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Children infected with COVID-19 have a critical part in community-based viral transmission. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and behaviors of parents of pediatric dental patients on COVID-19 and to present required actions to prevent its spreading. A total of 524 parents took part in this cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for determining sociodemographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of parents, along with their COVID-19-related knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and behaviors. In total, 90.6% of parents were unaware that disease may show no symptoms; 61.1% and 32.6% did not know roles of “close contact with asymptomatic patients” and “dentistry practices” in transmission, respectively; 30.2% thought it could be transmitted to their children at dental clinics, and only 16.4% stated their children as carriers. Parents need to be informed on COVID-19 transmission through contact with asymptomatic individuals, risks associated with dentistry practices, and role of children in transmission.

BACKGROUND The relative effects of genetic factors on the timing of tooth eruption can be demonstrated through twin studies; however, twin studies on the eruption time of permanent teeth were limited. AIM To compare the emergence stages of permanent teeth in twins and non-twin children. DESIGN A total of 480 patients aged from 5.0 to 13.11 years who attended to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for any dental reason were included in the study. Twins were compared with the control group in terms of the emergence stages for all permanent teeth. RESULTS At the age of 5 years, girls in the control group showed statistically significant differences related to the central incisors, the first molars in the mandibular dentition and the first molars in the maxillary dentition, showing more advanced emergence stages. In the 6- to 8- and 12- to 13-year-old age groups, no gender-related differences in emergence stages were observed. Gestation age was found to have a statistically significant effect on the emergence stages of permanent teeth. There were no statistically significant differences between birthweights and tooth emergence stages in twins. CONCLUSION Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether there is a strong genetic effect on emergence stages of permanent teeth in twins.

BACKGROUND/AIM Dental trauma causes significant aesthetic, functional and psychosocial problems that often require emergency attention in children. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the factors related to dental injuries in children. A secondary aim was to better understand how to improve the education given to children, parents and teachers in schools regarding dental trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of children who were referred to the Department of Pedodontics at Suleyman Demirel University were reviewed. A total of 1971 patients with a history of dental trauma who attended the clinic from 1999 to 2017 were evaluated. The following information was recorded: age, gender, year, aetiology, location, season and time elapsed after trauma. Results were evaluated using the Pearson chi-square test. RESULTS The patients' average age was 8.56 ± 0.08. Dental injuries were frequent in the 7- to 12-year age group (55.9%). Children in the 0- to 6-year age group attended the clinic more frequently during the years 2013 and 2017 compared to previous years. Boys had a higher frequency of trauma than girls (P

Aim: It was aimed to investigate the caries status and etiological factors of children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), who are reported to have high consumption of cariogenic food and insufficient oral hygiene habits.Materials and Methods: 7-12 year-old children who are newly diagnosed with ADHD and beginning medication (Group 1), who are under medication for a long time (≥6 months) for ADHD (Group 2) and the control group (Group 3) without any diagnosis or drug use are included in the study. The questions about tooth-brushing habits, consumption frequency of sugar added fruit juice, carbonated beverage, fresh fruit, acidic food (chips, biscuits, etc.) were asked. Dental caries prevalence, presence of dental plaque and gingival health status were measured by DFT/dft (decayed-filled tooth number), DFS/dfs (decayed-filled tooth surface number), OHI (oral hygiene index) and MGI (modified gingival index), respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis, and Man Whitney U Test.Results: It was determined that the majority of children in all groups had irregular toothbrushing habits. Daily or every other day consumption of cariogenic foods and beverages were found to be higher in the Group 1 and 2, the highest DFT/dft values were in Group 2 and the highest DFS/dfs values in Group 1, but the differences were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). OHI values in Group 2 were found to be statistical significantly higher than in Group 3 (p=0.000). MGI values were found to be significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p=0.011) and Group 3 (p=0.001).Conclusion: Children with ADHD have similar brushing and nutritional habits with healthy children, but they are appear to be at significantly higher risk for oral hygiene and gum disease. They have also higher caries prevalence, although the differences were not statistically significant.

BACKGROUND Little information exists on the clinical performance of restorative materials on primary teeth of preschool children. This study aimed to evaluate clinical performance of compomer, glass-hybrid-added high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement and zinc-added high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement materials in class ΙΙ restorations of primary molars. METHODS The study included 251 teeth of 57 patients aged 4-7 years with proximal caries in primary molars. The teeth were divided into three groups, and each restorative material was randomly distributed. Dyract XP, Equia Forte and ChemFil Rock materials were placed after cavity preparation and clinically evaluated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and z tests. RESULTS At the end of 12 months, a total of three restorations in Dyract XP group, 22 in Equia Forte group and 11 in ChemFil Rock group failed in retention criteria. No statistically significant difference existed between retention, colour match and surface texture criteria of all groups at 3 and 6 months, but a statistically significant difference was found at 12 months (P

Luxation cases reportedly occur more frequently in men than in women, and the frequency decreases with increasing age. It is important to know the characteristics of luxation injuries to take preventive measures and early treatments. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate luxation trauma cases in the Turkish population in the West Mediterranean region between 1999 and 2017. Methods: An 18-year retrospective analysis of records of patients with luxation traumas was performed. Data regarding age groups, gender, trauma types, etiologic factors, trauma locations, number of affected teeth, trauma types with/without crown fracture, and time elapsed from trauma onset until clinic visit were determined. Acquired data were tabulated as numbers and percentages. Results: A total of 1597 teeth, from 885 patients, exposed to luxation trauma were included. The number of injured teeth per child was 1.8, and single tooth trauma was the most common type. The number of trauma patient was higher in the 0–5 age group, and the number of cases was higher in the primary teeth of the 0–3 age group and in the permanent teeth of the 8–12 age group. The maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth, and the most common cause was falls. The luxation types most frequently presenting with crown fracture were lateral luxation in the primary teeth (60%) and subluxation in the permanent teeth (33.9%). The proportion of patients with avulsion was the lowest among those visiting the clinic within 2 days of trauma. Conclusion: This study revealed that almost half of the trauma patients have a history of luxation trauma. Educational programs for the community regarding causes and prevention of luxation traumas should be continued.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of canine transpositions and to evaluate associated dental anomalies in a pediatric population. Material and Methods: This study was carried out by evaluating the panoramic radiographs of 11.750 patients ranging in ages from 6 to 17 presented to a pedodontic clinic over 5 years. The patients with canine transposition were included in the study. Age at diagnosis, gender, classification and location of transposition, presence of other dental anomalies were recorded. Differences were analyzed using the Chi-squared test . Results: Canine transposition was detected in 73 teeth from 69 patients (0.6%). Transpositions were more common in girls than in boys (55.1%). Transposed canine teeth were more frequently observed unilaterally (89%). The most commonly found transposition type was type 2 (42%). A total of 49.3% of 69 patients had retained primary canine teeth, 20.3% had congenitally missing teeth, and 11.6% had peg-shaped, microdont lateral incisors. Impacted teeth excluding third molars and taurodontism were also observed . Conclusion: Although the canine transpositions are generally asymptomatic in children in the period of growth and development, the importance of early diagnosis is crucial to prevent various clinical problems.

Objective The in vitro permeability characteristics of dentin have been studied extensively and used to evaluate the efficacy of various preventative and restorative procedures. The aim of this in vitro study was to precisely determine the dentin permeability of fluorotic premolar teeth using an electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system with photosensors and to compare the data with healthy premolars. Methods In total, 40 fluorotic and healthy premolar teeth with complete root formation that were extracted for orthodontic purposes and had no caries, restoration, fractures, or cracks were selected for this study. Teeth were classified according to a modified form of the dental fluorosis index of Thylstrup and Fejerskov. The dentin discs were placed in an electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system equipped with photosensors, which was designed for measurements of dentin permeability. The amount of distilled water passed through each dentin disc (μL/min) under a constant pressure was determined. Dentin permeability data of the fluorotic and healthy teeth were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results The present study showed that fluorosis influenced the volume of fluid that passed through the dentin and the dentin permeability was decreased, whereas dental fluorosis severity was increased in permanent teeth. Conclusion The number of teeth with fluorosis is increasing, depending on fluorine sources, so more appropriate treatments will need to be evaluated by standardizing the methods employed in related studies.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood onset behavioral disorder characterized by a developmentally inappropriate attention deficit, hyperactivity-impulsivity or a combination of these. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology. Because of the behavioral problems sourced from the disease itself and side effects of the drugs used in therapy, children with ADHD take place in the risk group in terms of oral and dental health problems and they are included in the group of patients who need special attention in pediatric dentistry. Drugs used in the treatment are known to cause dry mouth. Children with ADHD have been reported to have low oral hygiene habits and a high prevalence of dental caries. Also, parafunctional habits such as bruxism and dental trauma are observed more frequently in these children. In this review, oral health and behavior management problems in children with ADHD are pointed out, and solutions are suggested.

Tooth avulsion is a type of dental injury defined as the complete displacement of a tooth out of the alveolar socket, and the lack of prompt treatment measures can result in the loss of function, poor quality of life, and psychological and social problems. However, several factors may not permit the immediate replantation of an avulsed tooth; therefore, delayed replantation has emerged as an alternative to meet the esthetic, functional, and psychological demands of patients. Here it was described that the successful replantation of an avulsed maxillary central incisor in a 9-year-old boy who presented at the clinic with the tooth stored in unfavorable conditions as dry and then in olive oil-milk mixture almost 10 h after the event. The tooth has remained in its socket healthy for 16 years after treatment. The patient was satisfied with both esthetics and function.

The aims of the study are to determine the association of taurodontism with numerical, dimensional, formal and structural dental anomalies, various syndromes, systemic diseases and/or genetic diseases, and to represent the clinical implications of the anomaly for clinicians and future forensic and genetic studies. The records of patients examined at the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University were retrospectively analysed. A final sample of 837 patients with various dental anomalies, syndromes, systemic and/or genetic disorders was selected and evaluated to detect the presence of taurodontism. A chi-square goodness of fit test was performed to assess the distribution of this anomaly according to gender and localization. Further, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. Taurodontism was detected in 199 patients. It was mostly encountered with tooth agenesis. The differences of the distribution of this anomaly between the upper/lower jaws were statistica...

Purpose Many novel materials have been developed such as composite resin, ceramic, zircon or metal-supported ceramic for use in aesthetic restoration of primary teeth and permanent teeth with extensive crown damage. The aim of the present study was to compare microtensile bond strengths on materials using the microtensile bond strength test. Materials and methods The microtensile bond strength on the primary tooth dentin was measured on extracted primary teeth using an indirect method and fracture patterns were evaluated. Results The analysis of bond strengths using the Mann-Whitney U-test did not show significant difference between the rank averages of the compomer and composite resin (p = 0.741). The dentin sections, from which test samples were obtained, contributed to the bond strength; dentin samples obtained just above the pulp had lower bond strength, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005). The adhesive type fracture was the most prevalent fracture type for both materials. Conclusions When the chemical, physiological, and micromorphological differences between primary and permanent teeth are taken into consideration, the success of the materials used for restorations can be different between primary and permanent teeth. Therefore, materials used in the dentistry must be evaluated separately for primary teeth.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate indirect compomer and composite resin onlay restorations of severely damaged primary molars in vivo. Materials and Methods: At the study, 48 restorations, in seven girls and ten boys totally 17 patients aged 4–8, was evaluated clinically with using USPHS criteria for 15 months. Results: The study results revealed that the clinical success rate of compomer and composite onlay restorations was 79% and 96%, respectively. No significant differences were found statistically between the materials. Conclusions: In the children severely damaged primary molars, onlays are usually worked with an indirect technique in clinics. One of the advantages of indirect technique is being most similar to its original form morphologically.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical success of different fissure sealants applied to erupting permanent first molars by taking into consideration the stages of tooth eruption.Two hundred healthy children between ages 5 and 8 with the inclusion criteria were examined. The erupting permanent first molars were evaluated and those at stage 3 or 4 were selected. An investigator placed three different fissure sealants (giomer, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic resin-based). At the end of 18 months, retention loss, development of new dental caries, localization of retention losses, marginal integrity, and marginal discoloration were evaluated.The rate of tooth with total retention at stage 3 was significantly higher (P0.05). The development of dental caries in teeth at stage 4 was found to be significantly higher than that of stage 3 (P0.05). In terms of marginal integrity, the difference between stages of tooth eruption is similar (P0.05). Regarding marginal discoloration, fissure sealants applied at stage 3 were considered to be more successful than those applied at stage 4 (P0.05).We may conclude that the tooth eruption affects clinical success and giomer-based fissure sealants may not be an alternative for resin-based fissure sealants in erupting teeth.

Resin onlay restoration is an esthetic alternative technique used for restoring extensively damaged primary molars. Understanding the behavior of materials under repeated functional stress and how the stress is transmitted to the remaining tooth structure is important. The aim of this study was to compare stresses in primary molars restored with indirect composite and compomer onlay. 3D frame models of the right mandibular and maxillary primary molars and the alveolar bone were created using computerized tomography images of a six-year-old girl. The enamel and dentine layers above the cement layer were unified to generate onlay restoration, and composite and compomer were used as restorative materials. The vertical occlusal load (100 N) was applied to the teeth in the occlusal contact areas. The von Mises stress distributions and normal stress distributions of the y-axis (parallel to the long axis of tooth) were evaluated. The occlusal stress is transmitted to the cervical part of healthy teeth by spreading it through the enamel layer. The composite and compomer restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns. An indirect technique creates a structure similar to the original morphological form, and it allows restorations to distribute high occlusal stresses and to minimize possible breakages.

This study aimed to evaluate color masking effect from treatments with resin infiltrant and two different remineralization agents applied with microabrasion to anterior teeth with developmental enamel defects. The incisors of patients aged 8-17 were evaluated. The study involved two groups including fluorosis (Group 1) and hypomineralization (Group 2) cases. These two groups were further divided based on the treatment received: Group A: Icon®, Group B: Opalustre®+Clinpro White Varnish®, and Group C: Opalustre®+Tooth Mousse®. The spectrophotometric values were recorded. Furthermore, the L* and ΔE values were evaluated by repeated measures of ANOVA. The largest increase in L* values over time after treatment was in Group 1A, followed by Group 1C and Group 1B. The largest increase in ΔE values over time after treatment was in Group 1A. Clinically observable difference was achieved as a result of all treatment groups. Especially resin infiltration treatment has been found to be more effective in teeth with fluorosis.

Genç daimi dişlerin ve çevre dokularının tekrarlayan travmatik yaralanmaları diş kayıpları ile sonuçlanabilir. Hastaların büyüme gelişimlerinin tamamlanmaması nedeniyle, bu süreç tamamlanıp, daimi restorasyonlar yapılıncaya kadar, hazırlanacak yer tutucular ile estetik ve fonksiyon sağlanmalıdır. Bu olgu sunumunda, kaybedilen dişlerin yer tutucuda kullanımı ve bunun yedi yaşından bu yana, birden fazla dişsel travma geçiren hastaya sağladığı olumlu etkiler anlatılmaktadır, Recurrent traumatic injury to immature permanent teeth and environmental tissue may result in extraction of teeth. Due to the growing process of young patients is not completed, until the completion of this process and the fixed prosthesis is fabricated, space maintenance should be prepared for aesthetic and function. This case report presents the use of the clinical crown of failed teeth as the part of partial space maintenance and its beneficial effect on the patient who had multiply dental trauma many times from seven years of age.

Diş çürüğü en önemli ağız hastalığı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Uygulanan birçok koruyucu tedavi sonucunda diş çürüğü görülme oranı gün geçtikçe düşüş gösterse de, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önemli bir sağlık problemi oluşturmaktadır. Diş çürüğünün oluşumu birçok etkene bağlıdır. En önemli sebep mikroorganizmalar, özellikle de S. mutans’dır. Yetişkin hastalarda oral mikroflora hakkında detaylı araştırmalar yapılmış ve çocuk hastalarda da benzer oral mikroflora görüldüğüne dair yayınlar bulunmaktadır. Buna karşın, çocuk hastalarda bu konuda hala eksiklikler vardır. Çocuklarda çalışmanın güçlüğü, büyüme gelişime bağlı olarak görülen değişimler bu eksikliğin sebepleri olarak görülebilir. Pedodontide süt dişlerinin düşme zamanlarından önce kaybedildiği durumlarda çekim boşluğunun korunması için yer tutucu apareyler kullanılır. Yer tutucuların çapraşıklı ektopik eripsüyon ve maloklüzyon gibi geç dönem oluşan çekim komplikasyonalarını önlemesine rağmen plak akümülasyonunu artırmasına bağlı olarak diş çürüğü ve periodontal hastalıkları artırdığı bilinmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, yer tutucu kullanan çocuk hastalarda Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) sayısında artış olduğu saptanmıştır., Dental caries is accepted the most important oral disease. Although the incidence of dental caries decreases day by day as a result of the many preventive treatments, it is stil an important health problem especially in developing countries. The formation of dental caries depends on several factors and the most important microorganism, S. mutans. Detailed oral microflora studies for adults have been performed and there are publications that indicate similar oral microflora on pediatric patients. However, there are still some deficiencies with regard to this subject in children. Difficulties on studying on children and changes depending on growth and development may regard as reasons for the deficiencies. Space maintainers are typically used in pediatric dentistry to preserve the spaces left by primary teeth requiring extraction prior to their exfoliation time. Although, it is well known that the maintenance of these spaces prevents later complications such as crowding, ectopic eruption, impaction of successor teeth and malocclusion, the use of space maintainers has also been shown to result in an increased plaque accumulation, which can lead to dental caries and periodontal disease. In the studies, an increase in the incidence of S. mutans in children using space maintainer has been detected.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is one of the developmental enamel defects. In patients with AI, as well as enamel defects, some dental anomalies are encountered and may affect tooth development. For children whose enamel structure is not normal, whether an accurate result can be obtained by dental age determination methods is not clear. The aims of this study are to determine the dental age for the assessment of tooth development in patients with AI by 3 different methods, to decide a method that will present the most accurate result to the chronological age, and to build a basis in terms of postmortem identification. The records of patients who were referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry between the years of 1999 and 2018, and diagnosed with AI were reviewed. At the age of 6-15 years, 58 patients (33 males-25 females) (Group I) with AI were determined. A total of 116 healthy individuals (66 males-50 females) (Group II) who were age and gender matched with the AI group were selected as the control group. Chronological age was calculated, and Nolla's, Demirjian's and Haavikko's methods were used to estimate dental age. Chronological and dental ages were compared according to the group and gender. The accuracy of three methods was also evaluated. There was no statistical significant differences for the tooth development in terms of group and gender. Dental age was over-estimated by Demirjian's method and under-estimated by Nolla's and Haavikko's methods. Haavikko's and Nolla's methods were more accurate in the dental age estimation. AI did not present an impact on the dental development. By using particularly Haavikko's method, the possible margin of error in evaluations of dental development can be reduced. Similar studies comprising other defects affecting the tooth structure and morphology are also necessary.

Serebral palsi (SP), fetal ya da yeni doğanda, gelişimini sürdürmekte olan beyin dokularında meydana gelen, ilerleyici olmayan, postür bozukluğuna yol açan, hareketi kısıtlayan, kalıcı bir grup hastalıktır. SP'ye özgü nöromüsküler problemler, farklı yollarla ağız sağlığını etkilemektedir. Diş hekiminin SP’li bireylerle ilgili sıklıkla karşılaşabileceği oral problemler arasında; bruksizm, dental erozyon, maloklüzyon, travmatik diş yaralanmaları, periodontal hastalık, diş çürükleri ve mine defektleri bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, SP’li çocuklarda yaygın görülen oral problemler, ağız dışına salya akışı ve tedavi önerileri ile birlikte diş hekimlerinin yaklaşımı, hasta ve ebeveyn/bakıcılarına tavsiyeleri hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Objective: Tooth agenesis is a multifactorial condition accompanied by morphological differences. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different patterns of tooth agenesis on tooth dimensions. Methods: Records of children registered at the Department of Pedodontics and had tooth agenesis were reviewed, and those aged between 7 and 18 years of age with no systemic diseases, syndromes, or fluorosis were included in the study; the third molars were excluded. The study sample comprised 82 patients with one to six teeth missing (Group 1; hypodontia), 26 with more than six teeth missing (Group 2; oligodontia), and 31 with no missing teeth (Group 3; control). Mesiodistal widths, buccopalatal/labiolingual depths, and cervicoincisal/cervicoocclusal heights of permanent teeth were measured. Data were analyzed statistically. Results: Majority of the teeth in Group 2 were smaller than those in the other groups. Tooth agenesis was correlated with a dimensional decrease in mesiodistal width. Tooth dimensions were generally smaller in patients with tooth agenesis in both jaws (upper and lower) and regions (anterior and posterior). Conclusion: Decrease in tooth dimensions increased with the increase in the number of missing teeth. Teeth with clinically reduced dimensions or modifications during formation should receive additional attention from clinicians with regard to tooth agenesis.

Background: Many in vitro studies have used dentine permeability to evaluatethe efficacy of various restorative and preventative procedures. The easiest wayto evaluate dentine permeability is to calculate its hydraulic conductance (Lp)using fluid filtration methods. Research has examined electronic hydraulicconductance measurement methods that give more precise and reliable resultsfor the permeability of dentine than the classical method. To our knowledge, nostudy has examined the dentine permeability of carious primary teeth. Aim: Thisin vitro study determined the dentine permeability of carious primary molarsprecisely with a new electronic hydraulic conductance measurement systemand compared them with healthy primary molars. Design: The study examined60 carious and noncarious primary second molars with no restorations, fractures,or cracks at different root resorption stages. Results: The results showed thatthe dentine permeability increased with the severity of caries in primary teeth.Conclusion: The dentine permeability of carious primary teeth was higher thanthat of noncarious primary teeth. Therefore, treatment of primary teeth should beperformed more quickly.Keywords: Carious, dentin permeability, primary teeth

Oral-facial-digital syndrome (OFDS) is a group of congenital anomalies with 13 different forms. OFDS type 1 (OFDS1) is a developmental genetic anomaly related to the X chromosome, that is often seen in girls, and affects the face, oral cavity, and extremities. In this study, we discuss the oral findings of a 6-year-old girl with OFDS1 and her situation after 2.5 years.

Summary Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride on salivary immunoglobulin and sialic acid levels in children with dental fluorosis and healthy teeth who live in places with high fluoride concentration in drinking water. Method: Fifty-one (51) healthy children between 6 and 12 years old with no caries were randomly selected from primary schools enrolled in the dental-care program operated by the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The children were divided into two groups: group I comprised 26 children with dental fluorosis [Thylstrup-Fejerskov Dental Fluorosis Index (TFI) = 4] who lived in Isparta (2.7-2.8 ppm), and group II consisted of 25 children without dental fluorosis who were born in low-fluoride areas and had lived in Isparta for only the previous two years. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected and analyzed for fluoride, salivary immunoglobulins and sialic acid levels. Results: Sialic acid level was correlated negatively with age. Levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and secretory immunoglobulin G (sIgG) were higher in children with dental fluorosis compared with those in group II, although these differences were not significant. Conclusion: Increased sIgA and sIgG levels may arrest the progression of caries in subjects with dental fluorosis. Given the risks of dental fluorosis, further studies of the effects of different fluoride levels in drinking water on salivary composition of children with mixed dentition are needed to confirm the results of our study and to provide data for comparison.

Introduction The early loss of deciduous molars is a frequently encountered problem in dentistry. Various space maintainer designs were developed to prevent the loss of the space. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical performance and survival rates of fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRCR) as a space maintainer clinically. Materials and methods This study was designed on 44 children who had early missed deciduous molars. Space maintainers were prepared on plaster models of patients and fixed directly to the adjacent teeth. Survival rate and whether it causes any damage to adjacent teeth were examined clinically and radiographically for 24 months or until failure. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used for the statistical analyses. Results Overall, 16.2% of space maintainers were dislodged and accepted to be failed at the end of 12 months. At the 24-month control, 52.2% success was stated with the FRCR space maintainer and because of permanent tooth eruption, 31.8% of space maintainer were taken out. The mean duration of space maintainers was measured to be 14.8±3.48 months. There was no statistical significance between survival time and gender, tooth number, localization, and measured space (p > 0.05). Conclusion After all 24 months follow-up, as well as esthetic properties of FRCR space maintainer, their applicability in a single seance and strength against the forces are determined as the advantages of the technique. Clinical significance The FRCR space maintainers can be thought of as alternatives to metal space maintainers. How to cite this article Kirzioğlu Z, Çiftçi ZZ, Yetiş CÇ. Clinical Success of Fiber-reinforced Composite Resin as a Space Maintainer. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):188-193.

bsbd@balikesir.edu.tr www.bau-sbdergisi.com OZET Buyume-gelisim ile birlikte sut dislerinin dusmesi ve daimi dislerin surmesi, normal fizyolojik bir olaydir. Daimi dislerin kaybi siklikla curuk ile birlikte gorulmektedir. Erken cekimin en fazla gorulen disler birinci buyuk azi disleridir. Bu durumlar, okluzal bozukluklara, erken temaslara ve alt cenede kaymalara dolayisiyla temporamandibular eklem sorunlarina yol acabilmektedir. Daimi birinci buyuk azi disinin cekimine karar verildiginde, bircok faktor goz onunde bulundurulmali, tedavi plani dikkatlice yapilmali ve gerektiginde multidisipliner bir yaklasim saglanmalidir. Klinik uygulamalar ve hasta kooperasyonunun belirlenmesinde medikal, sosyal ve dissel hikâyeler birlikte degerlendirilmelidir.Bu makale birinci buyuk azi dislerinin erken kaybedildigi durumlarda hasta yonlendirilmesi ve sonuclari icermektedir.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomized primary molar teeth restored with a compomer material with using United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Methods: In 173 primary molars of 156 child patients, aged within 4-9 years (mean age: 6.1±1.4 years), conventional pulpotomy treatment were performed. The teeth treated using calcium hydroxide, formocresol or ferric sulphate. After pulpotomy procedure, teeth were restored with compomer material. The teeth were evaluated as clinically and radiographically during a period of 12-24 months. Both of success of pulpotomy treatment and also restorative material (compomer material) were evaluated during follow-up period. The data were assessed with chi-square test. Results: At the end of the first year, 45% of initial treated teeth were checked, but only 18% were checked at the end of the second year. The first year success rates in the groups treated with CH, FC, and FS were 87.5%, 95%, and 79%, respectively, and, as the number of controllable patients was lower, the success rates on available teeth were determined to be 88.3% and 80%, respectively, according to the materials at the end of the second year. Restorations having been made, they were analyzed in accordance with USPHS criteria. Conclusions: At the end of the first year, 67.5% of compomer restorations were detected to be original and healthy and at the end of the second year, 57% were deemed healthy. No statistically significant relationships were found between marginal adaptation, secondary caries and pulpotomy success (chi-square test, P>.05). Among the three groups, there is no significant difference in terms of success. The least successful age group was defined as 4-6 years. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:415-422)

The root fractures occur relatively rarely and account for 0.5-2.5% of all dental injuries. The fracture type, severity of dislocation, mobility of fragments and diastasis have negative influence on the healing process. The aim of this study was to describe the treatment and the 42-month follow-up period of three trauma histories in a 12-year-old patient in 1 year and to emphasize the negative effects of recurrent traumas on the healing pattern and prognosis of root fractures.

Aim: This was to assess fracture type, treatment delay, splinting periods and various treatment methods on periradicular healing of root fractures in a group of patients attending a Paediatric Dentistry clinic. methods: Records and radiographs of children with root-fractured teeth, referred during 1999–2003, were assessed. statistics: Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman rank test. Results: There were 27 root-fractured teeth in 20 patients aged between 8–18 years. One root-fracture occurred in 13 patients (65%) and 7 (35%) had two root-fractured teeth; all maxillary teeth and the most affected teeth were central, followed by lateral, incisors. Only 4 patients were seen on the day of the trauma. The commonest cause of injury was a fall (12 patients), followed by collisions, bicycle and motorcycle accidents. Treatments consisted of: splinting, splinting+pulp therapy, extraction of coronal fragment accompanied with orthodontic interventions and restorative procedures, and surgical operations. Healing was related to treatment delay, location and type of fracture, and splinting time. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations only between healing type and splinting time. Conclusions: Preventive educational programs concerning traumatic dental injuries are needed in Turkey and mandatory use of mouthguards and preventive use of helmets with bicycles and motorcycles.

Crown-root fracture is defined as a fracture involving enamel, dentin and pulp and can be classified as either complicated or uncomplicated. The tooth with crown-root fracture presents a lot of problems during coronal restorations and extraction was formerly used in many cases. But loss of a permanent incisor in a young patient may create severe emotional problems and alternative treatment approaches must be considered. This report presents the successful results of a surgical extrusion of a complicated crown-root fractured, immature permanent incisor in a 9-year-old boy. Examination 36 months after the trauma indicated that the treatment had provided functional and esthetic results.

Objectives The permeability characteristics of dentin have been used in many in vitro studies to evaluate longitudinally the efficacy of various restorative and preventative procedures. The easiest way to evaluate dentin permeability is to calculate its hydraulic conductance (Lp) by fluid filtration method. There are researches on electronic hydraulic conductance measurement systems which can give more precise and reliable results of permeability of dentine than the classical system. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies on bonding properties of restoratives to fluorotic primary teeth and dentin permeability of those teeth in the literature. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the dentin permeability of fluorotic primary molars precisely with a new ‘electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system with photosensors’ and to compare the data with healthy primary molars. Methods A total of 40 fluorotic and healthy primary second molar teeth with 1/3 root resorption, which were extracted for orthodontic purpose and with no caries, restoration, fracture or crack were selected and used in this study. Teeth were classified according to the modified form of dental fluorosis index of Thylstrup&Fejerskov. Dentin discs were placed in the electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system with photosensors which was designed for the measurement of dentin permeability. The amount of distilled water passed through each dentin disk (μL/min) under a constant pressure was determined. Dentin permeability data of the fluorotic and healthy teeth were recorded and analysed statistically. Results It was observed that dentin permeability decreases, while dental fluorosis severity increases in primary teeth.

In this study, the clinical efficacy of Carisolvtrade mark system and the hand excavation method in the removal of occlusal dentine caries of primary molar teeth was evaluated. Both Carisolv system and hand excavation method were applied for the removal of caries on different teeth of the same children. After the removal of the caries, Dyract AP materials were used to restore the teeth. The clinical follow-up was made every 3 months within a year. The clinical evaluations of restorations were carried out in accordance with US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. To determine whether there was any statistical difference between the groups, chi-square analysis was used. During both excavation methods, pain occurrence and the need for anesthesia and the time spent were all recorded. The time spent for the removal of caries in Carisolv system and in hand excavation method was 9.03+/-4.14 min (mean+/-SD) and 7.34+/-3.41 min (mean+/-SD), respectively (P0.05). At the end of 1 year, differences between Carisolv and hand excavation groups in terms of marginal adaptation and secondary caries were found to be statistically insignificant (P0.05). During the removal of caries, certain children complained about pain both in Carisolv system and hand excavation method (7.1 and 35.7%, respectively). As a result, it can be argued that Carisolv system is effective in the removal of caries and causes minimum level pain occurrence. Compared to hand excavation, Carisolv system seems to be a promising restorative approach to remove occlusal caries in primary molar teeth. Studies of longer duration are needed to confirm these findings.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental malformation of teeth that most commonly affects permanent maxillary lateral incisor. The clinical importance of dens invaginatus results from the risk of pulpal disease. The presence of dens invaginatus with internal resorption is extremely rare. Hence, all clinicians should be aware of this anomally. The present case describes the treatment and prognosis of an unusual case of dens invaginatus with internal resorption in a maxillary lateral incisor. Endodontic treatment with using Gutta-percha and root canal sealer was considered successful at the 7-year follow-up.

Objective: Tooth avulsion constituting an emergency for children and adolescents necessitates management approaches ensuring the survival of avulsed teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of tooth avulsion and to examine some factors affecting the clinical & radiographic assessment of their prognosis after replantation. Methodology: The study sample was created by using archival records of patients who were referred to the Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics, with complaint of traumatic injuries, between December 1999 and 2008. The information about age, gender, time and cause of the injury, number of affected teeth, the root maturation level (mature/immature), vitality of the affected teeth, condition of supporting tissues, extra-oral time of avulsed teeth, storage media, time of replantation, type and duration of splinting, and healing process was obtained from the patients’ records. Results: The sample consisted of 66 traumatized children who had a total of 93 avulsed anterior permanent teeth. The age of these patients ranged from 6 to 16 years and the 9- and 10-year-old group had the highest incidence (n=25). The most frequent causes were falls (n=24; 36.4%). Thirty-three out of a total of 93 avulsed teeth (35.5%) were replanted. Of the 33 replanted teeth, 3 (9.1%) were stored in milk and 25 were stored in dry media (n=25; 75.8%). Fifteen teeth (45.5%) were replanted within 30 minutes after the injury. After clinical and radiographic evaluation a total of 12 replanted teeth (36.4%) were considered as failed. Ten of the replanted teeth had to be extracted due to progressive root resorption. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the successes of replanted teeth with extra-oral period, storage media, root formation stage, and additional traumas to the supporting tissues (p>0.05). Conclusion: In this study, during the 9-year period, it was determined that 5.87% of all traumatic dental consisted of avulsion injuries. Thirty-three avulsed teeth in 26 patients were replanted, and 12 replanted teeth were revealed as failures. A high rate of success can be obtained when the avulsed teeth are kept under wet conditions and brought to a dental clinic as soon as possible.

Aim: The aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive quantitative investigation of pulpal blood flow (PBF) changes in human non-carious primary molar teeth with variable degrees of root resorption by Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) and Pulse Oximetry (PO) methods. Materials and Methods: Data was collected from clinically and radiographically healthy 86 mandibular primary molars which have different physiological root resorption levels (PRRLs). PRRLs for each of the teeth were assessed using periapical radiographs and teeth were subdivided into three groups. Results: The LDF values demonstrated a significant difference (p = 0.0001) between all groups although PO did not demonstrate any difference (p = 0.109). Statistical analysis of LDF values demonstrated significant differences between Groups A and C (p = 0.0001) and Groups B and C (p = 0.008). Furthermore, positive correlations were determined between LDF values and PRRL groups (p = 0.0001) and patients' ages (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: In our study, it was observed that the PBF values of human primary molars measured by LDF tended to increase with the progress of physiological root resorption and age. LDF was found to be a more effective method than PO to assess the pulpal vascularity changes of human primary molars.

Tooth development is widely used to estimate age or maturation. Dental age estimation is so important for various research works. Numerous methods have been described to estimate dental age based on the dental maturation. The aims of this study were to decide the best method to estimate dental age on Turkish children by reviewing several methods and to illustrate the differences among the methods and to assist future studies. The records of Turkish children between the ages of 7 and 13 years who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey were reviewed and a total of 425 healthy children with complete records, satisfactory panoramic radiographs, similar socio-economic background and ethnic origin were included. Panoramic radiographs were examined with Nolla's, Haavikko's and Demirjian's methods. Dental age was calculated for each method, and the differences between the estimated dental age and the chronological age were compared with paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The accuracy of three methods was obtained with ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient). An under-estimation of the dental age was observed by using Nolla's and Haavikko's methods (boys -0.53±0.95, girls -0.57±0.91, both -0.54±0.93; boys -0.60±0.80, girls -0.56±0.81, both -0.58±0.80, respectively) and an over-estimation of the dental age was observed by using Demirjian's method (boys 0.52±0.86, girls 0.75±0.90, both 0.64±0.89). Haavikko's method was more accurate in the dental age estimation compared to the other methods. All of the three methods are not completely suitable for Turkish children and establishment of the population-specific standards is essential and crucial.

Aim: To analyze the prevalence and associated oral findings of nephrocalcinosis in a group of patients affected with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). The relationship between types of AI and nephrocalcinosis were also evaluated. Design: This study examines patients who were referred to Pediatric Dentistry Department of SDU between the years of 2002-2007 and who, upon clinical and radiological examination, were diagnosed with AI and treated. Patients were offered information about the possibility of nephrocalcinosis syndrome. Patients who agreed to have tests carried out on their renal system were advised to visit the department of nephrology at the clinic. Results: Suspicious radiopacity was observed during renal ultrasonography of a controlled number of patients with hypoplastic type AI. Laboratory results revealed low Ca values (100-300 mg/days) and normal P values (0.4-1.3 g/days). Delayed eruption, gingival hyperplasia, pulp stones and orthodontic problems were also observed in the same patient groups. Conclusion: Although renal findings were observed in a few patients, pediatric dentists are the doctors who are the first to have early contact with this patient group. Because of the potential risk of nephrocalcinosis, early diagnosis may offer good prognosis.

The present study determined the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on tooth and surrounding tissue development as well as the element levels in growing rats. Twenty-four rats and their offspring were equally divided into two separate groups identified as experiment and control. The experiment group was exposed to 2.45 GHz EMR for 2 h/day during the periods of pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days). The offspring of these dams were also exposed to EMR up to decapitation. The control group was exposed to cage stress for 2 h per day using the same protocol established for the experimental group. On the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after birth, 8 male offspring rats from each of the two groups were decapitated, and the jaws were taken for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Caspase-3 (1/50 dilution) was used in the immunohistochemical examination for apoptotic activity. On the last day of the experiment, the rats’ incisors were also collected. In samples that were histologically and immunohistochemically examined, there was an increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 in both the control and the Wi-Fi groups during the development of the teeth. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of development and apoptotic activity. Results from the elemental analysis showed that iron and strontium concentrations were increased in the Wi-Fi group, whereas boron, copper, and zinc concentrations were decreased. There were no statistically significant differences in calcium, cadmium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or phosphorus values between the groups. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations between the experimental and control groups showed that exposure to 2.45 GHz EMR for 2 h per day does not interfere with the development of teeth and surrounding tissues. However, there were alterations in the elemental composition of the teeth, especially affecting such oxidative stress-related elements as copper, zinc, and iron, suggesting that short-term exposure to Wi-Fi-induced EMR may cause an imbalance in the oxidative stress condition in the teeth of growing rats.