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The present work deals with grain refinement of medium carbon steel, having different initial microstructure, modified by either thermal and/or thermomechanical treatment (TM) prior severe plastic deformation. In case of TM treated steel, structure refinement was conducted in two steps. Preliminary structure refinement has been achieved due to multistep open die forging process which provided total strain of 3. Uniform and fine recrystallized ferrite structure with grain size of the order of 2-5 μm and with nest-like pearlite colonies was obtained. The further grain refinement of steel samples having different initial structure was accomplished during warm Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) at 400°C. The microstructure development was analyzed in dependence of effective strain introduced (eef ~2.5 - 4). Employment of this processing route resulted in extensive deformation of ferrite grains where mixture of subgrains and ultrafine grain was found regardless the preliminary treatment of steel. The straining and moderate ECAP temperature caused the partial cementite lamellae fragmentation and spheroidization as straining increased. The cementite lamellae spheroidization was more extensive in TM treated steel samples. The tensile behavior was characterized by strength increase for both structural steel states; however the work hardening behavior was modified in steel where preliminary TM treatment was introduced to modified coarse ferrite-pearlite structure.

Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), among them especially Dual Phase (DP) steels, Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels, Complex Phase steels (PS), Partially Martensite (PM) steels, feature promising results in the field. Their extraordinary mechanical properties can be tailored and adjusted by alloying and processing. The introduction of steels with a microstructure consisting at least two different components has led to an enlargement of the strength level without a deterioration of ductility. Furthermore, the development of ultra fine-grained AHS steels and their service performance are reviewed and the new techniques are introduced. Various projects have been devoted to develop new materials for flat and long steel products for structural applications. The main stream line is High Strength, in order to match the weight lightening requirements that concern the whole class of load bearing structures and/or steel components and one of the most investigated topics is grain refinement.

Commercial low carbon steel AISI 1010 was subjected to a severe plastic deformation technique called Equal Angular Channel Pressing (ECAP) at different increased temperatures. The paper describes the refinement of a course grained microstructure to submicrocrystalline structure by high strain plastic deformation. As temperature of ECAP straining is increasing the process of dynamic polygonization and recrystallization proceeds more effectively and subcrystalline structure is formed by sectioning of ferrite elongated grains. The size of newly born polygonized grains is in range of 300 - 500 μ m. The warm ECAP of the low carbon steel under specific testing condition leads to the formation of predominantly submicron grain structure. The formation of such of predominant submicrocrystalline structure resulted in significant increase of yield stress and tensile strength of the steel.

Now it is well established that severe plastic deformation (SPD) at low temperatures leads to ultra-fine grained structure with grain size of nano- and submicro-scale. This structure determines enhanced mechanical and unusual physical properties. Our presentation is aimed to consider the formation of nano- (d < 100 nm) and submicrocrystalline structure (100 nm < d < 1000 nm) in steels during SPD by torsion under high pressure and equal channel angular pressing. Structure formation dependencies on temperature deformation conditions, strain degree, chemical composition, initial state and pressure are considered. The role of phase transformations for additional grain refinement, namely, martensitic transformation, precipitation and dissolution of carbide particles during SPD and others, is underlined. Mechanical properties of several steels made by SPD are compared in relation to their structure and discussed.

In the last decade, a lot of effort has been paid to optimising the thermomechanical processing of TRIP steels that stands for transformation induced plasticity. The precise characterization of the resulting multiphase microstructure of low alloyed TRIP steels is of great importance for the interpretation and optimisation of their mechanical properties. The results obtained in situ neutron diffraction laboratory experiment concerning the austenite to ferrite transformation in Si-Mn bulk TRIP steel specimens, displaying the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), are presented. The advancement of ferrite formation during transformation in conditioned austenite is investigated at different transformation temperatures and has been monitored using neutron diffraction method. The relevant information on transformation proceeding is extracted from neutron diffraction spectra. The integrated intensities of austenite and ferrite neutron diffraction profiles developed during the transformation are then assumed as a measure of the phase volume fractions of both phases in dependence on transformation temperature and austenite conditioning. According to the yielding information on ferrite volume fractions from isothermal transformation kinetics data the thermo mechanical processing of bulk specimen was designed in order to support austenite stabilization through bainitic transformation. The volume fractions of retained austenite resulting at alternating transformation conditions were measured by neutron and X-ray diffraction respectively. The stability of retained austenite in bulk specimens during room temperature mechanical testing was characterized by in situ neutron diffraction experiments as well.

The work presents a short theoretical review of the residual element influence on the steel plasticity and gives the comparison of the relations of the allamed residual element quantities in steel, given in the world literature. Our research, carried out by torsion test methods in the temperature range 800-1200C, proved that residuals had a bad influence on the plasticity and yield stress of the casting structure, depending on ingot size deformed structure.