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications in further ontogeny due to greater body fatness. The aim of this study was to test the above postulates. We present the results of research on 67 men aged 50–52 – participants of the Krakow Longitudinal Study conducted in the years 1976–2022 – from two birth cohorts 1970 and 1972. Boys were examined annually, aged 6–18, initially 940 people, at the age of eighteen – 358. They were examined again as adult men in 2004 (age 32–34) – 122 people and again in 2022 (age 50–52 years) 67 men. Based on the pubarcheal age, 50-year-olds were divided into 3 groups: early (11 people), average maturing (44 people) and (12 people), where the following were compared: resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, basic parameters lipid profile – total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, fasting glucose, body height and weight, waist and hip circumferences, indicators – Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist–hip Ratio (WHR), the thickness of 6 skinfolds and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The results of the analyses showed that: (1) there is a clear gradation, i.e., the earlier the age of pubarche, the worse the metabolic health of men; (2) compared to the other groups, the total adiposity in men with early pubarche is slightly higher, with clearly marked abdominal obesity; BMI and WHR showed a contrasting picture. At this stage of the analyses, it is difficult to clearly judge whether the cause of the increased cardiometabolic risk in the studied men with early pubarche is related to earlier age of adrenarche and the mechanisms and stimuli causing it, or to greater adiposity.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) has heterogeneous clinical phenotypes related to different risk of developing diabetes complications. We investigated the correlation between generalized and abdominal adiposity and the prevalence of both micro- and macrovascular complications in Caucasian patients with T2D. We evaluated 769 individuals with T2D consecutively referred to our diabetes center. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip (W/H) ratio, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile, smoking habit, diabetes therapy, and micro- and macrovascular complications were recorded. Patients were divided into three groups based on BMI and WC: non-obese with normal WC (nWC, n = 220), non-obese with excess of abdominal fat (AF, n = 260) and obese (Ob, n = 289). We found that nWC, compared with AF and Ob individuals, were predominantly males (p<0.01), had lower HbA1c (p<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01), triglycerides (p<0.01), and showed a significantly lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (p = 0.01). The rate of proliferative DR was significantly higher in Ob (13.2 %) compared to the other groups (p = 0.03). Multivariate analyses showed a significantly decreased prevalence of DR in nWC compared to both AF (OR 0.58, 95 CI 0.34–0.96; p = 0.03) and Ob (OR 0.57, 95 CI 0.33–0.98; p = 0.04) individuals. Conversely, DR was associated, mainly in women, to higher WC and W/H ratio. The prevalence of the other diabetes-related complications was similar among the studied groups. In our population, nWC subjects showed a lower prevalence of DR. An increased generalized and abdominal adiposity was associated to a higher prevalence of DR, especially among females. • Adiposity is a key determinant of diabetes-related vascular complications. • The risk for diabetes retinopathy increases in non-obese subjects with abnormal visceral fat. • Females are particularly at risk for retinal injury related to increased visceral fat. • High visceral fat in non-obese subjects is associated to early stages of diabetes retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been observed in children and adolescents, but its association with visceral adiposity index (VAI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in adolescents has rarely been studied. Aim: This study determines the independent associations of VAI and CRF with the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk (CVDr) among Nigerian adolescents. Setting: Adolescents from specific secondary schools in Kogi East, North Central Nigeria participated in the study. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 403 adolescents (202 boys and 201 girls) aged 11 years – 19 years were evaluated for VAI, CRF and CVDr. Using identified risk factors, a clustered CVDr score was generated. The association between VAI, CRF and clustered CVDr was evaluated using regression models that controlled for age, gender and maturity status. Results: Fitness was negatively associated with CVDr (β = -0.268, p 0.001), while VAI was positively correlated with CVDr (β = 0.379, p 0.001). After CRF or VAI adjustment, the independent association with the dependent variable remained significant. The odds of an adolescent with elevated VAI being at risk of CVD was 4.7 times higher than his peers. Unfit adolescents were 2.1 times more likely to develop CVDr. Conclusion: Both VAI and CRF were independently associated with the clustering of CVDr in Nigerian adolescents. The findings suggest that health promotion efforts focusing on healthy diet and aerobic-type physical activity programmes should be encouraged among the youth to reduce the risk of CVD. Contribution: This study shows that improving visceral adipose tissue and fitness may lower CVD risk factors in adolescents, which is significant for public health.

(1) Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an anthropometric index of abdominal adiposity that has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to explore the association of LAP with cardiovascular hospitalizations and compare its predictive accuracy with other indices such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. (2) Methods: LAERTES was a prospective, population-based cohort that recruited consecutive patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) from two Greek hospitals in Athens. Data from 770 participants (13% women, median age 62 years) with a median follow-up of 4.3 years were analyzed in relation to the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events mandating hospital admission (non-fatal myocardial infarction [MI], non-fatal ischemic stroke and malignant ventricular arrhythmias). (3) Results: A total of 127 (16.5%) of the participants were admitted to cardiology clinics over the follow-up period; 12.4% of them developed MI, 2.6% ventricular arrhythmia and 1.5% ischemic stroke. Patients with cardiovascular hospitalization had higher BMI, larger waist circumference, higher LAP and triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol than patients without hospitalization. Upper LAP quartile and hypertension were independent predictors for cardiovascular hospitalization (HR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.12–4.34, p = 0.02 and HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.03–2.39, p = 0.03, respectively). (4) Conclusions: Higher LAP quartiles are predictive of adverse cardiovascular events leading to hospital admission and deserve further evaluation in dedicated studies.

The remission of obesity-related diseases following bariatric surgery appears to result from the reorganization of metabolic and hormonal pathways involving adipokines. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in body adiposity and serum adipokine levels, as well as the association between variations in adiponectin or resistin levels and cardiometabolic risk blood biomarkers before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with bariatric surgery patients. Anthropometric, body composition and blood biochemical parameters were measured before and at 2 and 6 months post-surgery. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson or Spearman correlation, and simple linear regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Among 36 mostly female patients aged 30 to 39 years, significant reductions in body weight (−26.8%), fat mass (−50%), waist circumference (−18%) and waist-to-height ratio (−22%) were observed post-surgery. Serum adiponectin levels increased (+107%), while resistin (−12.2%), TNF-α (−35%), and PAI-1 (−11.1%) decreased. Glucose, insulin, CRP, cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, and vitamin D also decreased. Waist circumference variation showed a positive correlation with PAI-1 and TNF-α and a negative correlation with adiponectin. The total fat mass showed a positive correlation with PAI-1. Adiponectin variation correlated negatively with glucose, resistin, and CRP but positively with HDL-c. Resistin showed a positive correlation with insulin and CRP. In conclusion, 6 months post-bariatric surgery, reducing abdominal adiposity had a more significant impact on serum adipokine levels than total fat mass. Adiponectin increase and resistin decrease acted as endocrine mediators driving the remission of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in individuals with obesity following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite contradictory observations, it has been postulated that early age of adrenarche predisposes to an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications in further ontogeny due to greater body fatness. The aim of this study was to test the above postulates. We present the results of research on 67 men aged 50–52 – participants of the Krakow Longitudinal Study conducted in the years 1976–2022 – from two birth cohorts 1970 and 1972. Boys were examined annually, aged 6–18, initially 940 people, at the age of eighteen – 358. They were examined again as adult men in 2004 (age 32–34) – 122 people and again in 2022 (age 50–52 years) 67 men. Based on the pubarcheal age, 50-year-olds were divided into 3 groups: early (11 people), average maturing (44 people) and (12 people), where the following were compared: resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, basic parameters lipid profile – total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, fasting glucose, body height and weight, waist and hip circumferences, indicators – Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist–hip Ratio (WHR), the thickness of 6 skinfolds and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The results of the analyses showed that: (1) there is a clear gradation, i.e., the earlier the age of pubarche, the worse the metabolic health of men; (2) compared to the other groups, the total adiposity in men with early pubarche is slightly higher, with clearly marked abdominal obesity; BMI and WHR showed a contrasting picture. At this stage of the analyses, it is difficult to clearly judge whether the cause of the increased cardiometabolic risk in the studied men with early pubarche is related to earlier age of adrenarche and the mechanisms and stimuli causing it, or to greater adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The strong association of body mass index (BMI) with increased oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk is established, but its relationship with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is less clear. There is little evidence regarding the association of abdominal adiposity with either subtype. Methods In a large prospective cohort of women in the UK, mean age 56.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 4.9] years, we investigated the risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in relation to self-reported BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR), using Cox regression to estimate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), taking account of potential reverse causation bias. Results During mean follow-up of 17.7 (SD = 4.9) years, 1386 adenocarcinomas and 1799 squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus were registered among 1 255 529 women. Compared with women of BMI 22.5 to <25 kg/m2, those with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 had a 2.5-fold risk of adenocarcinoma (adjusted RR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.99–3.05) and an almost 70% reduction in risk of squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22–0.46). These associations were broadly similar in each 5-year follow-up period, and were evident in both never and ever smokers, although somewhat stronger for squamous cell carcinoma among current and past smokers than in never smokers (P heterogeneity = 0.007). After controlling for BMI, WC and WHR were associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma but not adenocarcinoma. Conclusions In this population of middle-aged women, there was robust evidence that greater BMI is associated with an increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and a reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of prenatal exposure to per- and poly- fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on birth size and offspring adiposity is unclear, especially for the newer, shorter-chained replacement PFAS. Methods: In the GUSTO multi-ethnic Singaporean mother-offspring cohort, 12 PFAS were measured in 783 cord plasma samples using ultra-performance-liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). Outcomes included offspring anthropometry, other indicators of body composition/metabolic health, and MRI-derived abdominal adiposity (subset) at birth and 6 years of age. PFAS were modeled individually, in categories of long-chain and short-chain PFAS, and as scores of three principal components (PC) derived using PC analysis (PC1, PC2, and PC3 reflect predominant exposure patterns to “very-long-PFAS”, “long-PFAS”, and “short-PFAS”, respectively). Associations with outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear regressions, adjusted for important covariates such as maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results: Overall, cord PFAS levels showed either no or positive associations (mostly for long-chain PFAS) with birth weight, length and head circumference. In general, PFAS were associated with higher neonatal abdominal adiposity, driven by shorter-chain PFAS. Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) was associated with higher volumes of superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (sSAT) (3.75 [1.13, 6.37] mL per SD increase in PFAS) and internal adipose tissue (IAT) (1.39 [0.41, 2.38] mL). Higher levels of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), short-chain PFAS, and PC3 were associated with higher IAT volume (β range 1.22–1.41 mL/SD, all P

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the association of the oxidative balance score (OBS) with total abdominal fat mass (TAFM) and visceral adipose tissue mass (VATM) percentages among young and middle-aged U.S. adults.MethodsYoung and middle-aged adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018 were included. Analysis of variance and Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square tests were used to compare the characteristics across quartiles of OBS. Univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationship between OBS and the risks of high TAFM or high VATM percentage in the general population and subgroups, while the interaction effects were tested with a likelihood test. Weighted restricted cubic spline analyses were utilized to assess the non-linear association of OBS with TAFM and VATM percentages.ResultsThe final sample included 8,734 young and middle-aged non-institutionalized U.S. adults representing 134.7 million adults. Compared with adults in the first quartile of OBS, those with higher OBS were less likely to have a high TAFM percentage; the ORs and 95% CI for adults in the second, third, and highest quartiles of OBS were 0.70 (0.53–0.94), 0.49 (0.36–0.60), and 0.25 (0.18–0.36), respectively. Similar trends were observed in the association between OBS and VATM percentages. Moreover, similar effects were confirmed in the sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses according to demographic characteristics. Regarding the OBS subclass, higher dietary OBS and lifestyle OBS were also correlated with decreased ORs of high TAFM and VATM percentages.ConclusionThis study strongly suggests that higher OBS, as well as higher dietary OBS and lifestyle OBS, are significantly correlated with lower risks of abdominal obesity and visceral fat accumulation. The findings highlight the importance of an antioxidant-rich diet and maintaining a healthy lifestyle in reducing the risks.

We aimed to relate circulating plasma zinc and copper to a broad spectrum of adiposity-related traits in a cross-sectional Northern German study (n = 841, 42% female, age: 61 ± 12 years). Zinc and copper were measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue and liver fat were derived from 534 and 538 participants, respectively, via magnet resonance imaging. Associations were assessed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis. An increase per one standard deviation (SD) in zinc was associated with direct linear increases in body mass index (BMI) (1.17%; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.15–2.20%), waist circumference (0.85%; 95%CI 0.04–1.67%) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.64%; 95%CI 0.18–1.09%). A 1-SD increment in copper was directly associated with BMI (1.64%; 0.41–2.88%) and waist circumference (1.22%; 95%CI 0.25–2.20%) but not waist-to-hip ratio. Independent of fat intake, zinc displayed associations with VAT (5.73%; 95%CI 2.04–9.56%) and with liver fat (3.84%; 95%CI 1.49–6.25%), the latter association being also independent of BMI. Copper was directly associated with SAT (4.64%; 95%CI 0.31–9.15%) before accounting for BMI, but showed no association with VAT or liver fat. Observed associations suggest a possible relevance of zinc and copper to adiposity. Particularly zinc displayed associations with traits of abdominal adiposity and liver fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aimsHigher testosterone contributes to imaging-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in women, but whether testosterone influences their disease severity is unknown.MethodsThe association of free testosterone (free T) with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was determined in pre-menopausal women with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD (n = 207). Interaction testing was performed for age and free T given decline in testosterone with age, and association of aging with NASH. Regression models adjusted for abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.ResultsMedian age was 35 yrs (interquartile range, 29-41); 73% were white, 25% Hispanic; 32% had diabetes, 93% abdominal adiposity, and 95% dyslipidemia. 69% had NASH, 67% any fibrosis, and 15% advanced fibrosis. Higher free T levels were associated with NAFLD severity in younger women (interaction P value

IntroductionFew human studies have explored the mechanisms of smoking-induced insulin resistance. Aims: To prospectively examine the metabolic changes of smoking reduction.MethodsCigarette smokers (n = 22; ½-2 packs per day) were enrolled in a smoking reduction program (counseling plus bupropion × 8 weeks; Phase I) followed by monitoring only (no counseling or bupropion × 16 weeks; Phase II). We serially measured exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and urine nicotine metabolites; fat distribution, and metabolic parameters by hyperinsulinemic clamps including hepatic glucose output (HGO) and indirect calorimetry, adjusted for total caloric intake and expenditure.ResultsCO and nicotine metabolite levels fell with smoking reduction during Phase I (all p

Abstract Background Several studies have associated fast eating speed with the risk of general obesity, but there are inadequate data on the association between eating speed and abdominal adiposity which may pose a higher threat to health than general obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity in a Vietnamese population. Methods Between June 2019 and June 2020, the baseline survey of an ongoing prospective cohort study on the determinants of cardiovascular disease in Vietnamese adults was conducted. A total of 3,000 people aged 40–60 years old (1,160 men and 1,840 women) were recruited from eight communes in the rural district of Cam Lam, Khanh Hoa province, in Central Vietnam. Self-reported eating speed was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, and responses were collapsed into the following three categories: slow, normal, and fast. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist-to-height ratio of ≥ 0.5. Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to assess the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity. Results Compared with slow eating speed, the adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for abdominal obesity was 1.14 (1.05, 1.25)1.14 (1.05, 1.25) for normal eating speed and 1.30 (1.19, 1.41) for fast eating speed (P for trend

Obesity has been recognized as one of the most significant risk factors for the deterioration and mortality associated with COVID-19, but the significance of obesity itself differs among ethnicity. Multifactored analysis of our single institute-based retrospective cohort revealed that high visceral adipose tissue (VAT) burden, but not other obesity-associated markers, was related to accelerated inflammatory responses and the mortality of Japanese COVID-19 patients. To elucidate the mechanisms how VAT-dominant obesity induces severe inflammation after severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we infected two different strains of obese mice, C57BL/6JHamSlc-ob/ob (ob/ob), C57BLKS/J-db/db (db/db), genetically impaired in the leptin ligand and receptor, respectively, and control C57BL/6 mice with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2. Here, we revealed that VAT-dominant ob/ob mice were extremely more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 due to excessive inflammatory responses when compared to SAT-dominant db/db mice. In fact, SARS-CoV-2 genome and proteins were more abundant in the lungs of ob/ob mice, engulfed in macrophages, resulting in increased cytokine production including interleukin (IL)-6. Both an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody treatment and the prevention of obesity by leptin replenishment improved the survival of SARS-CoV-2-infected ob/ob mice by reducing the viral protein burden and excessive immune responses. Our results have proposed unique insights and clues on how obesity increases the risk of cytokine storm and death in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, earlier administration of antiinflammatory therapeutics including anti-IL-6R antibody to VAT-dominant patients might improve clinical outcome and stratification of the treatment for COVID-19, at least in Japanese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the increase of abdominal adipose tissue in early pregnancy causes metabolic changes that promote insulin resistance, which is linked to alterations in fetal growth detectable by ultrasonography. Objective: to determine the association of the variation of the adipose strata of the anterior abdominal wall with the presence of insulin resistance and with fetal biometry. Methods: longitudinal analytical study in a population of 144 normopoietic pregnant women, apparently healthy, with optimal reproductive age, nulliparous, belonging to the Polyclinic "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" of Santa Clara City. The sample was 123. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were used. Results: subcutaneous fat decreases as preperitoneal fat increases from the first to the second trimester, both expressed with greater intensity in pregnant women who did not have insulin resistance at the beginning of gestation. In the pregnant women who did not have insulin resistance, all the biometric variables decreased in the classification of fetuses appropriate for gestational age from the second to the third trimester and increased the frequencies of small and large fetuses, while in those who had insulin resistance, the cephalic circumference and the abdominal circumference showed stability in the identification of large fetuses. Conclusions: the lower variation of the adipose strata of the anterior abdominal wall is related to the presence of insulin resistance at the beginning of gestation in pregnant women in whom the biometric variable abdominal circumference is associated with the identification of large fetuses for gestational age from the second trimester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies have associated fast eating speed with the risk of general obesity, but there are inadequate data on the association between eating speed and abdominal adiposity which may pose a higher threat to health than general obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity in a Vietnamese population. Methods: Between June 2019 and June 2020, the baseline survey of an ongoing prospective cohort study on the determinants of cardiovascular disease in Vietnamese adults was conducted. A total of 3,000 people aged 40–60 years old (1,160 men and 1,840 women) were recruited from eight communes in the rural district of Cam Lam, Khanh Hoa province, in Central Vietnam. Self-reported eating speed was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, and responses were collapsed into the following three categories: slow, normal, and fast. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist-to-height ratio of ≥ 0.5. Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to assess the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity. Results: Compared with slow eating speed, the adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for abdominal obesity was 1.14 (1.05, 1.25)1.14 (1.05, 1.25) for normal eating speed and 1.30 (1.19, 1.41) for fast eating speed (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusion: A faster eating speed was associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in a middle-aged population in rural Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive intake of fructose in the regular human diet could be related to global increases in metabolic disorders. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, mostly consumed by children, adolescents, and young adults, are the main source of added fructose. Dietary high-fructose can increase intestinal permeability and circulatory endotoxin by changing the gut barrier function and microbial composition. Excess fructose transports to the liver and then triggers inflammation as well as de novo lipogenesis leading to hepatic steatosis. Fructose also induces fat deposition in adipose tissue by stimulating the expression of lipogenic genes, thus causing abdominal adiposity. Activation of the inflammatory pathway by fructose in target tissues is thought to contribute to the suppression of the insulin signaling pathway producing systemic insulin resistance. Moreover, there is some evidence that high intake of fructose negatively affects both male and female reproductive systems and may lead to infertility. This review addresses dietary high-fructose-induced deteriorations that are obvious, especially in gut permeability, microbiota, abdominal fat accumulation, insulin signaling, and reproductive function. The recognition of the detrimental effects of fructose and the development of relevant new public health policies are necessary in order to prevent diet-related metabolic disorders.

Background The impact of an elevated body mass index (BMI) on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in individuals who are metabolically healthy is debated. We investigated the respective contributions of BMI as well as lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors combined to ASCVD incidence in 319 866 UK Biobank participants. Methods and Results We developed a cardiovascular health score (CVHS) based on 4 lifestyle and 6 cardiometabolic parameters. The impact of the CVHS on incident ASCVD (15 699 events) alone and in BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio categories was assessed using Cox proportional hazards in women and men separately. In participants with a high CVHS (8–10), those with a BMI ≥35.0 kg/m2 had a nonsignificantly higher ASCVD risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20 [95% CI, 0.84–1.70]; P=0.32) compared with those with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2. In participants with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, those with a lower CVHS (0–2) had a higher ASCVD risk (HR, 4.06 [95% CI, 3.23–5.10]; P

The remission of obesity-related diseases following bariatric surgery appears to result from the reorganization of metabolic and hormonal pathways involving adipokines. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in body adiposity and serum adipokine levels, as well as the association between variations in adiponectin or resistin levels and cardiometabolic risk blood biomarkers before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with bariatric surgery patients. Anthropometric, body composition and blood biochemical parameters were measured before and at 2 and 6 months post-surgery. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson or Spearman correlation, and simple linear regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Among 36 mostly female patients aged 30 to 39 years, significant reductions in body weight (−26.8%), fat mass (−50%), waist circumference (−18%) and waist-to-height ratio (−22%) were observed post-surgery. Serum adiponectin levels increased (+107%), while resistin (−12.2%), TNF-α (−35%), and PAI-1 (−11.1%) decreased. Glucose, insulin, CRP, cholesterol, LDL-c, triglycerides, and vitamin D also decreased. Waist circumference variation showed a positive correlation with PAI-1 and TNF-α and a negative correlation with adiponectin. The total fat mass showed a positive correlation with PAI-1. Adiponectin variation correlated negatively with glucose, resistin, and CRP but positively with HDL-c. Resistin showed a positive correlation with insulin and CRP. In conclusion, 6 months post-bariatric surgery, reducing abdominal adiposity had a more significant impact on serum adipokine levels than total fat mass. Adiponectin increase and resistin decrease acted as endocrine mediators driving the remission of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in individuals with obesity following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

PurposeTo examine if secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated with elevated risk of type II diabetes among California teachers. We also aim to determine if overall and central obesity are mediators or effect modifiers of this association.MethodsUsing data from the California Teachers Study, conducted in 1995-2013 in California public schools, we obtained information on SHS exposure among 39,887 lifetime nonsmokers. The association between SHS and incident diabetes after 17 years of follow-up was assessed using Cox regression models. The mediation and modification effects of BMI and waist circumference on this association were tested.ResultsAt baseline, 70.2% of the nonsmokers reported exposure to SHS. Higher intensity, duration, and intensity-years of exposure to SHS were associated with higher multivariate adjusted risk of incident diabetes in a dose-response manner (hazard ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.48 for highest quartile vs. lowest quartile of exposure; P = .001 for trend). Participant's waist circumference (measured 2 years after baseline) could explain greater than 50% of the association between SHS and diabetes.ConclusionsSHS exposure is associated with increased risk of type II diabetes among nonsmokers of California teachers with obesity being a potentially important mediator but not an effect modifier for this association.

BackgroundObesity is a strong risk factor for endometrial cancer, but it is unclear whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) contributes to endometrial cancer risk over and above the contribution of obesity.MethodsWe examined the association of MetS and its components with risk of endometrial cancer in a sub-cohort of 24,210 women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative cohort study. Two variants of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition of the MetS were used: one including and one excluding waist circumference (WC). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association of the study exposures with disease risk.ResultsWhen WC was included in the definition, MetS showed an approximately two-fold increase in endometrial cancer risk (HR 2.20; 95% CI 1.61-3.02); however, when WC was excluded, MetS was no longer associated with risk. We also observed that women with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, in combination, had almost a twofold increased risk of endometrial cancer, independent of WC (HR 1.94; 95% CI 1.09, 3.46). Glucose, and, in particular, WC and body mass index were also positively associated with risk.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that MetS may predict risk of endometrial cancer independent of obesity among women with the remaining four Mets components.

ObjectiveTo examine whether abnormal subcutaneous (SC) abdominal adipose stem cell (ASC) development to adipocytes in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) correlates with hyperandrogenism.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic medical center.Patient(s)Eight normal-weight women with PCOS and eight normoandrogenic ovulatory (control) women matched for age and body mass index.Intervention(s)Circulating hormone and metabolic measurements, intravenous glucose tolerance testing, total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and SC abdominal fat biopsy.Main outcome measure(s)In vitro ASC commitment to preadipocytes (ZFP423 protein expression, day 0.5), preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes (PPARγ gene expression, day 3) and adipocyte lipid content (Oil-Red-O fluorescence, day 12) comparisons correlated with clinical outcomes.Result(s)In women with PCOS, SC abdominal ASCs compared with those of control women showed exaggerated commitment to preadipocytes and had greater lipid content in newly formed adipocytes after in vitro maturation. In all women combined, ZFP423 protein expression negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose levels whereas the lipid content of newly formed adipocytes positively correlated with both PPARγ gene expression and serum free testosterone levels.Conclusion(s)In normal-weight women with PCOS compared with the control group, exaggerated SC abdominal ASC commitment to preadipocytes and enhanced adipocyte lipid content during maturation in vitro negatively and positively correlate with circulating fasting glucose and androgen levels, respectively, as a possible mechanism to maintain glucose-insulin homeostasis when fat accretion is accelerated.

The incidence of hypertension (HTN) is on rise across the globe. It is the highest in low-income countries and the obesity/adiposity have a great impact on that. The aim of the present study was to find out the association between some measures of adiposity with blood pressure (BP) levels and to identify the gold standard in determining HTN. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 159 adolescent school going children from a suburban area near Lucknow, India. T-test, correlation coefficient and the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were utilized to measure the potential predictors of HTN. Significant sexual dimorphisms were noticed in case of waist circumference (WC), systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial BP (MAP). The differences of hip circumference (HC) and body mass index (BMI) among the normotensive and hypertensive participants were statistically (p <.05) significant. Considering the association of SBP, diastolic BP (DBP), MAP and pulse pressure (PP) with adiposity, indices were statistically (p <.01) significant. In sex-combined situation, BMI (AUC = 0.632) had best predictive quality, followed by HC (AUC = 0.606), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; AUC = 0.598) and WC (AUC = 0.594). This study strongly suggests that abdominal adiposity may be considered as one of the important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). And finally, ROC analysis tells us that in sex-combined situation, BMI had highest significant predictive ability for the detection of HTN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at L2 and L3 more accurately reflect fat accumulation than body mass index (BMI). • People with higher BMI and fat indices sustained fewer solid organ injuries, especially liver injuries. • In male patients who sustained concurrent thoracoabdominal trauma, those with excessive fat accumulation had lower abdominal injury scale, while the potential "cushion Effect" was not observed in chest injury scale. Obesity may serve as a protective factor in blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) patients due to a "cushion effect". In this study, we aim to use computed tomography (CT) scans to measure abdominal adiposity and its correlation with injury severity in BAT patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of male BAT patients who had undergone CT scans. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were manually measured and height-normalized for analysis at lumbar levels L2 and L3. Statistical methods were used to compare differences in adiposity between patients with and without severe abdominal injuries. For controls, we also compared adipose tissue in patients with and without severe trauma to the chest, where less fat typically accumulates. We included 361 male participants and conducted a comparative analysis of their demographic and injury characteristics. Patients without severe abdominal injuries had significantly higher SAT and VAT indices at both L2 and L3 (p < 0.05). However, these measures showed no significant differences between patients with and without severe chest trauma. Solid organ injuries, particularly liver injuries, were associated with decreased SAT and VAT. Increase abdominal adiposity was linked to lower abdominal injury severity and solid organ injuries, particularly liver injuries. In addition to conventional BMI for evaluating obesity, either subcutaneous or visceral adipose tissue over lumbar levels L2 and L3 can be used to assess the "cushion effect." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to relate circulating plasma zinc and copper to a broad spectrum of adiposity-related traits in a cross-sectional Northern German study (n = 841, 42% female, age: 61 ± 12 years). Zinc and copper were measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue and liver fat were derived from 534 and 538 participants, respectively, via magnet resonance imaging. Associations were assessed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis. An increase per one standard deviation (SD) in zinc was associated with direct linear increases in body mass index (BMI) (1.17%; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.15–2.20%), waist circumference (0.85%; 95%CI 0.04–1.67%) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.64%; 95%CI 0.18–1.09%). A 1-SD increment in copper was directly associated with BMI (1.64%; 0.41–2.88%) and waist circumference (1.22%; 95%CI 0.25–2.20%) but not waist-to-hip ratio. Independent of fat intake, zinc displayed associations with VAT (5.73%; 95%CI 2.04–9.56%) and with liver fat (3.84%; 95%CI 1.49–6.25%), the latter association being also independent of BMI. Copper was directly associated with SAT (4.64%; 95%CI 0.31–9.15%) before accounting for BMI, but showed no association with VAT or liver fat. Observed associations suggest a possible relevance of zinc and copper to adiposity. Particularly zinc displayed associations with traits of abdominal adiposity and liver fat.

BackgroundThe risk of cardiovascular mortality is high among adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), a metric of abdominal adiposity, is a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in the general population; however, no studies have examined the association with CVD mortality, particularly sudden cardiac death (SCD), in incident hemodialysis.MethodsAmong 379 participants incident (< 6 months) to hemodialysis enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in ESRD study, we evaluated associations between WHR and risk of CVD mortality, SCD, and non-CVD mortality in Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsAt study enrollment, mean age was 55 years with 41% females, 73% African Americans, and 57% diabetics. Mean body mass index was 29.3 kg/m2, and mean WHR was 0.95. During a median follow-up time of 2.5 years, there were 35 CVD deaths, 15 SCDs, and 48 non-CVD deaths. Every 0.1 increase in WHR was associated with higher risk (hazard ratio [95% CI]) of CVD mortality (1.75 [1.06-2.86]) and SCD (2.45 [1.20-5.02]), but not non-CVD mortality (0.93 [0.59-1.45]), independently of demographics, body mass index, comorbidities, inflammation, and traditional CVD risk factors.ConclusionsWHR is significantly associated with CVD mortality including SCD, independently of other CVD risk factors in incident hemodialysis. This simple, easily obtained bedside metric may be useful in dialysis patients for CVD risk stratification.

This study aimed to verify the effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (SWT) with different energy dosages on the abdominal fat of women. This is an experimental, quantitative and descriptive study, with a sample of 20 women selected by convenience, who were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1) that received the application of SWT in the abdomen with mean dosimetry (0.18 to 0.32 mj/mm²) and group 2 (G2) that received the same application, but with high dosimetry (0.32 to 0.60 mj/mm²). The evaluation consisted of anamnesis form, measurements of abdominal circumference, abdominal and iliac skinfold thickness and body weight. This assessment was performed before and after 8 sessions of abdominal SWT. The final sample consisted of 18 women aged between 20 and 52 years, 9 participants in G1 and 9 participants in G2. Results were significant in G1 for umbilical (p=0.02) and iliac (p=0.02) skinfold measurements. In G2, statistically significant results were observed in the umbilical (p=0.01) and iliac (p=0.01) skinfolds. When analyzing the results between the groups, in the preand post-intervention means, a statistically significant difference was observed in most of the evaluated variables, except for abdominal and iliac skinfolds, highlighting better results for G2 that used higher dosimetry. It is concluded from this study that SWT was effective in reducing adipometry and perimetry measurements, and that higher doses were more effective for the treatment of localized adiposity when compared to medium doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an anthropometric index of abdominal adiposity that has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to explore the association of LAP with cardiovascular hospitalizations and compare its predictive accuracy with other indices such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. (2) Methods: LAERTES was a prospective, population-based cohort that recruited consecutive patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) from two Greek hospitals in Athens. Data from 770 participants (13% women, median age 62 years) with a median follow-up of 4.3 years were analyzed in relation to the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events mandating hospital admission (non-fatal myocardial infarction [MI], non-fatal ischemic stroke and malignant ventricular arrhythmias). (3) Results: A total of 127 (16.5%) of the participants were admitted to cardiology clinics over the follow-up period; 12.4% of them developed MI, 2.6% ventricular arrhythmia and 1.5% ischemic stroke. Patients with cardiovascular hospitalization had higher BMI, larger waist circumference, higher LAP and triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol than patients without hospitalization. Upper LAP quartile and hypertension were independent predictors for cardiovascular hospitalization (HR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.12-4.34, p = 0.02 and HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.03-2.39, p = 0.03, respectively). (4) Conclusions: Higher LAP quartiles are predictive of adverse cardiovascular events leading to hospital admission and deserve further evaluation in dedicated studies.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of safflower oil supplementation on the metabolic parameters, body weight, and abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) while undergoing exercise training. The rats were assigned to four groups: standard diet and sedentary (SDS), high-fat diet and sedentary (HFDS), high-fat diet and training (HFDT), and high-fat diet, training, and safflower oil (HFDTSO) groups. HFD significantly increased the abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats. The safflower oil had no effect on the body weight and levels of blood glucose, TG, and TC, but it significantly reduced abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats fed with an HFD while undergoing exercise training. Safflower oil supplementation reduced the abdominal fat in rats undergoing swimming training.

Background: Physical inactivity and an imbalanced diet could lead to some cardio metabolic risk factors. Objective: The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of lifestyle modification on inflammatory indicators and waist circumference (WC) in overweight/obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) Data sources: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Study selection: The selection criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of lifestyle interventions on inflammation and WC from inception to 20 December 2020. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between interventions were computed using a random or fixed-effects model. Results: Six RCTs (including 1246 MS patients who had, on average, overweight/obesity) met all inclusion criteria. Interventions lasted 6 to 12 months (2–5 sessions per week). Lifestyle intervention significantly reduced C-reactive protein (WMD: −0.52 mg/ml, 95% CI: −0.72, −0.33), IL-6 (WMD: −0.50 pg/ml, 95% CI: −0.56, −0.45), and increased adiponectin (WMD: 0.81 µg/ml, 95% CI, 0.64, 0.98). Moreover, lifestyle modification significantly decreased WC (WMD: −3.12 cm, 95% CI, −4.61, −1.62). Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that lifestyle alterations, including physical activity and diet, can lead to significant improvement in abdominal obesity, measured by WC and some inflammation markers among overweight/obese individuals with MS. Further high-quality research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the effect of such interventions on this population's inflammatory markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Position Statement examines the evidence for physical activity in weight and adiposity loss, prevention of weight and adiposity gain, and in weight regain in adults, and provides guidance on implications for exercise practitioners. Research evidence indicates that >150 min but preferably 300 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required to prevent weight and adiposity gain, and at least the upper end of this range of activity to prevent weight regain after weight loss. For meaningful weight and total adiposity loss, a minimum of 300-420 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required. The evidence around the volume of aerobic physical activity required to reduce central adiposity is emerging, and research suggests that it may be substantially less than that required for weight loss. The impact of high-intensity physical activity and resistance exercise for weight management is uncertain. During consultations for weight management, exercise practitioners should advise that metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits can be achieved with physical activity at any weight, and irrespective of weight change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:  Clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been observed in children and adolescents, but its association with visceral adiposity index (VAI) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in adolescents has rarely been studied., Aim:  This study determines the independent associations of VAI and CRF with the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk (CVDr) among Nigerian adolescents., Setting:  Adolescents from specific secondary schools in Kogi East, North Central Nigeria participated in the study., Methods:  A cross-sectional sample of 403 adolescents (202 boys and 201 girls) aged 11 years - 19 years were evaluated for VAI, CRF and CVDr. Using identified risk factors, a clustered CVDr score was generated. The association between VAI, CRF and clustered CVDr was evaluated using regression models that controlled for age, gender and maturity status., Results:  Fitness was negatively associated with CVDr (β = -0.268, p  0.001), while VAI was positively correlated with CVDr (β = 0.379, p  0.001). After CRF or VAI adjustment, the independent association with the dependent variable remained significant. The odds of an adolescent with elevated VAI being at risk of CVD was 4.7 times higher than his peers. Unfit adolescents were 2.1 times more likely to develop CVDr., Conclusion:  Both VAI and CRF were independently associated with the clustering of CVDr in Nigerian adolescents. The findings suggest that health promotion efforts focusing on healthy diet and aerobic-type physical activity programmes should be encouraged among the youth to reduce the risk of CVD.Contribution: This study shows that improving visceral adipose tissue and fitness may lower CVD risk factors in adolescents, which is significant for public health.

Inflammation and dyslipidemia are often present in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We determined the effect of saturated fat ingestion on circulating heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and mononuclear cell (MNC) toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) gene expression, activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, and matrix matalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein in women with PCOS. Twenty reproductive-age women with PCOS (10 lean, 10 with obesity) and 20 ovulatory controls (10 lean, 10 with obesity) participated in the study. HSP-70 was measured in serum and TLR2 mRNA and protein, AP-1 activation, and MMP-2 protein were quantified in MNC from blood drawn while fasting and 2, 3, and 5 h after saturated fat ingestion. Insulin sensitivity was derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (ISOGTT). Androgen secretion was assessed from blood drawn while fasting and 24, 48, and 72 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration. In response to saturated fat ingestion, serum HSP-70, TLR2 gene expression, activated AP-1, and MMP-2 protein were greater in lean women with PCOS compared with lean controls and in women with PCOS and obesity compared with controls with obesity. Both PCOS groups exhibited lower ISOGTT and greater HCG-stimulated androgen secretion compared with control subjects of their respective weight classes. Lipid-stimulated proatherogenic inflammation marker responses were negatively correlated with ISOGTT and positively correlated with abdominal adiposity and HCG-stimulated androgen secretion. In PCOS, saturated fat ingestion stimulates proatherogenic inflammation independent of obesity. This effect is greater when PCOS is combined with obesity compared with obesity alone. Abdominal adiposity and hyperandrogenism may perpetuate proatherogenic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although intake of Hass avocado has been cross-sectionally linked to lower abdominal obesity, knowledge of the effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity and glycemic outcomes remains limited.Objective: The effects of avocado consumption on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT), and estimated β-cell function were evaluated.Methods: A total of 105 adults aged 25-45 y (61% female) with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to an intervention (N = 53) that received a daily meal with 1 fresh Hass avocado or a control (N = 52) that received an isocaloric meal with similar ingredients without avocado for 12 wk. DXA was used to assess the primary outcomes of abdominal adiposity [visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and the ratio of VAT to SAAT (VS Ratio)]. Fasted glucose and insulin were used to assess the primary outcomes of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and β-cell function (Insulinogenic index) were estimated using an OGTT. Changes between groups were compared using an ANCOVA. Secondary analyses were conducted based on sex.Results: The control group exhibited a greater reduction in SAAT [-54.5 ± 155.8 g (control) compared with 17.4 ± 155.1 g (treatment), P = 0.017] and increase in VS Ratio [0.007 ± 0.047 (control) compared with -0.011 ± 0.044 (treatment), P = 0.024]. Among females, the treatment group exhibited a greater reduction in VAT [1.6 ± 89.8 g (control) compared with -32.9 ± 81.6 g (treatment), P = 0.021] and VS Ratio [0.01 ± 0.05 (control) compared with -0.01 ± 0.03 (treatment), P = 0.001]. Among males, there was no significant difference between groups in changes in abdominal adiposity or glycemic outcomes.Conclusions: Daily consumption of 1 fresh Hass avocado changed abdominal adiposity distribution among females but did not facilitate improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity or β-cell function among adults with overweight and obesity.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02740439. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental animal studies and limited epidemiologic evidence among elder population suggest that exposure to light at night (LAN) may be obesogenic. Nevertheless, little is known about the possible impact of bedroom LAN exposure on subsequent adiposity and the distribution pattern of the accumulated fat, especially in younger population. Here, we estimated longitudinal associations of objectively assessed bedroom LAN exposure with general and abdominal adiposity among young adults. We measured 2-night bedroom LAN exposure using a portable illuminometer in a cohort of young adults (n = 482). Body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was evaluated at baseline and 1-year follow-up visit. Significant increases in fat mass (2.4 kg, P = 0.015 in male; 1.9 kg, P

Background: It is unclear how sedentary behavior (SED), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) influence vascular structure in children of varying body size. This study examined whether associations between SED, PA, and CRF with intima-media thickness (IMT) added to that of abdominal fatness and IMT. Differences in physiological measures among waist circumference (WC) percentiles were tested. Methods: We assessed IMT of the carotid artery in 265 children aged 11 to 13 years (135 girls). Measures included IMT assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography, WC, body fat mass (BFM) from DXA, and CRF determined using a maximal cycle test. SED and PA were assessed by accelerometry. Association between IMT and CRF adjusted for PA variables, and body composition phenotypes were tested with multiple linear regression analysis. Results: CRF was related to IMT independently of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and SED (P < .05). When WC was added to the model CRF was no longer associated with IMT (P > .05). Children in the higher WC group had increased mean values of BMI, BFM, WC, and IMT and lower MVPA and CRF (P < .05). Conclusion: Full modeling of SED, MVPA, CRF, and WC revealed that regional adiposity appears to have the biggest role in arterial structure of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Excessive abdominal adiposity is associated with health risks in children and adults. Higher consumption of fruit juice and other sources of fructose has been shown to promote weight gain and specifically visceral adiposity in adulthood. Objectives We aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake in infancy with visceral adiposity in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Methods We analyzed data from 783 participants in Project Viva, a US prebirth cohort. Our exposure was fruit juice intake at 1 y old. We measured visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) in mid-childhood (mean age 7.8 ± 0.7 y) and early adolescence (13 ± 0.8 y) using DXA. We examined longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake at 1 y with VAT, SAAT, and TAAT area sex-specific standard deviation scores (SDSs) in mid-childhood and early adolescence using linear mixed models. We adjusted for child age at outcome, sex, race/ethnicity, age and BMI z -score at 1 y-questionnaire, maternal prepregnancy BMI, level of education, and prenatal sugar-sweetened beverage intake, paternal BMI, and median household income at birth. Results After adjusting for child and parental covariates, each serving (120 mL) per day of fruit juice intake at 1 y was associated with persistently greater VAT area SDS (β = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) at both timepoints in boys and girls. The association of fruit juice intake with VAT appeared stronger than that with SAAT (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) and TAAT (β = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.10). Conclusions Higher fruit juice intake in infancy was associated with greater abdominal adiposity, particularly VAT, in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Our findings support limiting fruit juice intake in infancy, which can have later impact on visceral adiposity in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Trial Registry number: NCT02820402 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02820402). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundIn preclinical studies, the combination of chronic stress and a high sugar/fat diet is a more potent driver of visceral adiposity than diet alone, a process mediated by peripheral neuropeptide Y (NPY).MethodsIn a human model of chronic stress, we investigated whether the synergistic combination of highly palatable foods (HPF; high sugar/fat) and stress was associated with elevated metabolic risk. Using a case-control design, we compared 33 post-menopausal caregivers (the chronic stress group) to 28 age-matched low-stress control women on reported HPF consumption (modified Block Food Frequency Questionnaire), waistline circumference, truncal fat ultrasound, and insulin sensitivity using a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. A fasting blood draw was assayed for plasma NPY and oxidative stress markers (8-hydroxyguanosine and F2-Isoprostanes).ResultsAmong chronically stressed women only, greater HPF consumption was associated with greater abdominal adiposity, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance at baseline (all p's≤.01). Furthermore, plasma NPY was significantly elevated in chronically stressed women (p

Seo Eun Hwang,*,1 Hyuktae Kwon,*,1 Su-Min Jeong,1 Hyun-Jin Kim,2 Jin-Ho Park1,31Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; 2Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; 3Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea*These authors contributed equally to this workPurpose: Although some studies have tried to determine the impact of long-term air pollution exposure on obesity, they have mainly focused on body mass index (BMI) and the results are inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the association of annual ambient air pollution exposure with various obesity traits, including computed tomography-measured abdominal fatness, in a large Korean adult population.Patients and methods: A total of 5,114 participants who underwent routine health check-ups at Seoul National University Hospital were included in the analysis. We calculated the annual average concentrations of ambient air pollutants, such as particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), using the individual’s zip code. Obesity-related indicators included the BMI, waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (PBF), total adipose tissue (TAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).Results: The mean age of the population was 53.5 and 70.9% were men. The mean annual concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were 49.4 μg/m3 and 30.3 ppb, respectively. In the full covariates model, adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, interquartile range increase in annual average concentration of PM10 and NO2 was not associated with any obesity-related phenotypes including BMI, WC, PBF, TAT, VAT, and SAT (all P>0.05). Likewise, no significant association between air pollutants and obesity-related traits was observed in any subgroups, stratified by sex and age (all P>0.05).Conclusion: Annual exposure to ambient air pollution is not associated with any obesity-related traits in Korean adults.Keywords: air, pollution, particulate, matter, obesity, abdominal adiposity

Traditionally, individuals with obesity have been encouraged to participate in aerobic exercise for long-term weight management and improved obesity-related health outcomes. Recently, resistance exercise has become a popular mode of exercise among youth with obesity. However, to date, the literature is mixed as to whether resistance exercise training alone improves body weight, fat free mass, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, or atherogenic lipoprotein profiles. The limited research in this area suggests potential sex differences in response to resistance training in youth. The literature is more consistent in demonstrating improvements in muscular fitness and insulin resistance independent of caloric restriction and weight loss. Although major health organizations recommend combining aerobic and resistance training, little research has examined the effects of their combination versus their individual effects, thus it is unclear whether their combination is associated with benefits that extend beyond those of either exercise modality alone. The purpose of this review is to examine the effects of resistance exercise on body composition and the health risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in youth with obesity.

Introduction: Few human studies have explored the mechanisms of smoking-induced insulin resistance. Aims: To prospectively examine the metabolic changes of smoking reduction. Methods: Cigarette smokers (n = 22; ½−2 packs per day) were enrolled in a smoking reduction program (counseling plus bupropion × 8 weeks; Phase I) followed by monitoring only (no counseling or bupropion × 16 weeks; Phase II). We serially measured exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and urine nicotine metabolites; fat distribution, and metabolic parameters by hyperinsulinemic clamps including hepatic glucose output (HGO) and indirect calorimetry, adjusted for total caloric intake and expenditure. Results: CO and nicotine metabolite levels fell with smoking reduction during Phase I (all p

PURPOSE: To evaluate how the association between body size and breast cancer risk varies by tumor receptor subtype, host factors, and other exposures among women in the California Teachers Study cohort. METHODS: Among 52,642 postmenopausal women, 2,321 developed invasive breast cancer with known estrogen- and progesterone-receptor status (1,652 ER+PR+, 338 ER+PR-, and 312 ER-PR-) between 1995 and 2007. In a subset of 35,529 with waist circumference data, 1,377 developed invasive breast cancer with known ERPR status (991 ER+PR+, 208 ER+PR-, 169 ER-PR-) between 1997 and 2007. Multivariate Cox regression was performed to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Obesity, adult weight gain of ≥40 pounds, greater abdominal adiposity, and greater height increased the risk of ER+PR+ breast cancer. The increased risk associated with postmenopausal obesity was limited to those who did not use hormone therapy (HT) at cohort entry (RR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.78 for BMI ≥ 30 vs.

Background: Tobacco smoke, an endocrine and metabolic disruptor, is associated with increased abdominal adiposity in active smokers (ASs). However, the role of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in central adiposity is unclear. Abdominal adiposity, measured as sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), is associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and mortality. We assessed the role of SHS exposure in explaining patterns of SAD and evaluated this relationship for differences by age. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012 were utilized for 6188 individuals aged 12–80 years. Using serum cotinine and self-reported smoking information, smoking status was categorized as nonsmoker (NS,

Objective: Obesity is a key contributor to metabolic and reproductive outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The role of the dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL), and adiposity has been debated and studies on PCOS are scarce. We aimed to compare the dietary GI and GL and several anthropometric measurements in PCOS and control women. The association between dietary GI and GL and adiposity indices was examined in this cross-sectional study.Methods and materials: A study population consisted of 65 previously diagnosed with PCOS and 65 healthy women. All participants underwent detailed anthropometric, dietary and physical activity evaluation and categorized based on GI and GL tertiles.Results: When dietary GL was adjusted for age, physical activity level (PAL), and duration of diagnosis, there was a statistically significant inverse association between dietary GL and waist/hip ratio (WHR) (OR: 0.136; 95% CI: 0.021-0.874; p = 0.036) in women with PCOS. Both dietary GI (OR: 8.869; 95% CI: 1.194-65.910; p = 0.033 for tertile 2 in adjustment model) and GL (OR: 7.200; 95% CI: 1.635-31.712; p = 0.009 for tertile 3 in crude model; OR: 5.801; 95% CI: 1.242-27.096; p = 0.025 for tertile 3 in adjustment model) positively associated with WHR in healthy subjects. Also, positive association was observed between dietary GI and waist/height ratio (WHtR) (OR: 0.229; 95% CI: 0.063-0.826; p = 0.024 for tertile 2; OR: 0.277; 95% CI: 0.078-0.988; p = 0.048 for tertile 3) in healthy controls, however after adjustment for age and PAL, statistical significance was lost (OR: 1.051; 95% CI: 0.152-7.261; p = 0.959 for tertile 2; OR: 1.522; 95% CI: 0.225-10.297; p = 0.667 for tertile 3).Conclusion: The results of this study consistent with the literature that PCOS is associated with increased adiposity indices. There was no association between dietary GI/GL and BMI, WC, WHtR, and ABSI but dietary GL was inversely associated WHR in PCOS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]