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In [1] a new adaptive phase-locked loop scheme for synchronization of a grid connected voltage source converter with guaranteed (almost) global stability properties was reported. To guarantee a suitable synchronization with the angle of the three-phase grid voltage we design an adaptive observer for such a signal requiring measurements only at the point of common coupling. In this paper we present some simulation and experimental illustration of the excellent performance of the proposed solution.

We consider a Th\'evenin equivalent circuit capturing the dynamics of a power grid as seen from the point of common coupling with a power electronic converter, and provide a solution to the problem of online identification of the corresponding circuit parameters. For this purpose, we first derive a linear regression model in the conventional abc coordinates and next design a bounded observer-based composite identifier that requires local measurements and knowledge of the grid frequency only. An extension that guarantees exponential convergence of the estimates, under the additional assumption of knowledge of the grid X/R ratio, is further provided. The performance of the proposed identifier, which subsumes a conventional gradient descent algorithm, is illustrated via detailed computer simulations.

In this paper we are interested in the problem of adaptive synchronization of a voltage source converter with a possibly weak grid with unknown angle and frequency, but knowledge of its parameters. To guarantee a suitable synchronization with the angle of the three-phase grid voltage we design an adaptive observer for such a signal requiring measurements only at the point of common coupling. Then we propose two alternative certainty-equivalent, adaptive phase-locked loops that ensure the angle estimation error goes to zero for almost all initial conditions. Although well-known, for the sake of completeness, we also present a PI controller with feedforward action that ensures the converter currents converge to an arbitrary desired value. Relevance of the theoretical results and their robustness to variation of the grid parameters are thoroughly discussed and validated in the challenging scenario of a converter connected to a grid with low short-circuit-ratio., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures

We consider a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) and address the problem of estimating the grid angle and frequency, information that is essential for an appropriate operation of the converter. We design phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithms with guaranteed stability properties, under the assumption that the grid is characterized by relatively high short-circuit-ratio (SCR) and inertia. In particular we derive, using passivity arguments, generalization of the conventional synchronous reference frame (SRF) and arctangent (ATAN) PLL, which are the standard solutions in power applications. The analysis is further extended to the case of connection of the VSC to a low-inertia grid, ensuring robustness of the algorithms in case of frequency variations. The results are validated on a benchmark including the grid, the VSC and related controllers., Comment: 7 pages

We present a full review of PID passivity-based controllers (PBC) applied to power electronic converters, discussing limitations, unprecedented merits and potential improvements in terms of large-signal stability, robustness and performance. We provide four main contributions. The nominal case is first considered and it is shown, under the assumption of perfect knowledge of the system parameters, that the PID-PBC is able to guarantee global exponential stability of a desired operating point for any positive gains. Second, we analyze robustness of the controller to parameters uncertainty for a specific class of power converters, by establishing precise stability margins. Third, we propose a modification of the controller by introducing a leakage, in order to overcome some of the intrinsic performance and robustness limitations. Interestingly, such controller can be interpreted at steady-state as a droop between the input and the passive output, similar to traditional primary controllers. Fourth, we robustify the design against saturation of the control input via an appropriate monotone transformation of the controller. The obtained results are thoroughly discussed and validated by simulations on two relevant power applications: a dc/dc boost converter and an HVDC grid-connected voltage source converter., Comment: 26 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables

The problem of primary control of high-voltage direct current transmission systems is addressed in this paper, which contains four main contributions. First, to propose a new nonlinear, more realistic, model for the system suitable for primary control design, which takes into account nonlinearities introduced by conventional inner controllers. Second, to determine necessary conditions - dependent on some free controller tuning parameters - for the existence of equilibria. Third, to formulate additional (necessary) conditions for these equilibria to satisfy the power sharing constraints. Fourth, to establish conditions for stability of a given equilibrium point. The usefulness of the theoretical results is illustrated via numerical calculations on a four-terminal example.

Microgrids have been identified as key components of modern electrical systems to facilitate the integration of renewable distributed generation units. Their analysis and controller design requires the development of advanced (typically model-based) techniques naturally posing an interesting challenge to the control community. Although there are widely accepted reduced order models to describe the dynamic behavior of microgrids, they are typically presented without details about the reduction procedure---hampering the understanding of the physical phenomena behind them. Preceded by an introduction to basic notions and definitions in power systems, the present survey reviews key characteristics and main components of a microgrid. We introduce the reader to the basic functionality of DC/AC inverters, as well as to standard operating modes and control schemes of inverter-interfaced power sources in microgrid applications. Based on this exposition and starting from fundamental physics, we present detailed dynamical models of the main microgrid components. Furthermore, we clearly state the underlying assumptions which lead to the standard reduced model with inverters represented by controllable voltage sources, as well as static network and load representations, hence, providing a complete modular model derivation of a three-phase inverter-based microgrid.

The problem of modeling and control of multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current transmission systems is addressed in this paper, which contains five main contributions. First, to propose a unified, physically motivated, modeling framework - based on port-Hamiltonian representations - of the various network topologies used in this application. Second, to prove that the system can be globally asymptotically stabilized with a decentralized PI control, that exploits its passivity properties. Close connections between the proposed PI and the popular Akagi's PQ instantaneous power method are also established. Third, to reveal the transient performance limitations of the proposed controller that, interestingly, is shown to be intrinsic to PI passivity-based control. Fourth, motivated by the latter, an outer-loop that overcomes the aforementioned limitations is proposed. The performance limitation of the PI, and its drastic improvement using outer-loop controls, are verified via simulations on a three-terminals benchmark example. A final contribution is a novel formulation of the power flow equations for the centralized references calculation.