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Introduction: Estimating body fat content has shown to be a better predictor of adiposity-related cardiovascular risk than the commonly used body mass index (BMI). The white-light 3D body volume index (BVI) scanner is a non-invasive device normally used in the clothing industry to assess body shapes and sizes. We assessed the hypothesis that volume obtained by BVI is comparable to the volume obtained by air displacement plethysmography (Bod-Pod) and thus capable of assessing body fat mass using the bi-compartmental principles of body composition., Methods: We compared BVI to Bod-pod, a validated bicompartmental method to assess body fat percent that uses pressure/volume relationships in isothermal conditions to estimate body volume. Volume is then used to calculate body density (BD) applying the formula density=Body Mass/Volume. Body fat mass percentage is then calculated using the Siri formula (4.95/BD - 4.50) × 100. Subjects were undergoing a wellness evaluation. Measurements from both devices were obtained the same day. A prediction model for total Bod-pod volume was developed using linear regression based on 80% of the observations (N=971), as follows: Predicted Bod-pod Volume (L)=9.498+0.805*(BVI volume, L)-0.0411*(Age, years)-3.295*(Male=0, Female=1)+0.0554*(BVI volume, L)*(Male=0, Female=1)+0.0282*(Age, years)*(Male=0, Female=1). Predictions for Bod-pod volume based on the estimated model were then calculated for the remaining 20% (N=243) and compared to the volume measured by the Bod-pod., Results: Mean age among the 971 individuals was 41.5 ± 12.9 years, 39.4% were men, weight 81.6 ± 20.9 kg, BMI was 27.8 ± 6.3kg/m 2 . Average difference between volume measured by Bod-pod- predicted volume by BVI was 0.0 L, median: -0.4 L, IQR: -1.8 L to 1.5 L, R2=0.9845. Average difference between body fat measured-predicted was-1%, median: -2.7%, IQR: -13.2 to 9.9, R2=0.9236., Conclusion: Volume and BFM can be estimated by using volume measurements obtained by a white- light 3D body scanner and the prediction model developed in this study., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest. Select Research (Worcester, UK), the company that designed the 3D BVI body scanner and software provided without charge the scanner used for this and other studies taking place at Mayo Clinic.

Deep accidental hypothermia is a very rare emergency, most of these patients die despite of immediate and adaequate therapy. We report on a hypothermic patient who was in a stable hemodynamic condition and breathing spontaneously at a temperature of 25.5°C. He was rewarmed with non-invasive methods. We describe and discuss the hemodynamic variables of an advanced monitoring during the time of external rewarming., (© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.)

Objective: In October 2009 the French National Authority for Health recommended that HIV testing be proposed at least once to all persons aged 15 to 70 years in all healthcare settings. We examined whether routine HIV screening with a rapid test in emergency departments (EDs) was feasible without dedicated staff, and whether newly diagnosed persons could be linked to care., Methods: This one-year study started in December 2009 in 6 EDs in the Paris area, using the INSTI™ test. Eligible individuals were persons 18 to 70 years old who did not present for a vital emergency, for blood or sexual HIV exposure, or for HIV screening. Written informed consent was required., Results: Among 183 957 eligible persons, 11 401 were offered HIV testing (6.2%), of whom 7936 accepted (69.6%) and 7215 (90.9%) were tested (overall screening rate 3.9%); 1857 non eligible persons were also tested. Fifty-five new diagnoses of HIV infection were confirmed by Western blot (0.61% (95% CI 0.46-0.79). There was one false-positive rapid test result. Among the newly diagnosed persons, 48 (87%) were linked to care, of whom 36 were not lost to follow-up at month 6 (75%); median CD4 cell count was 241/mm(3) (IQR: 52-423/mm(3))., Conclusions: Screening rates were similar to those reported in opt-in studies with no dedicated staff. The rate of new diagnoses was similar to that observed in free anonymous test centres in the Paris area, and well above the prevalence (0.1%) at which testing has been shown to be cost-effective.

A series of new indole derivatives (2-28) has been prepared in the search for novel 5-HT uptake inhibitors. These compounds were obtained by the condensation of N-(chloroalkyl) naphthalenesultam derivatives with the appropriate amine in presence of a base, at reflux of DMF or THF. The yields were moderate (12-56%), except for the piperazine derivative 20 (85%). The affinity of the compounds for uptake site and 5-HT2, alpha 1, and D2 receptors was measured. Some compounds were studied in vivo by their potentiating effect of 5-HTP-induced symptomatology. The most potent and selective (uptake, 5-HT2 versus alpha 1, D2 sites) compounds contain a 3-[(4-piperidinyl)methyl]indole moiety. 5-Fluoro-3-[(4-piperidinyl)methyl]indole itself (compound 1) displayed a high affinity for the uptake site but was devoided of in vivo activity. N-Methylation of this compound abolished the affinity. In contrast N-substitution by a two-carbon chain linked to a naphthalenesultam or related heterocycle led to compounds exhibiting high affinity for the uptake site. One of them, 1-[2-[4-((5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dihydro-1H,4H-1,2,5-thiadiazolo[4,3,2- ij]quinoline 2,2-dioxide (compound 24), was found as active as fluoxetine in vivo.

1. RP 62203 (2-[3-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-piperazinyl)propyl]naphto[1,8- ca]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide) is a novel naphtosultam derivative which shows very high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors in the rat cerebral cortex (Ki = 50.0 pM). 2. RP 62203 is relatively selective for this sub-type of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor, having lower affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor and very low affinity for the 5-HT, receptor. RP 62203 displayed low to moderate affinity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors, dopamine D2 receptors and histamine H1 receptors. 3. In vivo binding experiments demonstrated that oral administration of low doses of RP 62203 led to a long-lasting (greater than 6 h) occupation of cortical 5-HT2 receptors (ID50 = 0.39 mgkg-1). 4. In cortical slices from the neonatal rat, RP 62203 potently inhibited inositol phosphate formation evoked by 5-HT, with an IC50 of 7.76 nM. 5. The activity of neurones in the raphé and their responses to microiontophoretically applied 5-HT were studied with extracellular recording electrodes in the anaesthetized rat. RP 62203 potently and dose-dependently blocked excitations evoked by 5-HT when administered at doses of 0.5-4.0 mg kg-1, i.p. In contrast, neither 5-HT-evoked depressions nor glutamate-evoked excitations of raphé neuronal firing were blocked by RP 62203 at doses as high as 8.0 mg kg-1, i.p. 6. Head twitches induced by 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) could be abolished by low doses of RP 62203 in mice (ED50 = 0.44 mg kg-1, p.o.) and in rats (ED50 = 1.54 p.o.). Similar results were obtained with mescaline and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 7. The potency of RP 62203 was compared with that of three other 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, ritanserin, ICI 169,369 and ICI 170,809. In all models, RP 62203 showed similar activity to ritanserin, whilst either ICI 169,369 or ICI 170,809 was several fold less active. 8. It is concluded that RP 62203 is a potent and selective antagonist at 5-HT2 receptors in the rodent central nervous system.

A series of 2-(aminoalkyl)naphth[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxides was synthesized and examined in various receptor binding tests. Most compounds demonstrated high affinity for the 5-HT2 receptor with moderate to high selectivity. A member of this series, compound 24 (RP 62203), displays high 5-HT2 receptor affinity (Ki = 0.26 nM), which is respectively more than 100 and 1000 times higher than its affinity for alpha 1 (Ki = 38 nM) and D2 (Ki greater than 1000 nM) receptors. This compound is a potent orally effective and long lasting 5-HT2 antagonist in the mescaline-induced head-twitches test in mice and rats.

Rat hippocampus membranes were treated with several protein modifying reagents (iodoacetamide, N-ethylmaleimide, tetranitromethane and N-acetylimidazole). The effects of these treatments on the binding sites of cyclopyrrolones ([3H] suriclone), a new chemical family of minor tranquilizers, and benzodiazepines ([3H] flunitrazepam) were investigated. Here we show that both ligands are similarly sensitive to cysteine alkylation: [3H] suriclone and [3H] flunitrazepam binding are reduced by iodoacetamide and slightly increased by N-ethylmaleimide. On the contrary they are clearly differenciated by tyrosine modification: [3H] suriclone binding is not changed whereas [3H] flunitrazepam binding is increased by tetranitromethane and decreased by N-acetylimidazole. Our present findings and published evidence suggest cyclopyrrolones and benzodiazepines bind to distinct sites or to different allosteric forms of the benzodiazepine receptor.

In order to study the difference between normal and transformed cells, lateral motion of fluorescent molecules embedded into cell membranes of rat clonal fibroblasts and its SV40-transformed derivative cells was measured by the FPR technique. The lateral diffusion coefficient of a fluorescent fatty acid analog, F18, was smaller in transformed cells than normal cells. This indicates that the lipid phase of membranes from transformed cells is less fluid than that from normal cells. On the other hand, the lateral diffusion coefficient of S-F-concanavalin A was identical in both cells. These results suggest that the mobility of different molecules on the membranes is controlled by different mechanisms.

[3H]52770 RP, a PAF antagonist, was found to bind with high affinity and in a reversible manner on specific and saturable binding sites in guinea pig cortical membranes. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of one class of binding sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 0.38 nM and a Bmax of 1190 fmol/mg protein. However, these binding sites did not correspond to the PAF receptors described with this ligand in platelet plasma membranes; indeed, PAF and its analogs were unable to displace [3H]52770 RP binding in guinea pig brain. Therefore, one may conclude that [3H]52770 RP in guinea pig brain labels acceptor or recognition sites, rather than true receptor sites.

The effects of chlorpromazine, pipotiazine, haloperidol, domperidone, sulpiride and SCH 23390 on the potassium-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh) were studied in rat striatal slices. All 5 dopamine (DA) antagonists with D-2 blockade efficacy induced an increase of [3H]ACh release whereas the specific D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 was devoid of significant effects. The maximal effect (about 100% increase) was obtained with haloperidol, pipotiazine and sulpiride but not with domperidone and chlorpromazine. Interestingly, sulpiride was found to exert an unexpected marked potency. The comparison of the activities of the 6 compounds on evoked ACh release to their affinities for D-2 receptors [( 3H]N-propylnorapomorphine binding sites) indicates that the pharmacological profile of the dopamine receptor implicated in the regulation of ACh release cannot be superimposed on that of the classical D-2 receptor. Participation of DA presynaptic receptors could however explain the differences in efficacy observed with the compounds studied.