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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common reason for hospitalization in infants younger than 60 days, and the optimal approach to intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy upon UTI diagnosis in this cohort is unknown. We determined whether there was an association between IV antibiotic therapy duration (long [>3 days] vs short [≤3 days]) and treatment failure via a retrospective review of infants with confirmed UTIs receiving IV antibiotics at a tertiary referral center. A total of 403 infants were included; 39% were treated with ampicillin and cefotaxime, and 34% with ampicillin and gentamycin or tobramycin. The median IV antibiotic duration was 5 (interquartile range: 3-10) days, and 5% of patients experienced treatment failure. The treatment failure rate was similar in both short- and long-course IV antibiotic groups ( P > .05), and there was no significant association between treatment duration and failure. We conclude that treatment failure for infants hospitalized with UTI is uncommon and not associated with IV antibiotic duration.

Objectives: To determine the risk factors that affect surgical outcomes for pediatric pyeloplasty, and whether this may be related to the choice of operative approach., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate clinicodemographic and operative characteristics of children undergoing dismemberment pyeloplasty by 2 senior pediatric urologists in our tertiary institution between Jan 2008 - Dec 2017. Outcomes included overall complications, re-stenosis, and revision pyeloplasty based on clinic-radiological parameters. Bivariate analysis with Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test followed by multivariate logistic regression with backward likelihood analysis determined an adjusted effect estimate of the identified significant indicators for inferior peri-operative outcomes related to management., Results: A total of 185 (93 open, 92 Laparoscopic) cases with an average follow-up of 31.3±27.4 months were analyzed. Complications occurred in 21 (11.4%) patients. 12 (6.5%) experienced recurrent UPJ obstruction with 10 (5.4%) undergoing redo-pyeloplasty. Of these, 9 were performed open and 1 laparoscopically. Multivariate logistic regression identified open pyeloplasty as an independent predictor for overall complications (HR 3.29, 95%CI 1.14, 9.51), recurrent UPJ obstruction (HR 49.8, 95%CI 3.09, 803.2) and redo-pyeloplasty (HR 9.75, 95%CI 1.21, 78.6) compared to a laparoscopic approach. Missed crossing vessels were identified in seven redo-cases, which all were from prior open pyeloplasty., Conclusions: An initial open approach was identified as an independent predictor of future complications due to a higher incidence missed crossing vessels at initial repair. Surgeons need to remain especially mindful of this phenomenon when working in a confined open field., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Use of prophylactic antibiotics after stented hypospadias repair is very common, but most research has not identified any clinical benefits of this practice. Only one study has found that postoperative prophylaxis reduces symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Data from the same trial suggested that prophylaxis may also reduce urethroplasty complications. No studies on this subject have been placebo-controlled., Objective: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics on the incidence of infection or urethroplasty complications after stented repair of midshaft-to-distal hypospadias., Study Design: Boys were eligible for this multicenter trial if they had a primary, single-stage repair of mid-to-distal hypospadias with placement of an open-drainage urethral stent for an intended duration of 5-10 days. Participants were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or placebo twice daily for 10 days postoperatively. The primary outcome was a composite of symptomatic UTI, surgical site infection (SSI), and urethroplasty complications, including urethrocutaneous fistula, meatal stenosis, and dehiscence. Secondary outcomes included each component of the primary outcome as well as acute adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and C. difficile colitis., Results: Infection or urethroplasty complications occurred in 10 of 45 boys (22%) assigned to receive antibiotic prophylaxis as compared with 5 of 48 (10%) who received placebo (relative risk [RR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 5.8; p = 0.16). There were no significant differences between groups in symptomatic UTIs, SSIs, or any urethroplasty complications. Mild ADRs occurred in 3 of 45 boys (7%) assigned to antibiotics as compared with 5 of 48 (10%) given placebo (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.2 to 2.5; p = 0.72). There were no moderate-to-severe ADRs, and no patients developed C. difficile colitis., Conclusions: In this placebo-controlled trial of 93 patients, prophylactic antibiotics were not found to reduce infection or urethroplasty complications after stented mid-to-distal hypospadias repair. The study did not reach its desired sample size and was therefore underpowered to independently support a conclusion that prophylaxis is not beneficial. However, the result is consistent with most prior research on this subject., Gov Identifier: NCT02096159., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction is the gold standard for surgical repair. There are currently no reports outlining optimal suturing technique. This paper compares the effect of suturing technique in dismembered pediatric pyeloplasty (open and laparoscopic) on post-operative outcomes., Methods: A non-concurrent cohort study assessed different suturing techniques in both open and laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty performed two senior urologists at a tertiary referral pediatric center. Cases were stratified according to different suturing techniques for ureteropelvic anastomosis and subgroup analysis was performed according to open or laparoscopic approach., Results: A total of 185 renal units were evaluated. The overall comparative analysis of different anastomotic suturing techniques and clustered analysis according to open and laparoscopic approach showed no significant differences on post-operative complication rate, leakage, stenosis, redo-pyeloplasties, operative time and hospital stay. There was a significant difference between suturing techniques on stent duration, age and weight of the patient. There was no effect of suture type or size on post-operative complication rate, leakage, UPJ stenosis and redo pyeloplasty rates, however, sample sizes were small., Conclusion: Suturing technique has no significant effect on the surgical outcomes assessed regardless of open or laparoscopic technique., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: The optimal follow-up duration and frequency following hypospadias repair is unclear within the pediatric urology community. This analysis aims to delineate the time to various complications following primary hypospadias repairs., Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of a single-surgeon hypospadias database over 2001-2017 was performed. The primary outcome of the study was determining the significant factors leading to complications over time. As a secondary outcome, subgroup analysis was performed to determine whether there was a significant difference in time to detecting voiding-related complications (fistula, stricture/stenosis, and diverticulum) based on age., Results: Eight hundred and thirty-two patients were identified. The complication rates for distal, midshaft, and proximal hypospadias were 17.9% (112/625), 36.7% (40/109), and 55.1% (49/89), respectively (p < 0.0001). Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves showed significance in three variables for time to complication: hypospadias severity (p < 0.0001), technique (p < 0.0001), and penile curvature > 30° (p < 0.0001). Cox-regression analysis showed that hypospadias severity and penile curvature were significantly contributing to the model (p < 0.0001, p = 0.044). Patients with proximal hypospadias and penile curvature developed complications earlier than other patients, with approximately 95% of complications occurring within 2 years., Conclusions: Complications from repair of proximal hypospadias with curvature > 30° are likely to occur within 2 years of surgery. Surgeons may consider more frequent follow-up within the first 2 years of surgery to detect these complications., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) after renal transplant in the pediatric population may be associated with an increased incidence of urinary tract infection (UTIs) leading to increased morbidity, including graft dysfunction and graft loss. The non-orthotopic location of the transplanted ureter, and lack of submucosal tunnel may pose challenges in correcting the VUR using endoscopic injection techniques. Herein we report the results of a systematic review evaluating the outcomes of endoscopic treatment of VUR using Deflux® in this population., Methods: Pubmed and Embase databases were searched from October 2001 to April 2019. Full-text English articles involving patients less than 18 years old at the time of transplant, with a diagnosis of VUR post-transplantation, who underwent Deflux® treatment were included. Figure 1 outlines our PRISMA-compliant search strategy., Results: We found 6 eligible studies describing Deflux® treatment outcomes in 67 pediatric patients with post-transplant VUR where voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) confirmed the diagnosis and resolution of VUR. The mean success rate was 36.8%. Ureteral obstruction occurred in 7/67 cases (10.4%). In all these 7 cases of obstruction, ureteric stenting was the initial management, but was only successful in 1 patient. Open ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) was performed in 4/7 cases, while 2/7 were managed expectantly (unknown outcomes). Persistent VUR with UTI despite Deflux® were reported in 20 out of 67 cases. Of these, 7 were managed with prophylactic antibiotics, and 13 with UNC. Success rates were consistently low for UNC after failed Deflux® in comparison to redo UNC in transplant ureters without prior injection., Conclusion: Low success rates are seen following injection techniques for VUR after pediatric renal transplant. Although an appealing option, Deflux® may prove counterintuitive due to the high rate of obstruction and suboptimal results if open reimplantation is required. A multi-institutional prospective study with a larger population size may further elucidate these results., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Nil., (Copyright © 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We sought to determine the number of cases to achieve competency and proficiency in tubularized incised plate technique for distal hypospadias repair using cumulative sum analysis., Materials and Methods: From 2001 to 2015 we reviewed all distal tubularized incised plate repairs performed by a single surgeon since independent practice. Data for 450 consecutive cases included age, meatal location, presence of curvature, operative time, occurrence of complications and followup duration. A cumulative sum analysis cohort chart was used to determine trends in complication rate and operative time during the evaluation period. In order to account for surgical experience with time, the highest peak, plateau, and down trends in operative time and complication rate were identified on the plot and set as the transition points between learning (phase 1), competence (phase 2) and proficiency (phase 3)., Results: Based on the cumulative sum analysis learning curve, the competence phase with plateau of operative time and complication rate commences beyond the 127th case, and the proficiency phase with notable decline in operative time and complication rate was noted beyond the 234th case. When comparing case characteristics and surgical outcomes between phases and learning curve, the proficiency phase involved younger patients and more severe degree of distal hypospadias being repaired using the tubularized incised plate approach with fewer complications related to meatal stenosis and fewer cosmetic complications., Conclusions: In our study competency in distal hypospadias tubularized incised plate repair was reached beyond the 127th case, while proficiency was attained beyond the 234th case.

Background: Urinary diversion using catheterizable channel among posterior urethral valve (PUV) patients may help to alleviate the functional concerns of the bladder on the allograft. Herein, we review our series of PUV patients undergoing renal transplants at a single institution to determine outcomes between those with and without pretransplant Mitrofanoff., Methods: PUV cases in our transplant database from 2000 to 2017 were identified. Data collected included clinical demographics, presentation of PUV, bladder function, implementation of dialysis and donor type. Post-transplant variables included graft function, and bladder function including incontinence and UTI development. Comparison between with vs without pretransplant Mitrofanoff patient groups was performed using Fisher's exact and t test analysis., Results: Overall, 22 cases were analyzed. The majority (77%) had a prenatal diagnosis of PUV, and 23% had a symptomatic presentation. Pretransplant Mitrofanoffs were performed in 40.9% of cases. The overall age at transplant was 10 ± 5 years. Five percent experienced post-transplant incontinence and 23% UTIs. No difference between groups was noted in variables including age at transplant, the timing of PUV diagnosis. Mitrofanoff group patients had more symptomatic febrile UTIs than those without Mitrofanoff (67% vs 15%; P = .03); however, there was no difference in post-transplant UTI development. Furthermore, the Mitrofanoff group seems to have later onset of dialysis or need for transplant (age at the start of dialysis 36 ± 56 vs 156 ± 25 months, P < .001)., Conclusion: Our study suggests that patients with early PUV diagnoses who develop symptomatic UTI may benefit from early creation of a Mitrofanoff cathetherizable channel, which is associated with delayed ESRD progression and need for dialysis., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Hypospadias is a common congenital male disorder, with much research focusing on prenatal androgen exposure as a causative factor. Whilst digit length ratios were apparent in sexual dimorphism since the nineteenth century, their role in hypospadias remains unknown. The objective of our study was to determine the correlation between digit length (2D:4D) ratio, hypospadias severity, and anogenital distance., Methods: Pre-pubertal boys (<3 years old) seen intra/postoperatively following hypospadias repair (June 2018-January 2019 inc.) were included. These were age-matched to non-hypospadias controls. Anthropomorphic measurements of digit lengths, penile/glans width, and anogenital distance were measured using digital calipers., Results: Data measurements were collected for 105 boys with hypospadias (60 distal; 45 proximal) and 55 controls. There were significant differences in 2D:4D ratios in each hand (p < 0.001), as well as individual digits (p < 0.001), and a reduced anogenital distance (p < 0.001), when comparing the proximal group with distal or control groups. There were no significant differences in glans width, or between term- and preterm births., Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate increased 2D:4D ratios with proximal hypospadias, which also correlate with a shortened anogenital distance. This may provide a non-invasive, potentially antenatal, anthropomorphic measurement, as an indirect indicator of aberrant urogenital development.

Objective: To review our single institution experience, exploring the role of testis-sparing surgical resection in a cohort of children with Testicular Leydig cell tumors (LCTs)., Materials and Methods: We reviewed all consecutive children presenting with testicular tumors between 2003 and 2017 (n = 66), excluding patients with alternative pathologies (n = 57). Subsequently data were collected on age at surgery, laterality, type of surgery, operative time, presenting symptoms, serum markers, imaging findings, frozen section, final pathology, and follow-up., Results: During the study period, a total of 9 (9/66; 14%) children were treated for LCT of the testis. Age at surgery was 8.4 ± 1.7 years and the majority (7/9; 77%) had unilateral disease. Most presented with a testicular mass, and 3 (33%) complained of testicular pain. None of the patients had elevated tumor markers. The primary method of management was ultrasound-guided testis-sparing surgery, with an operative time of 98.5 ± 58.7 minutes. Mean tumor size was 15 ± 10.8 mm (range 5-40 mm). In 2 of 6 patients with positive margins radical orchidectomy was performed without residual disease encountered. At a mean follow-up of 31.8 ± 26.3 months (range 2-87) none of the patients demonstrated disease recurrence., Conclusion: Our data suggest that LCT in children is associated with a good prognosis, and that TSS is a reasonable surgical approach without detrimental perioperative morbidity or negative long-term outcomes. Moreover, positive margins should not prompt a reflex decision for completion of orchidectomy., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In pediatric RT, donor allograft size often exceeds the expected recipient norms, especially in younger recipients. An "oversize" graft might not only present a technical- and space-related challenge, but may possibly lead to increased demands in perioperative volume requirements due to the disparity between donor and recipient in renal blood flow. We evaluated transfusion practices at a single tertiary institution with special consideration of kidney graft size, hypothesizing that oversize graft kidneys might lead to a quantifiable increased need of blood transfusion in smaller recipients. Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent pediatric RT from January 2004 to June 2014 at a tertiary pediatric centre was performed. Variables analyzed included patient age, weight, pre- and postoperative Hb concentration, graft size, EBL, amount of intraoperative blood transfusion, and preoperative use of erythropoietin. Based on graft size in relation to patient's age, a SMR and an OvR were identified. A subcohort of age-matched pairs was used to allow for comparison between groups. We calculated the expected procedure- and transfusion-induced changes in Hb and compared these changes to the observed difference in pre- vs postoperative Hb to assess the influence of graft size on transfusion requirements. RT was performed in 188 pediatric recipients during the study period. In the matched cohort, percentage of transfused patients during transplantation in the OvR group was more than double compared with SMR (89% vs 39%, P < .001); similarly, the median number of transfused PRBC units in OvR was 1, while the median of SMR did not receive transfusion (P < .001). The difference between expected (calculated) and observed change in Hb was significantly higher in OvR with a median of 1.9 g/dL compared with SMR with a median of 1.0 g/dL (P = .026). Correspondingly, the calculated median volume taken up by a regular size kidney was significantly higher with 213 mL compared with 313 mL (P = .031) taken up by an oversize graft kidney. Median estimated intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher in OvR than in SMR (6.9 mL/kg, vs 5.3 mL/kg, respectively; P = .04). Median postoperative Hb was similar among groups (10.4 g/dL vs 10.6 g/dL for SMR vs OvR, respectively). Transplantation of an oversized kidney in pediatric RT recipients is associated with a quantifiable higher need for blood transfusion. This may be caused by a higher intraoperative EBL and/or greater blood volume sequestered by the larger renal allograft and requires further evaluation., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of neurostimulation for non-neurogenic overactive bladder in children, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)., Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed on August 2016. RCTs were evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment. Number of patients with post-treatment partial response (PR) (50%-89%), complete response (CR) (≥90%), and full response (FR) (100%) were extracted for relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Effect estimates were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel method with random effect model if significant inter-study heterogeneity (P <.1) was noted. Subgroup analysis was performed according to each treatment setting (PROSPERO CRD42016043502)., Results: Five eligible studies (245 patients) were included. Overall effect estimates showed that compared with standard urotherapy, neurostimulation demonstrated significantly better ≥50% (PR + CR + FR) response (RR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.2), but not ≥90% (CR + FR) response (RR = 8.28, 95% CI 0.65-105.92). Clinic-based neurostimulation had significantly better treatment outcomes for both ≥50% (PR + CR + FR) and ≥90% (CR + FR) responses (RR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.89-5.57; RR = 20.81, 95% CI 2.97-145.59, respectively), whereas a self-administered regimen showed no differences for both ≥50% (PR + CR + FR) and ≥90% (CR + FR) response rates between treatment groups (RR = 2.61, 95% CI 0.48-14.15; RR = 3.55, 95% CI 0.19-67.82, respectively). No serious adverse events were reported., Conclusion: Neurostimulation therapy may lead to better partial improvement of non-neurogenic overactive bladder; however, it may not render a definitive complete response. Office-based neurostimulation seems more efficacious than self-administered neurostimulation. Further RCTs are needed to compare outcomes of the 2 regimens., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign, vascular tumor that is rarely reported in the urinary tract of pediatric population. Herein we present a case of a child followed up for recurrent painless macroscopic hematuria. We performed ureteroscopy, and a whitish lesion was discovered in the upper calyx of the right kidney. The lesion resected endoscopically, and microscopic examination of the lesion was consistent with PG. It is important for pediatricians and urologists to properly recognize PG as a possible source of hematuria in the pediatric population., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Repair of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is surgically demanding and may be associated with complications. Herein we describe a surgical technique with laparoscopic assisted approach. A 6-month boy with right hydrocele and left absent testis was surgically treated with scrotal approach using one laparoscopic port. In the presence of abdominoscrotal hydrocele and contralateral absent testis, we opted to correct the hydrocele while minimally mobilizing the solitary testis cord and blood vessels. The patient had minimal drainage-postoperatively, he developed fever and was treated with antibiotics. Abdominoscrotal hydrocele in infancy may simply and successfully be treated via scrotal approach with the assistance of one-port laparoscopy (Video)., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)