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En los últimos 20 años la fibrilación auricular (FA) se ha transformado en uno de los problemas de salud pública más importantes. Su prevalencia (2%) duplica la reportada a fines de la década pasada y se incrementa con el envejecimiento. La FA es más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres, con una relación 1,2:1. La incidencia de FA oscila entre 0,21 y 0,9 cada 1.000 personas/año. La forma más frecuente de FA es la permanente, que ocurre en aproximadamente 50% de los pacientes, mientras que la paroxística y la persistente ocurren cada una en aproximadamente 25% de los pacientes. La FA está frecuentemente asociada a enfermedades cardíacas y comorbilidades. Las enfermedades concomitantes más frecuentes son: enfermedad arterial coronaria, valvulopatías y miocardiopatías. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes son: hipertensión, diabetes, insuficiencia cardíaca, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, falla renal, ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) y trastornos cognitivos. La FA paroxística ocurre en pacientes más jóvenes, y en contraste con las formas persistente y permanente, está asociada con una menor carga de enfermedades cardíacas y comorbilidades. Generalmente, la FA tiene una historia de larga duración caracterizada por progresión desde la forma paroxística a la permanente, con frecuentes recurrencias y síntomas perturbadores. Los pacientes con FA tienen un riesgo de ACV y muerte, respectivamente, cinco y dos veces mayor que la población normal. En el mundo real, los pacientes con FA continúan siendo subtratados con anticoagulantes orales y en un pequeño porcentaje de los casos son asignados de forma inapropiada a estrategia antiarrítmica o son tratados con fármacos antiarrítmicos inadecuados. El manejo de la FA es costoso, siendo el gasto anual por paciente significativamente diferente en los distintos países. Para mejorar la calidad de la asistencia son necesarios esfuerzos para mejorar la implementación de las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica. In the last 20 years atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most important public health issues. Its prevalence (2%) is double than that reported at the end of the last decade and it increases with aging. AF occurs more frequently in males than in females with a ratio of 1.2:1. The incidence of AF ranges between 0.21 and 0.9 per 1000 person/years. The most frequent form of AF is permanent AF that occurs in approximately 50% of patients while the paroxysmal and the persistent forms occur approximately in 25% of patients each. AF is frequently associated with cardiac diseases and comorbidities. The commonest concomitant diseases are: coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. The commonest comorbidities are: hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, stroke and cognitive disturbances. Paroxysmal AF occurs in younger patients and in contrast with the persistent and the permanent forms is associated with a reduced burden of both cardiac diseases and comorbidities. Generally, the history of AF is long lasting, characterized by the progression from the paroxysmal to the permanent form, burdened by frequent recurrences and disturbing symptoms. Patients with AF have a risk of stroke and death 5 fold and 2 fold higher than normal people respectively. In the real world, patients with AF are still undertreated with oral anticoagulants and in a discrete percentage of cases assigned to inappropriate antiarrhythmic strategy or treated with inadequate specific antiarrhythmic drugs. AF management is costly; expenditure per patient/per year is significantly different in different countries. Efforts to improve the implementations of guidelines recommendations are needed to improve furtherly the quality of care.

Massimo Zoni-Berisso, Fabrizio Lercari, Tiziana Carazza, Stefano DomenicucciDepartment of Cardiology, ASL 3, Padre A Micone Hospital, Genoa, ItalyAbstract: In the last 20 years, atrial fibrillation (AF) has become one of the most important public health problems and a significant cause of increasing health care costs in western countries. The prevalence of AF is increasing due to our greater ability to treat chronic cardiac and noncardiac diseases, and the improved ability to suspect and diagnose AF. At the present time, the prevalence of AF (2%) is double that reported in the last decade. The prevalence of AF varies with age and sex. AF is present in 0.12%–0.16% of those younger than 49 years, in 3.7%–4.2% of those aged 60–70 years, and in 10%–17% of those aged 80 years or older. In addition, it occurs more frequently in males, with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The incidence of AF ranges between 0.21 and 0.41 per 1,000 person/years. Permanent AF occurs in approximately 50% of patients, and paroxysmal and persistent AF in 25% each. AF is frequently associated with cardiac disease and comorbidities. The most common concomitant diseases are coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. The most common comorbidities are hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, stroke, and cognitive disturbance. Paroxysmal AF occurs in younger patients and with a reduced burden of both cardiac disease and comorbidities. Generally, the history of AF is long, burdened by frequent recurrences, and associated with symptoms (in two thirds of patients). Patients with AF have a five-fold and two-fold higher risk of stroke and death, respectively. We estimate that the number of patients with AF in 2030 in Europe will be 14–17 million and the number of new cases of AF per year at 120,000–215,000. Given that AF is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, this increasing number of individuals with AF will have major public health implications.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, epidemiology, risk factors, mortality, stroke

The aim of this survey was to assess the management and organization of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) replacement in Italy.A questionnaire consisting of 24 questions on organizational aspects and on the peri-procedural management of anticoagulant therapies and antibiotic prophylaxis was sent via the Internet to 154 Italian arrhythmia centers.A total of 103 out of 154 centers completed the questionnaire (67% response rate). In 43% of the centers, the procedures were performed under day-case admission, in 40% under ordinary admission, and in 17% under either day-case or ordinary admission. The most frequent reason (66%) for choosing ordinary admission rather than day-case admission was to obtain full reimbursement. Although warfarin therapy was continued in 73% of the centers, nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants were discontinued, without bridging, 24 h or less prior to replacement procedures in 88%. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy was systematically administered in all centers; in 97%, the first antibiotic dose was administered 1-2 h prior to procedures. Local antibacterial envelopes were also used in 43% of the centers in patients with a higher risk of device infection.This survey provides a representative picture of how CIED replacements are organized and managed in current Italian clinical practice. The choice of the type of hospitalization (short versus ordinary) was more often motivated by economic reasons (reimbursement of the procedure) than by clinical and organizational factors. Peri-procedural management of anticoagulation and prophylactic antibiotic therapy was consistent with current scientific evidence.