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Purpose In this retrospective study we evaluated the anatomic outcomes of scleral buckling (SB) versus re-vitrectomy for the treatment of recurrent inferior retinal detachment ( RD) in silicone oil (SiO) tamponade eyes after primary vitrectomy. Methods There were 103 patients (103 eyes) enrolled in this study. All patients had recurrent inferior RD in the SiO-filled eyes within 6 months after the primary vitrectomy, and were treated by either SB or re-vitrectomy. Patients were divided into two groups based on different surgical procedures: the SB group (49 eyes) and the re-vitrectomy group (54 eyes). Anatomic reattachment of the retina was measured after reoperation. Based on different retinal proliferation states in different postoperative periods after primary vitrectomy, we also compared the anatomic outcomes of the two surgical procedures in two specific postoperative periods, early period (≤1 month) and late period (1-6 months). Results The SB and re-vitrectomy groups exhibited similar retinal reattachment rate (65.3% versus 72.2%, p = 0.449) after reoperation. In the re-vitrectomy group, the retinal reattachment rate was similar in the early period and the late period (70.8% versus 73.3%, p = 0.839). However, the retinal reattachment rate was significantly higher in the early period than that of the late period (80.8% versus 47.8%, p = 0.016) in the SB group. In the early surgery groups, the retinal reattachment rate was similar in the SB group compared to the re-vitrectomy group (80.8% versus 70.8%, p = 0.411). While in the late surgery groups, retinal reattachment rate was trended higher in the re-vitrectomy group compared to the SB group (73.3% versus 47.8%, p = 0.058). Conclusion For recurrent inferior RD in SO-filled eyes, SB surgery provides similar therapeutic effectiveness with satisfactory anatomic outcomes compared to the re-vitrectomy. For eyes with recurrent inferior RD in the early period (≤1 month) after primary vitrectomy, SB surgery may be a better choice since it causes less complication; while in the late period (1-6 months) after primary vitrectomy, re-vitrectomy may be recommended, especially for the eyes with severe anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy and retinal foreshortening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]