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Gender-stereotyped beliefs develop early in childhood and are thought to increase with age based on prior research that was primarily carried out in Western cultures. Little research, however, has examined cross-cultural (in)consistencies in the developmental trajectory of gender-stereotyped beliefs. The present study examined implicit gender-toy stereotypes among 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 1,013; 49.70% girls) in Canada, China, and Thailand. Children from all three cultures evidenced implicit gender-toy stereotypes over this developmental period, but cultural differences in the developmental pattern and strength of these stereotypes were apparent. Gender-toy stereotypes were relatively strong and stable across age groups among Thai children and relatively weak and stable across age groups among Chinese children. Canadian 4- to 5-year-old children displayed weaker stereotypes, whereas 6- to 9-year-olds displayed stronger stereotypes. These findings highlight the contribution of culture to children's gender stereotype development. Although gender-toy stereotypes were found among 4- to 9-year-olds in all three cultures examined here, the strength of these stereotypes varies by culture. Furthermore, the previously described increase in gender stereotyping over this developmental period appears to not apply across cultures, thus challenging the conventional view on development in this domain based on prior, mainly Western, research.

With the development of science and technology, the phenomenon of smartphone addiction has become very common. However, smartphone addiction has adverse consequences. To date, few studies have examined psychological crises and smartphone use motives during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic according to age. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influences of different types of smartphone use motives on smartphone addiction and explore the moderating effect of age on adolescents and adults. A total of 1346 participants (600 adults and 746 adolescents) completed questionnaires on their motives for smartphone use and smartphone addiction. Results indicated significant positive correlations between smartphone use motives and smartphone addiction. In the moderation model, mood regulation, social relations, pastime, and conformity significantly and directly predicted smartphone addiction; however, perceived enjoyment did not. Age played a moderating role in the prediction of smartphone addiction. Teenagers and adults have different motives for smartphone use, and different motives have different effects on adolescents and adults. Adolescents have higher coping motivation and conformity motivation than adults, and for adolescents, perceived pleasure motivation has a significant impact on smartphone addiction. For adults, perceived pleasure and social relationship motivation have a significant impact on smartphone addiction. Therefore, interventions for smartphone addiction can be developed by investigating the motives of use among different people, and age should be considered when developing interventions for smartphone addiction., Author(s): Fangfang Wen [sup.1] , Yu Ding [sup.2] , Cui Yang [sup.2] , Shuhan Ma [sup.2] , Jianli Zhu [sup.2] , Huanrui Xiao [sup.2] , Bin Zuo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: [...]

Current understanding of how culture relates to the development of children's gender-related peer preferences is limited. To investigate the role of societal acceptance of gender nonconformity, this study compared children from China and Thailand. Unlike China and other cultures where the conceptualization of gender as binary is broadly accepted, individuals who identify as a nonbinary "third" sex/gender have been highly visible and tolerated in Thai society for at least several decades. Chinese and Thai 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 458) viewed vignettes of four hypothetical peers who varied on gender (i.e., boy vs. girl) and gender-typed toy play behavior (i.e., masculine vs. feminine), and were asked to give a friendship preference rating for each peer. Chinese, compared with Thai, children evidenced gender-related peer preferences that emerged earlier, remained more stable across age groups, and were relatively more biased against gender-nonconforming behavior. The only cultural similarity was in children's preference for peers who were of the same gender and/or displayed same-gender-typed behavior. Thus, while preference for peers who are of the same gender and/or display same-gender-typed behavior is common among children across cultures, the developmental onset and course of these preferences vary by culture. Moreover, societal acceptance of gender nonconformity might be key to limiting children's bias against gender-nonconforming peers.

Social categories allow us to make sense of the social world and generate predictions about novel encounters. Yet, how people use particular social categories varies by culture. The current study examined how social categorization varies across traditionally individualistic and collectivistic societies among young children and adults. Using a triad picture task, American and Chinese children and adults made categorization and inductive reasoning judgments based on categories perceived as biological (e.g., age and gender) or categories perceived as social (e.g., occupation). The developmental trajectory of social categorization varied by culture: American adults were more likely than American children to categorize based on biologically-relevant categories, whereas Chinese adults were more likely than Chinese children to do so based on socially-relevant categories. Chinese participants also relied on socially-relevant categories (occupation) to make predictions about physical properties more than American participants. The current findings suggest a broad cultural influence on the perceived meanings and structures of certain biologically- and socially-based categories.

The current research examined the effect of group potential-characterized by upward trend-on individuals' preference for groups. In three experiments, participants (Total N = 189) assessed group members' impressions, anticipated future achievements, and willingness to join high-potential moderate-achievement and moderate-potential high-achievement groups. As predicted, anticipated future achievements led to willingness to join in the high-potential groups. Specifically, compared with high-achievement groups, participants formed better impressions of high-potential groups, anticipated higher future achievements of them, and were more willing to join them. Importantly, anticipated future achievements totally mediated the effect of group potential on willingness to join. Future directions of research on moderating roles of stereotypes and culture on preference for group potential are discussed., Author(s): Zhijie Xie [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Fangfang Wen [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xiao Tan [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jin Wei [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.4] , Bin Zuo [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) [...]

Objective： The paper aims to solve the large amount of packing for spherical fruit packing with unstable and unshapen with foam. Methods： A product design method based on AHP, AD and TRIZ integration was proposed in view of user demands. The weight and ranking of customer demands was obtained through AHP, the high-weights of design elements was converted to functional requirement. Then, the mapping between functional domain and physical domain of design elements was completed by means of AD axiomatic design. The design parameter sets of bevel gear packaging mechanism, spiral auxiliary mechanism, cutter mechanism and tension control mechanism were obtained, and the initial design matrix of fruit packaging machine was constructed. The structural design of fruit packaging machine was obtained by combining AD independent axiom and TRIZ conflict principle. Finally, the feasibility of scheme was verified by orthogonal experiment. The orthogonal test of packaging machine was carried out. Results： The test results showed that when the opening distance was 120 mm, the forward speed was 65 mm/s, and the Angle of the fruit tube is 40°, the packing effect of apple was the best, the success rate of packing machine was 92%. Conclusion： Automatic packaging for spherical fruit could be solved the existing problem of automatic packing by using foaming net, the test index met low damage rate and high efficiency.

Research has suggested that social impressions of faces madeby Western and Eastern people have different underlying di-mensionalities. However, the individual level consistency, thegroup-level agreement of rater groups, and the interactionsbetween face ethnicity, rater ethnicity, and social impressiontraits remain largely unknown. In this paper, we perform alarge-scale data-driven cross-cultural study of facial impres-sions, and illustrate the idiosyncrasies and similarities behindCaucasian and Asian participants in their social impressions offaces from both ethnicity groups. Our study illustrates multi-ple interesting findings: (1) Asians rate faces lower on mostpositive traits, compared with Caucasian raters, and they havemore diverse opinions than Caucasians. (2) Caucasian faces re-ceive higher average ratings on social impression traits relatedto warmth due to the preponderance of smiles in Caucasianimages, but similar mean scores on traits related to capability,compared to Asian faces. (3) Caucasians and Asians disagreemost on capability related traits, especially on “responsible”and “successful.” Opinions on these two traits diverge moreon Asian than on Caucasian faces. Our findings provide newinsights on the nuances of cross-cultural differences in socialimpressions of faces.