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We linked 4 mpox cases in South Ubangi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to transboundary transmission from Central African Republic. Viral genome sequencing demonstrated that the monkeypox virus sequences belonged to distinct clusters of subclade Ia. This finding demonstrates the borderless nature of mpox and highlights the need for vigilant regional surveillance.

We identified a cluster of mpox exposures among key populations in Kenya through retrospective serologic screening. We identified strong seropositivity among sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These findings demonstrate the need for increased mpox surveillance among mpox-endemic and mpox-endemic-adjacent regions in Africa.

Nucleocapsid antibody assays can be used to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in regions implementing spike-based COVID-19 vaccines. However, poor sensitivity of nucleocapsid antibody assays in detecting infection after vaccination has been reported. We derived a lower cutoff for identifying previous infections in a large blood donor cohort (N = 142,599) by using the Ortho VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total-N Antibody assay, improving sensitivity while maintaining specificity >98%. We validated sensitivity in samples donated after self-reported swab-confirmed infections diagnoses. Sensitivity for first infections in unvaccinated donors was 98.1% (95% CI 98.0-98.2) and for infection after vaccination was 95.6% (95% CI 95.6-95.7) based on the standard cutoff. Regression analysis showed sensitivity was reduced in the Delta compared with Omicron period, in older donors, in asymptomatic infections,

Recent emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks, such as that of SARS-CoV-2, have demonstrated the need for wider companion animal disease surveillance. We tested 1000 dogs and cats belonging to employees of a US veterinary hospital network that were exposed to human COVID-19 cases in the household between 1 January 2020 and 10 March 2022 for SARS-CoV-2 and surveyed their owners about clinical signs and risk factors. The seropositivity was 33% for 747 dogs and 27% for 253 cats. Pet seropositivity correlated with the US human case rates over time, exhibiting peaks corresponding with the major COVID-19 surges. Antibodies persisted longer than previously documented (828 days in dogs; 650 days in cats). Increasing age and duration of proximity to infected people were associated with increased seropositivity in dogs but not cats. Cats were more likely to have clinical signs, but an association between seropositivity and the presence of clinical signs was not found in either species.

Human-animal relationships are vital for many older persons. Finding ways to include animals in aged care settings can be part of reorienting aged care settings from a solely humancentric focus to a human-animal inclusive one for the 21st century. This case study project report describes the development of an animal inclusive model of care for a Residential Aged Care Facility (RACF) in a regional town in Australia. The model’s primary objective was to facilitate residents’ empowerment through safe engagements with animals as a source of health and wellbeing while incorporating best practise animal-care and husbandry. Exemplars used to inform the model included The Eden AlternativeTM and Care Farms. The Sanctuary model sought to cover several gaps identified in these approaches. These included clear policies and protocols regarding animal welfare, infrastructure needs (animal housing and designated human-animal interaction areas), staffing models, stakeholder engagement approaches (both within the RACF and the local community) and developing sustainable resourcing and financial frameworks. A vision to establish a refuge for both humans and animals was inherent in the design of the Sanctuary model, and to operationalize this vision, policies, resourcing plans and practical processes were formulated informed by multi-species ethical understandings. Regrettably, it was not possible to fully implement the model. However, this case study is presented with the aim of seeking to redress the noted 85% wastage of global health research; a wastage that includes human-animal research knowledge. Insights into opportunities and barriers and experiential knowledge are shared with the aim of facilitating future endeavours to implement parallel visions that embed human and animal inclusive models in residential aged care in the future.

Human populations can be affected in unpredictable ways by the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic was a reminder of how devastating these events can be if left unchecked. However, once they have spread globally, the impact of these diseases when entering non-exposed wildlife populations is unknown. The current study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center in Ecuador. Four monkeys were hospitalized, and all tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by RT-qPCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR). Fecal samples (n = 12) from monkeys at the rescue center also tested positive; three zookeepers responsible for feeding and deworming the monkeys also tested positive, suggesting human-animal transmission. Whole genome sequencing identified most samples omicron clade 22B BA.5 lineage. These findings highlight the threat posed by an emerging zoonotic disease in wildlife species and the importance of preventing spillover and spillback events during epidemic or pandemic events.IMPORTANCEAlthough COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has been primarily contained in humans through widespread vaccination, the impact and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and its transmission and epidemiology in wildlife may need to be addressed. In some natural environments, the proximity of animals to humans is difficult to control, creating perfect scenarios where susceptible wildlife can acquire the virus from humans. In these places, it is essential to understand how transmission can occur and to develop protocols to prevent infection. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, a red-listed monkey species, at a wildlife recovery center in Ecuador. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential for transmission between humans and wildlife primates and the importance of preventing such events in the future.

In September 2022, deaths of pigs manifesting pox-like lesions caused by swinepox virus were reported in Tshuapa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Two human mpox cases were found concurrently in the surrounding community. Specific diagnostics and robust sequencing are needed to characterize multiple poxviruses and prevent potential poxvirus transmission.

Substantial global attention is focused on how to reduce the risk of future pandemics. Reducing this risk requires investment in prevention, preparedness, and response. Although preparedness and response have received significant focus, prevention, especially the prevention of zoonotic spillover, remains largely absent from global conversations. This oversight is due in part to the lack of a clear definition of prevention and lack of guidance on how to achieve it. To address this gap, we elucidate the mechanisms linking environmental change and zoonotic spillover using spillover of viruses from bats as a case study. We identify ecological interventions that can disrupt these spillover mechanisms and propose policy frameworks for their implementation. Recognizing that pandemics originate in ecological systems, we advocate for integrating ecological approaches alongside biomedical approaches in a comprehensive and balanced pandemic prevention strategy.

To support the ongoing management of viral respiratory diseases while transitioning out of the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are moving toward an integrated model of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other respiratory pathogens. Although many surveillance approaches catalyzed by the COVID-19 pandemic provide novel epidemiologic insight, continuing them as implemented during the pandemic is unlikely to be feasible for nonemergency surveillance, and many have already been scaled back. Furthermore, given anticipated cocirculation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, surveillance activities in place before the pandemic require review and adjustment to ensure their ongoing value for public health. In this report, we highlight key challenges for the development of integrated models of surveillance. We discuss the relative strengths and limitations of different surveillance practices and studies as well as their contribution to epidemiologic assessment, forecasting, and public health decision-making.

Background: Dirofilaria sp. "hongkongensis" is a putative Dirofilaria species, initially identified in subcutaneous nodules in humans in Hong Kong and in other South and Southeast Asian regions. While it differs genetically from the better-known zoonotic species, Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis, information on the lesions caused by Dirofilaria sp. "hongkongensis" in the hosts as well as on its biology is scarce. This study documents for the first time the presence of this filarioid nematode in subcutaneous nodules in dogs and cats in Hong Kong, where it was originally described in human patients, therefore providing evidence for the zoonotic nature of this parasite. Methods: Records of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of City University of Hong Kong were searched between 2019 and 2024 for histological reports of possible filarioid-associated lesions. Tissue samples were collected by excisional surgical biopsy and processed with routine paraffin techniques. Selected slides were stained using various staining techniques [i.e., hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) or Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) and Gram stain]. DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue were extracted, submitted to conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and sequencing (i.e., cox1 and 12S rRNA genes) and phylogenetic analyzed. Results: A total of five subcutaneous nodules from four cats and one from a dog with histopathology suggestive of filariosis were selected. The presence of Dirofilaria sp. "hongkongensis" was morphologically and molecularly confirmed in one dog and one cat. Both histopathological presentation and phylogenetic analysis enabled classification of this species close to D. repens and within the subgenus Nochtiella. In the remaining three cases, one showed histological evidence of aberrant nematode migration, while non-parasitic causes were identified in the other two. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of Dirofilaria sp. "hongkongensis" in subcutaneous nodules in cats and dogs. The histology of clinical lesions of this filarioid species herein described is closely related to those caused by D. repens. Overall, this species should be considered in differential diagnoses of subcutaneous lesions in both animals and humans in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusions In Brazil, the emergence of feline sporotrichosis, a neglected subcutaneous mycosis primarily transmitted by cats and caused by the fungus Sporothrix brasiliensis, has been monitored via molecular tools. This approach underscores the geographic expansion of this disease and highlights the critical role of molecular surveillance in understanding its epidemiology and guiding public health interventions.We investigated three domestic cats (Felis catus) with multiple skin lesions in Picos, Piauí, Brazil. The cats were examined, and samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis, including cytological evaluation, fungal culture, and molecular characterisation. The molecular analysis involved a one‐tube multiplex probe‐based qPCR assay for the diagnosis of Sporothrix species, mating‐type determination, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP, EcoRI‐GA/MseI‐AG) to assess genetic similarity and potential origin.All three cats were diagnosed with sporotrichosis caused by the hypervirulent S. brasiliensis. A probable case of zoonotic transmission has been reported in a 12‐year‐old girl who developed Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome after contact with one of the cats with sporotrichosis. The molecular analysis revealed that the cat isolates were MAT 1‐2 and formed a single cluster according to the AFLP analysis, suggesting direct transmission (cat‐cat) and a potential founder effect. The isolates were also closely related to strains from Pernambuco and Southeast Brazil, indicating a possible introduction from these regions.Identifying S. brasiliensis in Piauí emphasises the need for increased awareness and control measures to prevent further spread. The predominance of the MAT1‐2 idiomorphs and the genetic similarity among outbreak isolates suggest clonal expansion, which could have significant implications for public health and veterinary practices. Considering its zoonotic potential and environmental adaptability, a One Health approach is crucial for managing and controlling the spread of cat‐transmitted sporotrichosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Borneo, the third largest island in the world, is facing a significant burden of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases due to rapid changes in primary tropical rainforests and urban landscapes. These vector-borne diseases include the endemic epidemic cycles that occur in the more populated and urbanized areas, as well as the possible transmission through enzootic and sylvatic transmission cycles that occur mainly in the overlapping landscapes or among the indigenous population in the forest. The island will be changed significantly in the future due to the increase in human activities, especially mega events such as the relocation of the Indonesian capital to Nusantara in East Kalimantan Borneo, increasing urbanization, agriculture, hydropower projects, ecotourism activities in Sabah, North Borneo, and Sarawak, Central and South Borneo. Therefore, an overview of the current situation of vector-borne diseases is crucial for the next possible epidemic preparedness. Methods: This study conducted the PRISMA-ScR scoping review and formulated a set of research questions to identify current trends in vector-borne diseases in Borneo. These questions aim to identify which diseases have been studied, what geographical areas have been covered by the research, how the One Health approach—encompassing human, animal and environmental factors—is integrated, and what gaps and challenges exist in addressing these diseases. Results: A total of 2241 references were screened for eligibility and 117 articles were selected for review. The majority of the materials focused on mosquitoes and malaria, and the One Health elements focused mainly on humans. Conclusions: This review has identified the most and least studied vector-borne diseases and highlighted some of the gaps in knowledge and research on vector-borne diseases on the island of Borneo. Future studies should particularly focus on other neglected diseases such as Zika, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis and tick-borne diseases. In addition, advanced surveillance systems will be developed to improve early detection and response specifically for remote regions where vector-borne diseases are endemic or emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp., leading to skin lesions that can, in some cases, progress and result in the death of infected individuals. Candida albicans is another fungus involved in several skin, oral, and vaginal mucosal infections. Fungal diseases are concerning due to increasing incidence and the limited variety of antifungal classes available for treatment. Furthermore, antifungal medications can cause various side effects, exacerbated by their prolonged use during infection treatment. There is a need to explore alternatives to conventional drugs that are effective, fast, and safe in combating sporotrichosis. This study aimed to achieve in vitro elimination of the fungi Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii through Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI), using curcumin as a photosensitizer and in combination with antifungal agents used in the treatment of sporotrichosis. Methodology: Yeasts of Candida albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix schenckii were subjected to Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) using light at a wavelength of 450 ± 10 nm, irradiance of 35 mW/cm2, delivering a fluence of 31.5 J/cm2, with curcumin as the photosensitizer at doses ranging from 0.75 to 150 μg/mL. After determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of the antifungal drugs itraconazole, ketoconazole, and potassium iodide, sub-MIC doses of these antifungals were combined with sub-MIC doses of curcumin in a new PDI session. Conclusion: Photodynamic inactivation is a promising technique in the treatment of sporotrichosis, as well as its combination with antifungals. The combination of curcumin in concentrations ranging from 0.75 g/mL a 7.5 g/mL with sub-MIC concentrations of itraconazole, ketoconazole, and potassium iodide was able to completely inactivate the fungi C. albicans, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, indicating that PDI may increase the effectiveness of antifungals. However, further studies are needed to establish protocols for future clinical applications. Author summary: Fungal infections, notably sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix spp., pose increasing challenges due to their infectious nature and limited treatment options. These infections are particularly concerning in immunocompromised individuals, resembling Candida albicans in their severity and potential for fatal outcomes. Treatment typically relies on oral antifungals, which are often difficult to administer effectively. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) emerges as a promising approach to enhance antifungal therapy. PDI combines a photosensitizing agent with specific wavelengths of light, generating reactive oxygen species that effectively target and eliminate microbial cells. In this study, we investigated PDI in conjunction with subinhibitory concentrations of curcumin and antifungal drugs (itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide) against Candida albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix schenckii. Our results demonstrated that even at curcumin levels below inhibitory thresholds and antifungal concentrations as low as half the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), PDI successfully eradicated these pathogens. This synergistic approach not only highlights PDI's efficacy as a precursor to antifungal treatment but also suggests potential benefits in reducing drug concentrations and associated side effects. Overall, this study underscores PDI's role as a potent adjunct therapy in combatting fungal infections, offering a promising strategy to improve treatment outcomes and manage infections caused by these challenging fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild rodents and their ectoparasites are known reservoirs for various zoonotic pathogens, highlighting the need for detailed studies into their roles in disease transmission. Our research investigated the spatial distribution of rodents and their ectoparasites to better understand the epidemiology of vector‐borne zoonotic diseases (VBZDs), including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Lyme disease, Q fever, and scrub typhus. We analyzed samples from 540 rodents and 6785 mites, detecting the presence of Borrelia spp., the causative agent of Lyme disease, in 0.9% of rodents and SFTS virus (SFTSV) in 1.0%. In mites, Borrelia spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacteria causing scrub typhus, were detected in 0.3% of samples each. Phylogenetic analysis identified the SFTSV sequence as type B3, the Borrelia spp. sequence as B. afzelii, and the O. tsutsugamushi sequence as Karp‐related. Notably, SFTSV was detected for the first time in mites in South Korea, and B. afzelii was found in mites for the first time globally. These findings emphasize the critical need for continuous analysis of VBZDs to anticipate future trends and develop a comprehensive monitoring system. Further research into the rodent and mite populations in South Korea is essential to fully assess the potential risks of VBZDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The zoonotic infectious diseases of poverty (zIDPs) are a group of diseases contributing to global poverty, with significant impacts on a substantial population. This study aims to describe the global, regional, and national burden of zIDPs—schistosomiasis, cystic echinococcosis, cysticercosis, and food-borne trematodiases (FBTs)—to support policy making and resource allocation for their control and elimination. Methods: Data of zIDPs from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 were retrieved from 1990 to 2021. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rate were described and the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify their burden and temporal trends. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between age-standardized rates and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Results: In 2021, these zIDPs exhibited a certain level of ASPRs and age-standardized DALY rates, while maintaining relatively low ASMRs. Noticeably, schistosomiasis presented the highest ASPR of 1914.299 (95% UI: 1378.920, 2510.853 per 100,000 population) and an age-standardized DALY rate of 21.895 (95% UI: 12.937, 37.278 per 100,000 population) among the zIDPs. The tapestry of burden—woven predominantly through low and lower-middle SDI regions—stretched across Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia. From 1990 to 2021, a kaleidoscopic shift was observed globally as ASPRs, ASMRs, and age-standardized DALY rates declined significantly, as reflected by the EAPC values. Negative correlations were observed between the ASPRs, ASMRs, age-standardized DALY rates of schistosomiasis (r value = − 0.610, − 0.622 and − 0.610), cystic echinococcosis (− 0.676 of ASMR, − 0.550 of age-standardized DALYs), cysticercosis (− 0.420, − 0.797 and − 0.591) and the SDI. In contrast, a slight positive correlation was noted between the ASPR, age-standardized DALY rates of FBTs and SDI with r value of 0.221 and 0.213, respectively. Conclusion: The burden of zIDPs declined across almost all endemic regions from 1990 to 2021, yet still predominated in low and low-middle SDI regions. Substantial challenges exist to achieve the goal of control and elimination of zIDPs, and integrated approaches based on One Health need to be strengthened to improve health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Sea basin has a strategic geographic location bridging Asia and Europe and depends on traditional livestock practices for their local economies. Anthrax, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, poses a significant global threat impacting public health, food security, pastoralist communities, and national economies. The disease is endemic or sporadic in the Black Sea basin, however, the study of its distribution has seldom been addressed, despite its burden and the presence of historical B. anthracis burial sites in the region. The viability of B. anthracis in a particular region is going to be influenced by multiple environmental factors, such as soil composition, climate, vegetation, and host abundance. For characterizing the potential distribution of B. anthracis in the Black Sea basin and assessing the potential for anthrax outbreaks, we applied an ecological niche modelling framework using the Maxent algorithm. This machine-learning algorithm models species distributions based on presence data and background information from a specified calibration region. We analyzed multiple variable combinations and proposed a novel approach for interpreting in-risk anthrax areas. Our findings underscored the importance of host abundance to the anthrax dynamics in the region. We identified anthrax-suitable areas spanning central and eastern Türkiye, Armenia, southern Georgia, southern Russia, Bulgaria, southern and eastern Romania, Hungary, Moldova, and southern Ukraine, which align with findings from previous global and regional studies on the potential suitability of anthrax. The insights gained from our research may help to develop targeted interventions, such as awareness and educational campaigns about anthrax, supervision of anthrax-infected carcasses disposal, and the promotion of livestock vaccination in high-risk areas. Additionally, these results can inform policies to mitigate the spread of anthrax in pastoralist communities in the Black Sea basin and foster collaboration between veterinary and public health entities on anthrax control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella infection, which is common in pastoral areas. Neurological involvement in brucellosis is relatively rare. But since 1993, continuous studies have been reporting neurological complications of brucellosis, collectively referred to as neurobrucellosis. A bibliometric analysis of existing literature outlines current research progress and gaps and provides guidance for the clinical treatment of neurobrucellosis, promoting patient health in the process of guiding clinical practice, and improving their quality of life. Methods: CiteSpace and VOSviewer are software tools to visualize research trends and networks. By selecting specific areas of interest and configuring the right parameters, the tools can visualize past research data. The study retrieved the literature from the Web of Science Core Collection Database and downloaded it in plain text file format. Citespace6.1.6, VOSviewer v1.6.20, and Microsoft Excel 16.59 were used for analyzing the following terms: countries, institutions, authors' cooperation, journals, keywords, and co-citation. Results: There are eight key results. (1) The publication volume shows a general upward trend. (2) Turkey is the country with the highest publication volume and contributing institutions. (3) Giambartolomei GH, Gul HC, and Namiduru M are the authors with the highest number of publications. (4) Neurology is the journal that published the highest number of related articles (n = 12). (5) "Diagnosis," "meningitis," and "features" are the top three frequently occurring keywords. (6) Keyword clusters show "antibiotic therapy" and "cerebrospinal fluid" have future study value. (7) The burst analysis of the keywords also indicates that "cerebrospinal fluid" may become a prominent keyword in future research. (8) The co-citation analysis concludes three categories of the cited articles, which are diagnosis, therapy, and complications, indicating the past research direction. Conclusion: This study highlights the complexity of neurobrucellosis, presenting the need for advanced diagnostic techniques and multifaceted treatment approaches. While antibiotics remain the cornerstone of therapy, the use of corticosteroids to mitigate inflammatory responses shows promise, albeit with concerns about potential sequelae and relapse. Future research should focus on refining therapeutic strategies that address both the direct effects of infection and the broader immunological impacts to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease of skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. BU-endemic areas are highly focal, and M. ulcerans transmission dynamics vary by setting. In Victoria, Australia, BU is an endemic vector-borne zoonosis, with mosquitoes and native possums implicated in transmission, and humans incidental hosts. Despite the importance of possums as wildlife reservoirs of M. ulcerans, knowledge of BU in these animals is limited. Opportunistic necropsy-based and active trap-and-release surveillance studies were conducted across Melbourne and Geelong, Victoria, to investigate BU in possums. Demographic data and biological samples were collected, and cutaneous lesions suggestive of BU were mapped. Samples were tested for the presence of M. ulcerans DNA by IS2404 qPCR. The final dataset included 26 possums: 20 necropsied; 6 trapped and released. Most possums (77%) were common ringtails from inner Melbourne. Nine had ulcers, ranging from single and mild, to multiple and severe, exposing bones and tendons in three cases. M. ulcerans was confirmed in 73% (19/26) of examined possums: 8 with lesions and 11 without. Oral swabs were most frequently indicative of M. ulcerans infection status. Severely ulcerated possums had widespread systemic internal bacterial dissemination and were shedding M. ulcerans in faeces. The anatomical distribution of ulcers and PCR positivity of biological samples suggests possums may contract BU from bites of M. ulcerans-harbouring mosquitoes, traumatic skin wounds, ingestion of an unknown environmental source, and/or during early development in the pouch. Ringtail possums appear highly susceptible to infection with M. ulcerans and are important bacterial reservoirs in Victoria. Oral swabs should be considered for diagnosis or surveillance of infected possums. A One Health approach is needed to design and implement integrated interventions that reduce M. ulcerans transmission in Victoria, thereby protecting wildlife and humans from this emerging zoonotic disease. Author summary: Buruli ulcer (BU), a neglected tropical skin disease, is emerging as a public health concern in the temperate Australian state of Victoria. Here, BU is spread by mosquitoes, and native possums are wildlife reservoirs of the causative bacterium, Mycobacterium ulcerans. Possums can be infected by BU, but knowledge of infection and disease in these animals is limited. We conducted surveillance studies in the two largest cities of Victoria, examining live and deceased possums. We found skin lesions in a third of examined possums and confirmed presence of M. ulcerans in almost three-quarters of the animals. Mouth swabs were positive for the bacteria in nearly two thirds of possums, as were pouch swabs of almost half the females. We also conducted mapping of the bodily distribution of skin lesions and found that paws and the undersides of abdomens and tails were the most affected areas. Our findings add support to the concept that possums, particularly ringtails, are M. ulcerans reservoirs in Victoria, and suggest several possible routes of infection for free-living possums that warrant further research. Improved understanding of BU in possums may allow development of targeted interventions that reduce disease transmission and protect both animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Africa One Health project is a multi-country project designed to utilise the One Health approach and deploy the Community Action Networks (CAN), a concept rooted in the principles of community-based participatory research, to improve knowledge of high-risk communities on zoonoses. The majority of emerging zoonoses occur at the human-wildlife interface, of which wildlife hunters and traders are critical stakeholders. We assessed the effectiveness of a CAN-based intervention involving the use of a video documentary and case studies as model tools in improving the knowledge of zoonoses among wildlife hunters and traders in Epe, an established hunting community in Lagos State, Nigeria. A single-group pre-post design involving a total of 39 consenting registered wildlife stakeholders was adopted. A pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on the participant's sociodemographic characteristics, awareness level, and knowledge of zoonoses pre and post CAN-based intervention. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics McNemar and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests at a 5% level of significance. The mean age of the participants was 46.7 ± 10.9 years. Most (76.9%) identified as male and had at least secondary education (89.7%). The number of participants who were aware that diseases could be contracted from animals and that it could be through inhalation and close contact increased significantly from 13 (33.3%), 2 (5.1%), and 9 (23.1%) pre-intervention to 37 (94.9%), 11 (28.2%), and 21 (53.8%) post-intervention, respectively. The overall median knowledge score increased significantly from 1 (Interquartile range (IQR): 0–2) pre-intervention to 3 (IQR: 2–4) post-intervention. The CAN-based intervention involving the use of a video documentary and case studies as model tools was effective in improving the knowledge of zoonoses among wildlife hunters and traders in the hunting community and may be beneficial for future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classically, all hepatitis E virus (HEV) variants causing human infection belong to the genus Paslahepevirus (HEV-A). However, the increasing cases of rat HEV infection in humans since 2018 challenged this dogma, posing increasing health threats. Herein, we investigated the underlying mechanisms dictating the zoonotic potentials of different HEV species and their possible cross-protection relationships. We found that rat HEV virus-like particles (HEVVLPs) bound to human liver and intestinal cells/tissues with high efficiency. Moreover, rat HEVVLPs and infectious rat HEV particles penetrated the cell membrane and entered human target cells postbinding. In contrast, ferret HEVVLPs showed marginal cell binding and entry ability, bat HEVVLPs and avian HEVVLPs exhibited no binding and entry potency. Structure-based three-dimensional mapping identified that the surface spike domain of rat HEV is crucial for cell binding. Antigenic cartography indicated that rat HEV exhibited partial cross-reaction with HEV-A. Intriguingly, sera of HEV-A infected patients or human HEV vaccine Hecolin® immunized individuals provided partial cross-protection against the binding of rat HEVVLPs to human target cells. In summary, the interactions between the viral capsid and cellular receptor(s) regulate the distinct zoonotic potentials of different HEV species. The systematic characterization of antigenic cartography and serological cross-reactivity of different HEV species provide valuable insights for the development of species-specific diagnosis and protective vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world still vividly recalls the previous monkeypox (mpox) outbreak that impacted over 120 countries worldwide with more than 99,000 cases in 2022, we are now facing a second wave of infections from the monkeypox virus (MPXV), characterized by an exponential increase in cases. The current 2024 outbreak has already recorded more than 20,000 cases in Africa, marking a dramatic escalation compared to previous outbreaks. The predominance of the newly identified clade Ib variant, first detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and now identified across multiple African nations and beyond, underscores its enhanced transmissibility and potential for international spread, evidenced by cases in Sweden and Thailand. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared on August 14, 2024, the current mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), calling for heightened global public health measures. The ongoing pattern of unusual, frequent, and extensive outbreaks of mpox with potential global implications poses significant questions. This review addresses, in the format of 50 questions and answers, the 2024 mpox outbreak, detailing its characteristics, epidemiological data, and impact compared to previous outbreaks. It comprehensively explores critical questions related to MPXV virological characteristics, immunological response, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnostics, and available treatments. The review also documents the significant and evolving challenges posed by the current mpox outbreak, highlighting its scale, spread, and public health response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rodents are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens that cause tropical diseases, many of which have been overlooked. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of viral lymphocytic choriomeningitis and hantavirus infections, bacterial tularaemia and leptospirosis, and parasitic leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis in rodents that are likely to carry and spread zoonotic agents, by using molecular methods. Methods: A total of 498 voles collected from 20 counties of Erzurum province. Conventional PCR was used for pathogen search. PCR‐positive samples were subjected to sequence analysis. Results: Hantavirus (4.8%, 24/498) and tularaemia (0.8%, 4/498) positivity were detected. However, no positivity was detected for other selected pathogens. Conclusions: Rodents, which are pathogen carriers and potential risk factors, are thought to may act as reservoirs for hantavirus and tularaemia in the study area. A preliminary study has been carried out at the point of detection of these diseases of global importance. The extent of the distribution of the infections, alternative hosts and the consequences of human exposure needs to be clarified through further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic burden of diseases and reproductive inefficiency in dairy cattle is evident and has been quantified. Dairy diseases and reproductive inefficiency are however associated with other issues as well, including animal welfare, environmental pressure, and public health risks. Quantifying these other issues is becoming important to help farmers make decisions. Quantification of the noneconomic burdens of diseases and reproductive inefficiency is rare and lacks an overview of approaches and metrics. The first aim of this paper is to provide trends for associating diseases and reproductive inefficiency with economic and noneconomic burdens of disease. The second aim is to provide a review of approaches and metrics used to quantify the noneconomic burdens of disease and reproductive inefficiency. For the economic burden of diseases and reproductive performance, only an overview of the approaches used to quantify the burden is provided. The final aim is to propose approaches and metrics for future quantification of noneconomic burdens caused by individual diseases. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science to identify scientific articles on mastitis, lameness, metabolic disorders, and reproductive inefficiency in dairy cows. The search was restricted to articles published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2022 and resulted in 7,565 articles. The total number of articles that mentioned the economic, animal welfare, public health, and environmental burden was 1,253, 428, 291, and 77, respectively. An increase in the percentage of articles mentioning the economic, animal welfare, and public health burden was observed between 2010 and 2022. Despite the 2,049 articles that mentioned one of the burdens, the results showed that approximately 10% of the articles quantified one or more of these burdens. The economic burden of diseases and reproductive inefficiency has been quantified in 154 articles and very few articles quantified the noneconomic burdens (9 articles for environment, 29 articles for public health, and 2 articles for animal welfare). Eleven articles were identified that quantified multiple burdens, and in all these studies the economic burden was combined with a noneconomic burden through a modeling approach (mainly simulation). We propose to link the noneconomic burdens to biological simulation models, and thus develop bioburden simulation models. Well-established approaches and metrics can be used to quantify economic, environmental, and public health burdens. For the economic impact, costs per cow per year can be assessed. A life cycle assessment can be performed for environmental impact and the public health impact can be assessed by a defined daily dose for antimicrobial use and disability-adjusted life years for zoonotic diseases. Regarding animal welfare, approaches and metrics to quantify the welfare impact of a diseased animal are not well established. For animal welfare, we propose a welfare-adjusted life years approach. The mentioned approaches and metrics are a proposal, and it is up to the scientific community to use them or, based on empirics and research experience, propose changes so that we will end up with robust approaches and metrics that enable us to compare research results and provide more evidence for animal health decision makers. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current status of H5N1 avian influenza, emphasizing its low risk to humans despite widespread animal infections. Topics discussed include the virus's spread among wild and domestic animals, potential for mammalian transmission, and the importance of monitoring and managing risks to prevent human infection.

In wildlife populations, parasites often go unnoticed, as infected animals appear asymptomatic. However, these infections can subtly alter behaviour. Field evidence of how these subclinical infections induce changes in movement behaviour is scarce in free-ranging animals, yet it may be crucial for zoonotic disease surveillance. We used an ultra-high-resolution tracking system (ATLAS) to monitor the movements of 60 free-ranging swallows every 8 seconds across four breeding seasons, resulting in over 1 million localizations. About 40% of these swallows were naturally infected with haemosporidian parasites. Here, we show that infected individuals had reduced foraging ranges, foraged in lower quality habitats, and faced a lowered survival probability, with an average reduction of 7.4%, albeit with some variation between species and years. This study highlights the impact of subclinical infections on movement behaviour and survival, emphasizing the importance of considering infection status in movement ecology. Our findings provide insights into individual variations in behaviour and previously unobservable local parasite transmission dynamics. Subclinical infections in wild swallows reduce foraging ranges, alter habitat use, and decrease survival rates. A study using ultra-high-resolution tracking reveals overlooked impacts of infection on movement behaviour and links them to demography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease that targets the nervous system of human and animals and has about 100% fatality rate without treatment. Rabies virus is a bullet-like viral particle composed of five structural proteins, including nucleoprotein (N), phosphorylated protein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and large subunit (L) of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These multifunctional viral proteins also play critical roles in the immune escape by inhibiting specific immune responses in the host, resulting in massive replication of the virus in the nervous system and abnormal behaviors of patients such as brain dysfunction and hydrophobia, which ultimately lead to the death of patients. Herein, the role of five structural proteins of rabies virus in the viral replication and immune escape and its implication for the development of vaccines were systemically reviewed, so as to shed light on the understanding of pathogenic mechanism of rabies virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacteriosis is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by the genus Campylobacter. The disease is transmitted from animals to humans predominantly through the consumption of contaminated food and water. However, the lack of information on the status of Campylobacter makes it difficult to quantify the role of camel meat in the dissemination of the pathogen. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 to investigate the occurrence of Campylobacter and associated risk factors and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter species from camels slaughtered at municipal abattoirs in the towns of Harar, Babile, Jigjiga and Dire Dawa in eastern Ethiopia. A total of 324 (146 carcass swabs, 146 camel feces and 32 abattoir environmental swab samples) were collected and analyzed using TaqMan real-time PCR and culture techniques following standard procedures. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion method for eight antimicrobial agents according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 7.7%. Campylobacter was more frequently detected from carcasses and surface contact environmental swabs. We isolated Campylobacter at the genus level from approximately half of the PCR-positive samples, representing 54.2% (13 out of 24) of the total. The isolation levels of C. jejuni and C. coli were also 5.56% and 2.2%, respectively, which varied significantly (p = 0.037) based on sample type and site. The odds of occurrence of C. jejuni in samples collected from abattoir environments was 7.52 times greater than those in carcass and fecal samples. We detected resistance to chloramphenicol (78.6%), followed by amoxicillin (71.4%). However, 93%, 78.6%, and 71.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid, respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 60% of the isolates. Of these MDR isolates, 9 (75%) were C. jejuni and 3 (25%) were C. coli. This study revealed that a considerable proportion of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species circulate in both camel meat and abattoir environments. This indicates possible carcass cross-contamination by Campylobacter during slaughtering that can pose a threat to humans and limit therapeutic options, which could be prevented by applying good hygienic practices at abattoirs. Therefore, abattoir workers need to be aware of abattoir hygienic standard operating procedures. Regular coordinated actions should be implemented for the rational use of veterinary and medical drugs at the national level, together with training and awareness of hygienic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lyme disease is a tick‐borne zoonotic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and is prevalent in northeastern Asia, particularly in the forested area of Northeastern China. However, a lack of systematic data on the spatial distribution of B. burgdorferi in this region hinders the prediction of its transmission risk across the landscape. Methods: To provide an updated overview and establish a comprehensive spatial distribution database, we conducted a systematic review of literature published between 2000 and 2022. We collected and compiled relevant data on B. burgdorferi in Northeastern China and its neighbouring regions, outlining its distribution in ticks, wild animals, livestock and humans. Spatial analysis was performed to identify spatial clusters of tick positivity and host infection rates. Results: From a total of 1823 literature, we selected 110 references to compile 626 detection records of B. burgdorferi, including 288 in ticks, 109 in wildlife, 111 in livestock and domestic animals and 100 in humans. The average detection rate of B. burgdorferi in ticks was approximately 20%, with wildlife, livestock and domestic animal host positivity rates below 50% and human seroprevalence rates varying from 0.94% to 44.18%. Conclusions: The study identified the presence of 17 tick species and ten genotypes of B. burgdorferi in the region, indicating a broad distribution. Notably, B. burgdorferi exhibited notable clustering, particularly in the central and eastern areas of Jilin Province, warranting further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We conducted a One Health investigation to assess the source and transmission dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in African lions (Panthera leo) at Utah's Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City from October 2021 to February 2022. Methods and Results: Following observation of respiratory illness in the lions, zoo staff collected pooled faecal samples and individual nasal swabs from four lions. All specimens tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The resulting investigation included: lion observation; RT‐PCR testing of lion faeces every 1–7 days; RT‐PCR testing of lion respiratory specimens every 2–3 weeks; staff interviews and RT‐PCR testing; whole‐genome sequencing of viruses from lions and staff; and comparison with existing SARS‐CoV‐2 human community surveillance sequences. In addition to all five lions, three staff displayed respiratory symptoms. All lions recovered and no hospitalizations or deaths were reported among staff. Three staff reported close contact with the lions in the 10 days before lion illness onset, one of whom developed symptoms and tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 on days 3 and 4, respectively, after lion illness onset. The other two did not report symptoms or test positive. Two staff who did not have close contact with the lions were symptomatic and tested positive on days 5 and 8, respectively, after lion illness onset. We detected SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in lion faeces for 33 days and in lion respiratory specimens for 14 weeks after illness onset. The viruses from lions were genetically highly related to those from staff and two contemporaneous surveillance specimens from Salt Lake County; all were delta variants (AY.44). Conclusions: We did not determine the sources of these infections, although human‐to‐lion transmission likely occurred. The observed period of respiratory shedding was longer than in previously documented SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in large felids, indicating the need to further assess duration and potential implications of shedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Many fish species can harbour a wide range of pathogenic agents in their tissues. Of many pathogens, the parasitic nematode of genus Contracaecum, which resides in the tissues of fish species, can results in fish‐borne infections in humans. This study was planned to assess consumers' awareness of fish‐borne zoonoses in the fishing sites of Lake Chamo, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. The study was also aimed at demonstrating the zoonotic nematode, Contracaecum parasites in the Oreochromis niloticus and Lates niloticus fishes collected from Lake Chamo, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Methods and Results: Assessment of awareness about fish‐borne zoonoses was conducted in randomly selected participants (n = 162) using face‐to‐face interviews via a structured and semi‐structured questionnaire. Besides, 70 fishes (O. niloticus = 35 and L. niloticus = 35) were examined for the presence of larva of Contracaecum and other anisakid genera through standard dissection, pepsin‐hydrochloric acid digestion and microscopic observation. Consumers have inadequate awareness about fish‐borne zoonoses based on the answers they provided to the questions. The majority of respondents (82%) consume raw fish in the area. Of these, a significantly higher proportion were male (p < 0.001), completed their elementary or high school (p = 0.004), Orthodox Christian (p = 0.044), fishermen (p < 0.001) and participants without previous information about fish‐borne zoonoses (p < 0.001). Overall, of examined fishes (n = 70), n = 15 (21.4%, 95% CI, 12.8–33.2) were infected with Contracaecum larva. A significant (p = 0.028) higher infection prevalence was noted in L. niloticus (34.3%, 95% CI, 19.7–52.3) compared to O. niloticus (8.6%, 95% CI, 2.2–24.2). A unit gram addition in the total weight of fish would significantly raise the risk of Contracaecum infection by 1% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The presence of Contracaecum, a zoonotic nematode in the fishes, which are often preferred by consumers for raw dishes, designates a high risk of possible fish‐borne infections in the area. Thus, providing education and training for fishermen, visitors of the area, and local people who visit the area for fish consumption, it is inevitably important to minimize the risk. Furthermore, health workers should suspect fish‐borne infections, such as anisakidosis in patients who have a history of raw fish consumption in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This art installation centers on then-recent outbreaks of rabies and Nipah viruses in India and Bangladesh, and reveals unexpected connections between vultures, fruit bats, and humans. Using Victorian and Dutch decorative arts from time periods in which England and the Netherlands were connected to these contemporary outbreak sites through colonization, the installation highlights the way climate injustice influences which humans and animals bear the most risk in disease spillovers. Using work by cultural anthropologist Ernest Becker, the installation also considers how culture (particularly art) functions as a psychological mechanism for coping with death anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution affecting most mammalian species. Clinical leptospirosis is common in dogs, and infected animals can shed leptospires in the urine. This is problematic as it can lead to exposure of humans. The control of leptospirosis, therefore, is important not only from an animal but also from a public health perspective. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of leptospirosis and to outline the current knowledge on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, prevention and treatment measures relevant to canine leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study evaluated the in vitro effectiveness of anti-cryptosporidial agents nitazoxanide, halofuginone, the pyrazolopyridine analog KDU731, and paromomycin (PMC) in combating the significant zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. The study utilized HCT-8 host cells to culture C. parvum and fluorescent microscopy/quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detecting parasitic growth. The efficacy of the compounds was assessed by calculating their inhibitory concentrations (IC) against the total growth of C. parvum at 48 h post-infection. The study further investigated the impact of these compounds on early parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formation, merozoite egress, host cell viability, and cell growth cycle. KDU731 displayed the most promising profile, with low nanomolar (102 nM ± 2.28) activity and negligible host cell toxicity. This study offers new insights into the relative efficacy and safety of various anti-cryptosporidial compounds, highlighting their stage-specific effects on C. parvum and the consequential impacts on host cells. Identifying safe and effective anti-cryptosporidial agents contributes significantly to the One Health approach, which emphasizes the importance of integrated strategies in controlling zoonotic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic disease that poses great harm to humans and animals. So far, no effective T. gondii vaccine has been developed to provide fully protection against such parasites. Recently, numerous researches have focused on the use of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) for the vaccines against T. gondii infections. In this study, we employed PLGA and CS as the vehicles for T. gondii ribosome protein (TgRPS2) delivery. TgRPS2- PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres were synthesized by double emulsion solvent evaporation and ionic gelation technique as the nano vaccines. Before immunization in animals, the release efficacy and toxicity of the synthesized nanospheres were evaluated in vitro. Then, ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly, and immune protections of the synthesized nanospheres were assessed. The results showed that TgRPS2-PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres could induce higher levels of IgG and cytokines, activate dendritic cells, and promote the expression of histocompatibility complexes. The splenic lymphocyte proliferation and the enhancement in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were also observed in immunized animals. In addition, two types of nanospheres could significantly inhabit the replications of T. gondii in cardiac muscles and spleen tissues. All these obtained results in this study demonstrated that the TgRPS2 protein delivered by PLGA or CS nanospheres provided satisfactory immunoprotective effects in resisting T. gondii, and such formulations illustrated potential as prospective preventive agents for toxoplasmosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease in Türkiye, which has significant direct and indirect impacts on the healthcare system and livestock. This study, which aimed to investigate the differences among Brucella spp. isolates originating from different regions of Türkiye, for implications for public health and veterinary medicine. Method: Twenty-one isolates from ruminants and two isolates from humans obtained from various regions of Türkiye were utilized in the study. The isolates were identified and biotyped using traditional microbiological procedures, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed. This was followed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)--based phylogenetic analysis and WGS-based analysis of virulence and resistance genes. Additionally, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and phage susceptibilities were determined. The obtained data were then compared for concordance, ensuring the validity and reliability of the results. Results: Our study, employing culture methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and WGS analyses, identified 11 Brucella melitensis (bv 3 (n = 9), one each bv 1 and bv 2) and 12 B. abortus (bv 3 (n = 11), bv 9 (n = 1)) isolates All B. abortus isolates were of bovine origin, while the B. melitensis isolates were from sheep (n = 7), goat (n = 1), ram (n = 1), and humans (n = 2). In the whole-genome SNP-based phylogenetic tree, all B. melitensis strains were found to be of the IIb subtype of genotype II associated with the Eastern Mediterranean lineage. Ten different genotypes were identified in the SNP analysis of the isolates, with a maximum SNP difference of 278 and a minimum SNP difference of 4 among these genotypes. According to the WGS-SNP-based phylogenetic tree of B. abortus isolates, they were grouped in clade C1. In the SNP analysis, where ten different genotypes were identified, the SNP difference among these genotypes was a maximum of 316 and a minimum of 6. In the in silico MLST analysis performed with WGS data, B. melitensis isolates were identified as ST8 and ST102 genotypes, while B. abortus isolates were identified as ST2 and ST3 genotypes. The dominant genotypes were ST8 for B. melitensis and ST2 for B. abortus, respectively. Virulence gene analysis conducted based on WGS data of the 23 B. abortus and B. melitensis isolates revealed 43 virulence gene-associated regions in all strains, irrespective of species, host, or isolation year. Although classical resistance-related genes were not detected by WGS-based antimicrobial resistance gene analysis, phenotypic resistance analysis revealed resistance to azithromycin, rifampin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in B. abortus and B. melitensis isolates. Conclusion: Both B. melitensis and B. abortus were circulating species in animals and human. The dominant genotypes were ST8 for B. melitensis and ST2 for B. abortus, respectively. All B. melitensis strains were found to be of the IIb subtype of genotype II associated with the Eastern Mediterranean lineage, while B. abortus isolates, they were grouped in clade C1. Further, a comprehensive study with a sufficient number of isolates covering all regions of Türkiye would provide more accurate information about the current epidemiological situation in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nipah Virus (NiV) was discovered in 1999 in the Sungai Nipah region of Malaysia. It is one of many emerging bat-borne zoonotic viruses that threaten global health security. The Pteropus fruit bats are identified as the natural reservoirs for the virus. NiV belongs to the family of Paramyxoviridae and is mostly present in locations surrounded by water, vegetation, and controlled or protected religious areas. To date, cases of NiV have been identified in Southeast Asian regions, with the highest number of cases in Bangladesh, totalling 305, with a fatality rate of 65%. The highest mortality has been observed in the Indian region, at 73%. NiV is an emerging zoonotic disease that needs to be focused on. The median incubation period is 9.5 days and the clinical features primarily lead to either progressive encephalitis or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The diagnosis is conducted in Bio-safety level 3 or level 4 labs through Polymerase chain reaction. Human nasal swabs, throat swabs, urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are collected for diagnostic purposes. At present, there is no approved treatment or vaccine for the prevention of the disease. However, research on a vaccine against NiV is being investigated, and a subunit vaccine with NiV-G protein is found to produce potential efficacy. An outbreak in Kerala, a state in India, led to the implementation of an action plan involving lead agencies to combat the sudden surge of the virus. In the current scenario, appropriate preventive strategies are more effective in controlling the virus. However, emphasis should be placed on affordable and efficient diagnostic methods, treatment options, and vaccines to better manage the virus, considering the highest fatality caused by the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing disease of skin and soft tissue caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU). In Australia, where the disease is emerging in new geographic areas and human case numbers are increasing, native possum species act as reservoir hosts. To better understand the life history of MU in one of its natural hosts, we conducted intra-dermal challenge of six wild caught, MU-naïve common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus). All six animals developed BU disease consistent with that observed in naturally infected ringtail possums. Time to ulceration varied between 49 and 77 days (mean = 61.8 days). Molecular evidence of systemic infection was detected in five animals and was supported by consistent histopathological findings in four animals. Pathological findings included random, multifocal, granulomatous hepatitis in four possums, one of which also had a mild, multifocal, interstitial granulomatous pneumonia. Acid-fast bacilli were only evident in inflammatory foci beyond the primary inoculation site in one possum. The ringtail possum model of MU infection is an important tool for the investigation of bacterial transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and immune response in a natural host. Data from this model may improve disease risk modelling and help identify intervention points to stop zoonotic transmission and disease spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical data: Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia is a community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci. While severe cases may lead to critical conditions such as respiratory failure, splenic infarction is relatively uncommon. A severe patient with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia admitted to our hospital experienced a splenic infarction during treatment. Fortunately, the patient's situation was improved after careful treatment. Now, the patient has been discharged. Further exploration of the mechanism of concurrent splenic infarction is required. Backgroud: Psittacosis pneumonia, a zoonotic infectious disease transmitted from birds to humans, is caused by Chlamydia psittaci and represents a type of chlamydial pneumonia [1]. Insome instances, the disease may progress to severe pneumonia and respiratory failure, necessitating intensive support measures, including mechanical ventilation. The advent of technologies such as Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) for the etiological diagnosis of infectious diseases [2] has improved the diagnostic and treatment success rates for Psittacosis. Instances of severe chlamydial pneumonia with complications such as splenic infarction are uncommon. A patient with severe Psittacosis pneumonia complicated by splenic infarction was admitted to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU) of Haining People's Hospital and subsequently improved following effective anti-infective and anticoagulant therapy. This report is provided herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that poses a significant threat to both human health and livestock. Effective preparedness and response to anthrax outbreak at the district level is essential to mitigate the devastating impact of the disease to humans and animals. The current diseaae surveillance in animals and humans uses two different infrastructure systems with online platform supported by established diagnostic facilities. The differences in surveillance systems affect timely outbreak response especially for zoonotic diseases like anthrax. We therefore aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing a simulation exercise for a potential anthrax outbreak in a local government setting and to raise the suspicion index of different district stakeholders for a potential anthrax outbreak in Namisindwa District, Uganda. Methods: We conducted a field-based simulation exercise and a health education intervention using quantitative data collection methods. The study participants mainly members of the District Taskforce (DTF) were purposively selected given their role(s) in disease surveillance and response at the sub-national level. We combined 26 variables (all dichotomized) assessing knowledge on anthrax and knowledge on appropriate outbreak response measures into an additive composite index. We then dichotomized overall score based on the 80% blooms cutoff i.e. we considered those scoring at least 80% to have high knowledge, otherwise low. We then assessed the factors associated with knowledge using binary logistic regression with time as a proxy for the intervention effect. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence intervals (95%CI) have been reported. Results: The overall district readiness score was 35.0% (24/69) and was deficient in the following domains: coordination and resource mobilization (5/16), surveillance (5/11), laboratory capacity (3/10), case management (4/7), risk communications (4/12), and control measures (4/13). The overall community readiness score was 7 out of 32 (22.0%). We noted poor scores of readiness in all domains except for case management (2/2). The knowledge training did not have an effect on the overall readiness score, but improved specific domains such as control measures. Instead tertiary education was the only independent predictor of higher knowledge on anthrax and how to respond to it (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.07–2.31). Training did not have a significant association with overall knowledge improvement but had an effect on several individual knowledge aspects. Conclusion: We found that the district's preparedness to respond to a potential anthrax outbreak was inadequate, especially in coordination and mobilisation, surveillance, case management, risk communication and control measures. The health education training intervention showed increased knowledge levels compared to the pre-test and post-test an indicator that the health education sessions could increase the index of suspicion. The low preparedness underscores the urgency to strengthen anthrax preparedness in the district and could have implications for other districts. We deduce that trainings of a similar nature conducted regularly and extensively would have better effects. This study's insights are valuable for improving anthrax readiness and safeguarding public and animal health in similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with global implications for animal and human public health. This study investigated the prevalence of caprine brucellosis in 39 meat goat herds in northeastern Thailand using serological and molecular methods. Seroprevalence, determined by the modified Rose Bengal test (mRBT), was negative, indicating no detectable antibodies against Brucella. However, real‐time PCR identified Brucella spp. DNA in 11 samples from 8 herds. Intraherd prevalence varied from 0.0% to 9.09%, averaging 6.73% (95% CI, 4.74–8.72). Univariate analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with brucellosis at the herd level. Larger herd size correlated with increased brucellosis odds ratio (OR: 6.30; 95% CI: 1.07–36.93; p = 0.041). Herds with multiple reproductive failures, including abortion, repeat breeding, and sterile, together with weak offspring, showed higher prevalence (OR: 9.37; 95% CI: 1.17–74.84; p = 0.034). Multivariable analysis identified herd sizes over thirteen as a significant risk factor (OR: 10.20; 95% CI: 1.06–97.40; p = 0.044). Notably, herds where owners were aware of direct transmission risks exhibited lower infection rates (OR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.006–0.54; p = 0.012). This study underscores the complementary role of molecular techniques alongside serological tests in detecting Brucella infection accurately. The findings highlight the importance of effective herd management, reproductive health monitoring, and owner education in mitigating brucellosis transmission. Implementing robust control measures, including stringent biosecurity protocols and enhanced stakeholder awareness, is crucial for controlling brucellosis in meat goat populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease causing fibrosis and necrosis of diseased livers caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus (E.g). There is evidence that E.g is susceptible to immune escape and tolerance when host expression of immunoinflammation and fibrosis is suppressed, accelerating the progression of CE. Ghrelin has the effect of suppressing immunoinflammation and fibrosis, and whether it is involved in regulating the progression of E.g-infected liver lesions is not clear. Methods: Serum and hepatic Ghrelin levels were observed in E.g-infected mice (4, 12 and 36 weeks) and compared with healthy control groups. Co-localization analysis is performed between protein expression of Ghrelin in and around the hepatic lesions of E.g-infected 12-week mice and protein expression of different hepatic histiocytes by mIHC. HepG2 cells and protoscoleces (PSCs) protein were co-cultured in vitro, as well as PSCs were alone in vitro, followed by exogenously administered of Ghrelin and its receptor blocker, [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, to assess their regulatory effects on immunoinflammation, fibrosis and survival rate of PSCs. Results: Serum Ghrelin levels were increased in E.g-infected 4- and 12-week mice, and reduced in 36-week mice. E.g-infected mice consistently recruited Ghrelin in and around the hepatic lesions, which was extremely strongly co-localized with the protein expression of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), T cells and the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway. The secretion of Ghrelin was increased with increasing concentrations of PSCs protein in HepG2 cells culture medium. Moreover, Ghrelin could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-2, INF-γ and TNF-α, as well as the expression of Myd88/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway protein, and promoted the secretion of IL-4 and IL-10. Blocking Ghrelin receptor could significantly inhibit PSCs growth in in vitro experiment. Conclusion: Ghrelin is highly expressed in the early stages of hepatic E.g infection and may be involved in regulating the progression of liver lesions by suppression immunoinflammation and fibrosis. Author summary: There is evidence that Echinococcus granulosus (E.g) is susceptible to immune escape and tolerance when host expression of immunoinflammation and fibrosis is suppressed, accelerating the progression of hepatic cystic Echinococcosis (CE). Ghrelin has the effect of suppressing immunoinflammation and fibrosis, and whether it is involved in the regulation of CE progression is not clear. The present study demonstrated that Ghrelin is highly expressed in the early stage of hepatic E.g infection and may act mainly on hepatic stellate cells and T cells, exerting biological effects to inhibit Th1-type cellular immunity, the Myd88/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 pathways and agonize Th2-type cellular immunity, which in turn suppresses host expression of immunoinflammation and fibrosis. However, this biological effect of Ghrelin may regulate the progression of CE. [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, as a Ghrelin receptor blocker, is expected to be a drug target against CE. In addition, we found protoscoleces of E.g with gene expression of Ghrelin, which also provides some evidence that Ghrelin regulates the disease progression of CE. Our study reveals the possible regulatory role and mechanism of Ghrelin in the process of hepatic E.g infection. In-depth studies could help to further unravel the disease mechanisms of CE and provide potential targets for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonoses worldwide, primarily affecting livestock but also posing a serious threat to public health. The major Brucella species are known to cause a feverish disease in humans with various clinical signs. These classical Brucella species are (re‐)emerging, but also novel strains and species, some of them transmitted from rodents, can be associated with human infections. As a result of our review on rodent‐borne brucellosis, we emphasise the need for more comprehensive surveillance of Brucella and especially Brucella microti in rodent populations and call for further research targeting the ecological persistence of rodent‐associated Brucella species in the environment, their epizootic role in wild rodents and their virulence and pathogenicity for wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sporotrichosis is caused by species of the fungus Sporothrix that affect human and several animal species. The transmission of sporotrichosis is classically from an environmental source following penetrating injury. The alternative zoonotic route has gained attention due to the rapid and significant spread of cat‐transmitted sporotrichosis in South America and Malaysia, resulting in several thousand human and feline cases in recent decades, especially in Brazil. In Australia, sporotrichosis is sporadic and mainly related to environmental sources. Although feline sporotrichosis is rare in Australia, zoonotic transmission occurred in two of five reported cases, including a recent case cluster, which is reported in this article. The investigation of such cases in Australia is important, as cats not only represent a source of infection living in close proximity with humans, but also, they may represent sentinels for the environmental presence of the fungus. To encourage the investigation and reporting of new veterinary cases, we have reviewed Australian sporotrichosis cases in humans and cats and report a new case cluster of feline sporotrichosis in Perth, WA, Australia, with zoonotic transmission. The index case was a kitten who developed severe facial sporotrichosis with prominent involvement of the nasal planum. Two human cases – one suspected and one confirmed – are also described in the owner, who was a veterinary nurse, and the attending veterinarian, respectively, probably from handling the kitten while not wearing gloves. Later, another mature cat in the same household also became infected. The affected cats were successfully treated using combination of itraconazole and terbinafine. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case of cat‐transmitted sporotrichosis reported from Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can result in symptoms including infertility, abortion, testicular inflammation, and arthritis in affected sheep and cattle. The disease can spread through a range of mechanisms, making outbreaks difficult to control such that affected farms often suffer severe economic losses. In addition, humans can be affected by brucellosis, and the number of cases continues to rise annually. As rates of brucellosis in Xinjiang, China have been increasing substantially in recent years, this study was developed to assess brucellosis seroprevalence among herds of cattle, sheep, and camels in Xinjiang through the use of common diagnostic procedures like the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and PCR. A cross-sectional approach was used to analyze the seroprevalence of brucellosis across 720 total farm animals (320 camels, 250 sheep, and 150 cattle). RBT incidence rate for brucellosis was detected in 60 serum samples, 14 (4.38%) from camels, 45 (18%) from sheep, and 1 (0.67%) from cattle. PCR was performed as a confirmatory approach for these RBT-positive samples, with 55 ultimately being confirmed to be positive 13 (4.06%), 41 (16.4%), and 1 (0.67%) samples from camels, sheep, and cattle, respectively. In this survey, sheep exhibited the highest brucellosis seroprevalence using these two analytical techniques, while cattle exhibited the lowest seroprevalence and camels exhibited an intermediate rate. AMOS-PCR analyses identified Brucella melitensis as the unknown bacterium in some of these samples. These results offer new insight regarding brucellosis seroprevalence among farm animals that can be used to formulate more appropriate prevention and control policies, while also improving awareness of epidemic prevention efforts, the need for routine quarantine and disinfection, the benefits of scientific breeding and management, and approaches to improving breeding efficiency for the camel, cattle, and sheep industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]