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In contemporary research (theoretical and architectural projects) of Christian sacred architecture it has been observed that there is a lack of understanding of the phenomenon of space as one of the symbols of sacred architecture.The goal of this paper is to point out the importance of observing the space (architecture) as a sacred symbol, because a problem has been recognised, dealing with the lack of fundemantel definition in the interpretation of the sacred space.In this paper, the research will be carried out by a comparative analysis of the religious concepts of the great religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as their materialisation through space.The expected result of the research is to confirm the hypothesis that space, as well as rituals, images, artistic works, etc. in sacred architecture has the role of a symbol. Space has the task of keeping the basic concepts of religions and of being a mediator of the experience of faith.

The book entitled Studies on the Architecture of Synagogues in Croatia is the first systematic scientific contribution to an under­researched area - the Jewish liturgical architecture. In view of the fact that this segment of the built heritage has been largely devastated, this book helps to bridge the gap by offering a profound insight into the heritage that has been almost forgotten. The book is thus a memento of what has been lost. On the one hand the book comes as the result of the author’s systematic research over many years into the synagogue heritage in Croatia and on the other hand it offers a synthesis of the author’s published articles that have been creatively compiled by the editor Alen Žunić, Ph.D. The book is a preliminary report about an on­going research that will eventually result in a comprehensive synthesis about Jewish liturgical architecture on this territory. This book may be considered as a pioneering achievement in the promotion of our liturgical architectural heritage of which there is hardly any evidence and which has been almost entirely destroyed during the Holocaust period and in the post­war era.

[Resumen] Durante el Concilio Vaticano II, Croacia formaba parte de Yugoslavia. Un nuevo sistema político promovió una cosmovisión atea. El resultado de ese proceso fue una relación de mutua hostilidad entre la Iglesia y el gobierno oficial, y una profunda división de la Iglesia y la sociedad. Esto derivó en intervenciones extrañas en el campo de la arquitectura sagrada. La mayoría de las intervenciones ocurrieron en las adaptaciones de santuarios después del Concilio Vaticano II. Muchas de ellas reflejaban la falta de cooperación entre expertos. El cambio del sistema político ocurrió en 1990. El nuevo sistema democrático trajo libertad a las religiones, pero la nueva guerra desestabilizó nuevamente a la sociedad. El resultado fue un boom en la construcción de edificios sagrados que refleja la crisis de ese momento. En la última década, la situación está cambiando debido a las iniciativas que reúnen a teólogos, liturgistas, arquitectos, conservadores de arquitectura y artistas que trabajan en los edificios sagrados. [Abstract] In the period of the Second Vatican Council Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. A new political system promoted an atheistic worldview. The result of that process was a hostile relationship between the Church and the official government and a profound division of the Church and the society. It resulted in very rare interventions in the field of sacred architecture. Most of the interventions occurred in the adaptations of sanctuaries after the Second Vatican Council. Most of them were reflecting the lack of co-operation between experts. The change of political system has occurred in 1990. The new democratic system brought religions freedom but the new war destabilized society again. The result is a boom in the construction of sacred buildings reflecting the crisis of that moment. In the last decade, the situation is changing due to the initiatives that bring together theologians, liturgists, architects, architectural conservators, and artists in work on sacred buildings.

This issue includes the first version of the international Conference on Utopian & Sacred Architecture Studies (USAS) was held from 11 -13 June 2019 in association with Universita degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli. The conference included many discussions that covered extremely important topics and presented theories and practices stimulated over the last five centuries in a wide range of scientific areas such as historiography, political science as well as literary and art studies. Topics: Utopia and religious and spiritual architecture Historical influence of ancient cities on new life Reconstruction of old theological buildings Utopian views for the future of cities: beyond sustainability Art, life, and prefiguration: stories of contemporary art and intentional communities Sacred spaces: opportunities forpromotingsocial inclusion and diversity Fictional spaces and imagery places: the language of built space Religion enquiry in art & architecture

Članak govori o urbanističkim obilježjima liturgijskih građevina u Zagrebu u 20. stoljeću, a rezultat je istraživanja provedenog prema prethodno postavljenim kriterijima. Istraživanje je provedeno na temelju obilaska terena, analize zatečenog stanja i analize smještaja liturgijskih građevina na Hrvatskoj osnovnoj karti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su liturgijske građevine u 20. stoljeću u Zagrebu prestale biti gradotvorni element kakav su bile u prethodnim povijesnim razdobljima, te da se pred njima formiraju javni prostori dominantno privatnog karaktera.

Multisensory experience is an important part of the perception of sacred architecture. It is important to understand that the content of sacred architecture as cultural heritage, in the complex way of understanding, is not only its historical, artistic or cultural value, but also its symbolic value. One of its symbolic aspects is the multisensory experience it creates. This assertion is based on the theoretical framework of the phenomenology of architecture, an aspect of architectural theory that explores the experience of the built. Every experience of architecture is multisensory, and in the case of sacred space this aspect particularly influences the experience of the believer and of the visitor of cultural heritage because architecture relates, mediates and projects meanings anchored in a complex experience of space. Different phenomena such as light, sound, smell and touch directly affect the experience of sacred architecture. They create specific atmospheres that are intrinsic to the experience of the sacred, such as the atmosphere of the transcendent, the atmosphere of eternity, the atmosphere of belonging to the community and the atmosphere of an out-of-the-ordinary character of space. This approach changes the viewpoint on sacred architecture as cultural heritage and highlights numerous aspects of a building that should be considered in the process of the protection of cultural heritage.

Članak govori o urbanističkim obilježjima liturgijskih građevina u Zagrebu u 20. stoljeću, a rezultat je istraživanja provedenog prema prethodno postavljenim kriterijima. Istraživanje je provedeno na temelju obilaska terena, analize zatečenog stanja i analize smještaja liturgijskih građevina na Hrvatskoj osnovnoj karti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su liturgijske građevine u 20. stoljeću u Zagrebu prestale biti gradotvorni element kakav su bile u prethodnim povijesnim razdobljima, te da se pred njima formiraju javni prostori dominantno privatnog karaktera., This article examines the urban features of the 20th century liturgical buildings in Zagreb on the basis of the previously established research criteria. This research is the result of field work, the analysis of the existing liturgical buildings in terms of their condition and their position on the Croatian base map. The research results show that the 20th century liturgical buildings in Zagreb ceased to play a role in the formation of the urban fabric as they did in the previous historical periods. In front of them public spaces of predominantly private character have been formed.

Članak govori o sakralnoj, liturgijskoj arhitekturi Zagreba u razdoblju moderne. Iako je u tome stilskom razdoblju 20. stoljeća bio izgrađen velik broj crkava, u članku se analiziraju djela osobite arhitektonske izvrsnosti ostvarena u tome prijelomnom razdoblju za liturgijsku arhitekturu. Potraga za autentičnošću obojit će cijelo 20. stoljeće, a razdoblje moderne označilo je početak preispitivanja ustaljenih paradigmi i početak potrage za novom autentičnošću, kako liturgije tako i liturgijske arhitekture., This paper deals with Zagreb’s liturgical architecture of Modernism. Among many churches built in this style throughout the 20th century, some outstanding examples are selected for this research. They may be considered representative of the period which is usually seen as a turning point in the history of liturgical architecture. Modernism in particular called for a re-evaluation of the established paradigms and marked the beginning of a quest for a new authenticity both in liturgy itself and in liturgical architecture.

Radom se istražuje što je utjecalo na formiranje arhitekture kršćanskih liturgijskih građevina do 20. stoljeća. Iako raznovrsnost povijesnih primjera otežava egzaktno definiranje paradigmatičnih modela, svako povijesno razdoblje odražava određene misaone temelje iz kojih se iščitava princip nastajanja prostornih tvorbi. Analizira se način na koji su na kršćanski liturgijski prostor utjecale promjene teoloških i liturgijskih koncepata te što su liturgijske građevine značile u povijesnom urbanom tkivu u kojem su nastajale., The paper explores reasons for the formation of Christian liturgical architecture before the 20th century. Although a large variety of historical examples hinders the exact definition of paradigmatic models, each historical period reflects specific theoretical premises which show the guiding principle of spatial formation. The paper also analyzes ways in which Christian liturgical space was influenced by adoption of theological and liturgical concepts and the meaning of the liturgical buildings in their original historical urban context.

Regulacioni plan grada Zagreba iz 1938. godine predstavlja sintezu simboličko-hijerarhijskog i funkcionalističkog koncepta planiranja. U ovom su planu liturgijske građevine snažan gradotvorni element. Svaka od njih imala je naglašenu urbanističku ulogu. Iako plan nije zaživio, izgrađene crkve oslikavaju pro mjenu povijesnog značenja liturgijskih građevina, koje u kasnije nastalom, nejasnom urbanističkom kontekstu, gube dominaciju nad gradskim tkivom., The 1938 Regulation Plan of Zagreb represents a fusion of the symbolic and hierarchic with the functionalist planning concept which is strongly marked by church buildings. Each of them had an important role in the urban design. Although the plan was not executed, constructed churches illustrate the change of historical significance of sacral buildings which in the subsequent, indistinct urban planning framework lost dominance in the configuration of the city.

Članak govori o povijesti nastajanja crkve Gospe od Zdravlja u splitskom naselju Dobri, o utjecaju duha moderne i novih liturgijskih strujanja koja su označila početak 20. stoljeća i utjecala na formiranje arhitektonskog poimanja sakralnog prostora. Projekt arhitekta Lavoslava Horvata, iako je prošao mukotrpan put nastajanja kroz nekoliko etapa projekta do svoje konačne realizacije, uspješno je unio u splitsku sakralnu arhitekturu novi način interpretacije sakralnog sadržaja i prije Drugoga vatikanskog koncila., History of Franciscan activity in Dobri, quarter of Split, begins in the eighteenth century. At that time group of Franciscans, running from the Ottomans, came to Split and settled in a hired house. From the beginning this group tried to fi nd a proper location for church and organize sacral service. Author of this article delivers a history of this organization and building of ecclesiastical objects, from the time of the fi rst church (1731), across the foundation of the second (1771), till the fi nal construction that was built according to the plans of Lavoslav Horvat in 1937. Regarding the latter, one has to bear in mind that this was a time of the modern understandings of the sacral space. Though principles of the Council of Trento are still valid regarding the church building, one can notice that the projects of that time refl ect new liturgical conceptions, which fi nally were acknowledged at the Second Vatican Council in 1964. Liturgical movement Quickborn from the 20s of the twentieth century assembled many infl uential theologians together with architects (Rudolph Schwartz and Dominicus Bohm). They accordingly tried to redefi ne meaning of the sacral service, and sacral space. At the beginning of the twentieth century these attempts, which included radical abandonment of traditional patterns, human perspective, integrity of the space, geometrical order, stylish simplicity, reductional aesthetics and emphasized spirituality, were revolutionary. All these intentions can be noted in the aforementioned work of Horvat. In the second part of the article author examines concrete infl uence of the spirit of modernism in the realm of sacral architecture. In the chapter about Horvat’s project author explains all the modern infl uences on the architect’s work. Moreover, author delivers all Horvat’s projects for the church of the Lady of Health, emphasizing that in the last project one can notice spiritual modernism and new liturgical currents.