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International audience; Agroforestry systems (AFS) are presented as systems likely to meet a variety of interests from diverse stakeholders embodied in sectoral policies such as forestry or environment policies. However, they are in a process of being institutionalized in Europe through specific policy instruments mostly within agricultural policies. In this context, we investigated the agroforestry policyscape, meaning the social and spatial articulation between multiple policies impacting agroforestry along a Mediterranean landscape gradient from agricultural intensification to land abandonment. We focused on the necessary conditions to promote socio-political synergies between practices, actors and instruments to tackle agroforestry, from preexisting to emerging systems and issues in these landscapes. We worked in two Mediterranean protected areas, the Ventoux Biosphere Reserve and the Verdon Regional Nature Park, and conducted in-depth interviews with 50 practitioners and sectoral representatives from diverse policies directly affecting AFS. We identified five categories of AFS, some of them being traditional declining practices while other ‘modern’ forms are currently emerging with the ongoing agro-ecological transition. We highlighted that while stakeholders and policies from multiple social groups are interested in some AFS such as silvopastures, others AFS such as silvoarable systems are confined to a single social and political field, the agricultural one, or even ignored by policies such as grazed orchards. Regarding this agroforestry policyscape, we discuss opportunities for agroforestry development with issues of policies coordination, lack of instruments, and need for synergies with environmental or land-use planning policies.

Background Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus belonging to family Paramyxovirade, genus Morbillivirus and responsible for high morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Infected domestic dogs can cause spillover infections to wild carnivores that are in contact. We conducted a seroprevalence survey of CDV in domestic dogs in two areas of western Bhutan (Haa district) located at the periphery of the Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve, which is home to several endangered wildlife. A total of 238 serum samples, 119 each from the pet and stray dog, were collected during summer and winter seasons. Samples were tested for CDV antibodies using a sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test. Results The seroprevalence of CDV was found to be 11.3% (95% CI 6.7–14.2). Dogs sampled during winter were less likely to test seropositive against CDV antibodies than those sampled during summer (adjusted odds ratio: -2.6; 95% CI: − 1.2–6.1). Dogs in good body condition were found to be more likely to test seropositive against CDV than dogs in poor condition and obese dogs (adjusted odds ratio: 2.2; 95% CI: 0.1–5.9). There were no significant differences in the seroprevalence of CDV among different sexes, breeds and age classes, pet and stray dogs and between the two study sites. Conclusions Our study indicates that CDV seroprevalence was equally distributed among pet and stray dogs. We suggest strengthening the management practices of dogs through responsible dog ownership, dog population management and waste management to minimize the transmission risk of infectious diseases to wildlife.

In Bhutan, free-roamingdogs pose health hazards to human, livestock, andwildlife. Understanding the perceptions and practices of local communitiesregarding free-roaming dogs is important to mitigate negative impacts. A community-based study was conducted inthe buffer zone of Strict Nature Reserve, western Bhutan. The study was conducted in February-October 2018 using a household questionnairesurvey, 'free-listing'of dog diseases, group discussions and key-informantinterviews.A total of 140 householdsfromKatsho and Esuegeogs(sub-districts) were interviewed. People classify dogs under three categories: 'Gokhi'/petdog, 'Changkhi'/stray dog, and 'Shakhi'/feraldog. A higher proportion of rural people owned pet dogs, which were considered important to guard crops and livestock from wildlifeandprotect households'properties. Owning a dog also contributed significantly to the non-material well-beingof the respondents, especially in the rural villages. In contrast to the perceived positive impacts of the pet dogs,81%of the respondents considered stray and feral dogs a problem in thecommunity.The threats were attacks/bites by free-roaming dogs to humans, livestock and also wildlife. Rabies was the most frequently (69.7%) known dog diseases with the highest rank (1.46) in the list, followed by scabies (49.5%, rank1.52). The majority (56%) of the respondents indicated that stray and feral dogs originate from abandoned pet dogs. This study calls for a multi-sectorial/One Health approach to mitigate the threats posed by free-roaming dogs and more detailed ecological and epidemiological studies are required to control their impacts.

Tropical forests are major providers of natural resources and ecosystem services but their ecological functions are at threat, due to increasing human pressure linked to economic development. The identification of priority areas for conservation is crucial for land use planning to ensure the protection of biodiversity and ecological function. Intact Forest Landscapes (IFLs), as defined by Greenpeace and World Resources Institute (WRI), are areas of the forest ecosystems not subjected to human activities. They have been identified by mapping human disturbances through remote sensing. Contrary to similar global-scale concepts, IFLs have been integrated into the standards of the certification body Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and therefore have practical implications for forest management policies. The Motion 65, approved in the general assembly of FSC in 2014, mandates the protection of IFLs located in FSC certified logging concessions. Until the implementation of national standards, forestry operations are banished from 80% of the IFL area within each forest management unit. To trace the history and evaluate the suitability of IFLs in the Central African context, we searched for documents related to the IFL method, and related approaches focusing on the identification of areas devoid of human disturbances. The IFL method is simple and cost-effective and allows for a global assessment of the influence of human infrastructures and industrial exploitation on forests. However, the method does not consider the situation below the canopy and those forest components not visible by satellites. For example, hunting, one of the main threats faced by wildlife in Central African forests today, cannot be detected with satellite imagery. On the other hand, other anthropogenic activities which remote sensing may detect may be compatible with forest ecosystem conservation. To better tailor the IFL approach to Central African forests, we recommend (i) the consideration of wildlife communities in the intactness analysis, (ii) a thorough evaluation of the impacts of human activities on forest ecosystems, and (iii) the integration of local stakeholders and governments in the design of land management strategies to respond to social, economic and environmental needs.

This study of values placed on wildlife by Bantu and Yaka Pygmy forest dwellers (n = 200) in Northern Congo identified and analyzed two wildlife value orientations - “anthropocentric” and “biocentric.” The former, strongly displayed across all segments of both societies, was likely motivated by heavy reliance on bushmeat and human–wildlife conflicts, and was linked to attitudes approving the killing of animals for human benefit. The “biocentric” orientation was more common among formally educated male respondents who do not hunt and positively linked to attitudes favoring conservation. Wildlife management strategies should consider including 1) sustainable local wildlife exploitation, 2) livelihood projects that provide a real alternative to hunting, and 3) human–wildlife conflict mitigation.

Les travaux récents sur les solutions pour conserver le biome Cerrado portent principalement sur un modèle d'organisation du territoire conciliant l'adaptation technique des grandes productions agricoles et le renforcement de la conservation par les aires protégées, sans aborder la capacité d'utilisation durable de la biodiversité par les communautés agroextractivistes. A partir d'un travail de terrain conduit dans trois Etats brésiliens, cet article vise à analyser si les expériences de reconnaissance et de valorisation des produits agroextractivistes peuvent constituer une contribution au développement local et à la conservation de la biodiversité dans le Cerrado. Nos recherches montrent que les pratiques agroextractivistes traditionnelles des communautés rurales sont menacées par les politiques agricoles et environnementales à l'oeuvre qui leur imposent des modèles techniques prenant peu en compte leurs spécificités. D'autre part, en se focalisant sur les produits forestiers non ligneux, les efforts de valorisation des systèmes agroextractivistes s'inspirent essentiellement des expériences amazoniennes, négligeant d'autres pratiques caractéristiques de la complexité des systèmes de production traditionnels du Cerrado.

L’article décrit les principales étapes permettant d’évaluer les performances du système d’endiguement sur la commune de Châtelaillon-Plage selon le nouveau décret digue de 2015. Ce site d’étude est particulier car la ville s’est développée sur l'emplacement d’anciens marais endigués. La topographie est donc basse et la zone urbanisée est encerclée entre, d’une part l’océan et d’autre part par les marais rétro-littoraux. La définition du système d’endiguement doit donc prendre en compte l’environnement des digues de protection qui aura un rôle sur leurs performances. Tout d’abord, une méthode est mise en place pour définir les niveaux de protection apparents et les niveaux de sûreté de chaque secteur homogène en fonction des différents modes de submersion possibles. Un modèle numérique permet de calculer les sollicitations hydrauliques au pied de chaque ouvrage. Ensuite, un ensemble d'hypothèses est considéré concernant la performance hydraulique des ouvrages (débordement, franchissement) afin d’évaluer leur niveau de protection apparent ou leur niveau de sûreté. La plupart des ouvrages qui protègent la zone urbanisée de la grande Plage de Châtelaillon sont sensibles aux franchissements par paquets de mer. Une analyse sur les niveaux de plage est donc effectuée pour définir les altitudes limites qui garantissent l’objectif de protection affiché. De plus, une analyse de l’influence des marais rétro-littoraux sur le risque de submersion de Châtelaillon a été réalisée et deux scénarios ont été pris en compte: la défaillance fonctionnelle des ouvrages de l’exutoireet un niveau d’eau initial élevé dans les marais. In fine, cette étude illustre quelques exemples de difficultés techniques qui peuvent être rencontrés pour la définition des niveaux de protection selon la nouvelle réglementation.

International audience; Understanding how carbon and biodiversity vary across tropical forest landscapes is essential to achieving effective conservation of their respective hotspots in a global context of high deforestation. Whether conservation strategies aimed at protecting carbon hotspots can provide co-benefits for biodiversity protection, and vice versa, highly depends on the extent to which carbon and biodiversity co-occur at the landscape level. We used field measurements and easily accessible explanatory variables to model aboveground carbon density, soil carbon density and tree alpha diversity (response variables) over a mostly forested area of northern Borneo. We assessed the spatial relationships between response variables and the spatial congruence of their hotspots. We found a significant positive relationship between aboveground carbon density and tree alpha diversity, and an above-than-expected-by-chance spatial congruence of their hotspots. Consequently, the protection of areas of high aboveground carbon density through financial mechanisms such as REDD+ is expected to benefit tree diversity conservation in the study area. On the other hand, relationships between soil carbon density and both aboveground carbon density and tree alpha diversity were negative and spatial congruences null. Hotspots of soil carbon density, mostly located in peatlands, therefore need specific conservation regulations, which the current moratorium on peat conversion in Indonesia is a first step toward.

On a global scale, protected areas (PAs) are one of the main tools used for biodiversity conservation. However, accelerated biodiversity loss and lack of social acceptance of PAs call into question their ability to reach long-term biodiversity conservation objectives. To address this, conservation scientists and practitioners have moved from segregative to integrative models of PAs. When the segregative model sees PAs as human exclusion zones, the integrative model considers conservation and development projects and multiple partnerships with local stakeholders within and outside PAs. Given this paradigmatic evolution, a PA and its surrounding landscape are increasingly regarded as a single social-ecological system (SES). This development brings new challenges for conservationists: How should these complex and dynamic systems be managed, and how can their pathways be described and piloted? Using French nature reserves (NRs) as case studies, we propose a framework for analyzing the integration pathways of PAs within their social-ecological context. We identified the pathways of 10 NRs according to their degree of integration in the surrounding landscape (spatial), their management objectives (sectoral), and their governance systems (institutional). We analyzed these pathways using three metaphors associated with resilience thinking (adaptive cycle, adaptation, and transformation). We discussed how these 10 NRs have changed over time, revealing how practitioners anticipate future pathways and avoid undesirable states. Through an exploration of the totality of an SES’s spatial, sectoral, and institutional pathways, the framework we propose is a potential tool for identifying opportunities and constraints for long-term conservation actions.

In recent years, conservation biologists have raised awareness about the risk of ecological interference between massively introduced managed honeybees and the native wild bee fauna in protected natural areas. In this study, we surveyed wild bees and quantified their nectar and pollen foraging success in a rosemary Mediterranean scrubland in southern France, under different conditions of apiary size and proximity. We found that high-density beekeeping triggers foraging competition which depresses not only the occurrence (−55%) and nectar foraging success (−50%) of local wild bees but also nectar (−44%) and pollen (−36%) harvesting by the honeybees themselves. Overall, those competition effects spanned distances of 600–1.100 m around apiaries, i.e. covering 1.1–3.8km2 areas. Regardless the considered competition criterion, setting distance thresholds among apiaries appeared more tractable than setting colony density thresholds for beekeeping regulation. Moreover, the intraspecific competition among the honeybees has practical implications for beekeepers. It shows that the local carrying capacity has been exceeded and raises concerns for honey yields and colony sustainability. It also offers an effective ecological criterion for pragmatic decision-making whenever conservation practitioners envision progressively reducing beekeeping in protected areas. Although specific to the studied area, the recommendations provided here may help raise consciousness about the threat highdensity beekeeping may pose to local nature conservation initiatives, especially in areas with sensitive or endangered plant or bee species such as small oceanic islands with high levels of endemism.

Due to their static nature, protected areas (PAs) are vulnerable to global change, and resident species will likely need to colonize new sites and exchange migrants to sustain viable local populations. Alpine habitats often have a high level of protection, yet extensive environmental heterogeneity and the limited dispersal ability of many endemic species makes it unclear whether PA networks provide sufficient connectivity to protect vulnerable species. We assess landscape connectivity in the European alpine PA network by combining measures of habitat and genetic connectivity using community landscape genetics approaches. Examining 27 plant species, we compare levels of genetic diversity in PA and non-PA sites, and rank non-PA sites for their potential value in facilitating genetic and habitat connectivity, as well as preserving species richness in 893 alpine plants. Non-PA sites do not significantly enhance overall levels of genetic variability across species. However, spatial genetic turnover (allele frequency variation across space) is influenced by geographical and environmental distance, suggesting that genetic connectivity, and by extension landscape connectivity, is impacted by gaps in the PA network. A subset of non-PA sites, when measured for habitat connectivity, genetic connectivity and species richness using spatial graphs, substantially increase landscape connectivity for alpine plants, although there are discrepancies among metrics in ranking sites. We provide the first example of the evaluation and prediction of new PAs including levels of intraspecific genetic diversity for a whole community. This has significance for the management and extension of the European alpine network, especially in identifying valuable unprotected sites.

Efforts to conserve biodiversity in savanna ecosystems have mostly focused on wildlife protection, whereas the relationships between communities at the peripheries of protected areas and their local woodlands have been largely ignored. We explored local perceptions of tree diversity around a national park within a Transfrontier Conservation Area and its importance in providing ecosystem services to local people and factors influencing such perceptions. We also focused on how the different communities view their relationship with the park. The study was carried out around Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. 247 individual interviews and 3 focus group discussions involving between eight to thirteen participants were held between June and November 2014 in Malipati and Chomupani communal areas as well as Gonakudzingwa farms. The free-listing approach was utilised for collecting ethnobotanical data and analysis included one-way analysis of variance and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Proximity to park and tenure system were factors found to have a major influence on how the local communities perceived the role of tree diversity in providing ecosystem services and how they related with the park. Communities adjacent to the Park (Malipati communal area and Gonakudzingwa Farms) identified more utilised tree species, ecosystem services as well as benefits from the park than the community further from park (Chomupani communal area). Respondents from Gonakudzingwa, with a higher wealth status, however, showed less dependence on non-timber forest products than those from Malipati. Our results demonstrate the need for resource management approaches to consider such factors when designing benefit sharing schemes in Transfrontier Conservation Areas and the vulnerability of communal areas not located close to the protected area as they may not have access to essential biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Communication orale; International audience

Xu et al. (1) make a most useful contribution to the debate on protected areas (PAs) in China and make a welcome focus on ecosystem services rather than threatened species. Nonetheless, their continued focus is on the establishment of PAs, rather than wider landscape-scale approaches, which are more suitable to the Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals. In particular, they say, “First, there is no PA type particular to ecosystem services conservation and directly aimed at enhancing ecological security for human beings. Nature reserves are established primarily for biodiversity conservation, not for ecosystem services. Second, important areas for conservation of biodiversity and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: peter.bridgewater{at}canberra.edu.au. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Cette synthèse donne un aperçu des principaux résultats et analyses des études conduites en France et au Maghreb entre 2012 et 2014 sur les services culturels récréatifs et éducatifs que procurent les zones humides méditerranéennes. L'Observatoire des zones humides méditerranéennes (OZHM), géré par la Tour du Valat dans le cadre de l'initiative méditerranéenne de Ramsar (MedWet), en a coordonné le travail. En partenariat avec l'Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM), la synthèse des neuf sites étudiés a été réalisée en 2015, ce qui a permis une première analyse régionale et sous-régionale. Ce travail a aussi pour vocation d'établir un premier état de référence qualitatif utile pour les suivis ultérieurs. Ce travail n'aurait pas pu être réalisé sans la participation active des gestionnaires et associations des neufs sites étudiés et des institutions publiques qui ont facilité le travail: la Direction générale des Forêts en Algérie et en Tunisie et le Haut Commissariat des Eaux et Forêts et de la Lutte contre la Désertification au Maroc.

Protected areas are often burdened with conflicts between environmental managers and neighboring rural communities. Unsuccessful top-down approaches for conservation may be replaced by alternative forms of systemic management involving local actors in the design and implementation of conservation management. Although theoretically sound and appealing, the involvement of local residents in the management of protected areas is often impaired in practice by scale mismatches, conflicting values and interests, power imbalance, and a lack of trust among actors. In this paper, we describe a process initiated in Zimbabwe to create a fair and balanced locally designed arena where local communities and protected area managers may collaborate to produce effective management plans. Adopting the Companion Modeling approach, we conducted a participatory modeling experiment to codesign a role-playing game that simulates the interactions between farming activities, livestock herding practices, and wildlife in a virtual landscape reproducing local social-ecological dynamics. After 18 months of intensive ethnographical fieldwork to gain knowledge and legitimacy, we spent one year codesigning the first version of the game with a group of volunteer villagers. The game, called Kulayijana (teaching each other), was tested and validated by other members of the rural communities and subsequently presented to protected area managers. We show how this approach allowed the negotiation of uncertainties and their inclusion in a model that constitutes a shared representation of farmers' interactions with the protected area. We emphasize the fact that working with marginalized actors first increased participation, appropriation, and confidence of rural communities to engage in a multistakeholder debate, thus reducing power imbalance among actors. We conclude by discussing the next phase of our work: the necessary involvement of conservation actors in the Kulayijana team, and the implementation of Kulayijana with higher hierarchical levels.

Anthropology , as a discipline, has been closely allied with geography for over a century, and mapping is an important practice in each of anthropology's four subdisciplines: archaeology and biological, cultural, and linguistic anthropology . This chapter focuses on cultural mapping , or representations of how humans understand social and physical environments and relationships, and participatory mapping , a particular technique of inclusive map-making in which researchers and community members-as-researchers create maps collectively. Such maps are often used to document understandings of space that contrast with official maps of state understandings of, for example, resources and rights. In participatory mapping, the questions about what is to be mapped are established collectively as well as the mapping process itself (often, as mentioned, done as part of a larger social justice project). This chapter discusses the history of, and variation in, cultural mapping and then goes on to provide several examples of cultural and participatory mapping. Manuel Boissière, Michael Padmanaba, and Ermayanti Sadjudin describe the participatory mapping process in which they engaged, with many others, in Mamberamo, Papua, Indonesia as part of a long-term project on biodiversity and natural resource management. Residents of six villages, working from base maps on the same scale as state maps, corrected and expanded information about rivers and resource diversity on the maps as well as adding livelihood activities and sacred places. These maps were used in a regional workshop, including government representatives, on land use planning . Sasikumar Balasundaram illustrates, in another example, how children in long-term refugee camps in southern India map their current circumstances and imagined futures.

China has considered tourism development as an important policy for reducing rural poverty. However, various governances of tourism development have affected local livelihood in different ways. Here, we assessed local livelihood under the community-based (CBT) and lease-to-operate tourism (LOT) governances in two tourism villages; the Jade and Phoenix valleys located in the World Heritage mountain area of Huangshan. We used the sustainable livelihood approach to assess the local household livelihood assets and institutional arrangements that exist in this area with respect to tourism development. Five capital assets were analyzed according to 15 indicators. Values for natural, physical, human, social, and financial capitals were generally higher for CBT. Overall value for livelihood assets was 0.89 under the CBT compared to 0.51 under the LOT indicating that CBT contributed more to livelihood improvement in the rural area. Therefore, the CBT should be promoted as a policy for poverty alleviation in China.

Human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) have drastically increased around conservation areas in Africa in recent decades, thus undermining the peaceful cohabitation of wildlife populations and rural human settlements. Mitigation packages include HWC reporting, which is often ineffective since the information conveyed is generally scattered and useless. The booming mobile phone sector and the popular use of text messages (SMS) have provided an opportunity to assess the impact of real-time communication systems in HWC mitigation strategies. This paper presents the results of preliminary tests conducted in Mozambique and Zimbabwe with FrontlineSMS, a mobile data collection system. With sets of 52 wildlife playing cards, any wildlife events from patrol reports to HWCs were easily translated into explanatory variables listed on forms. Sending written information as text messages was hampered by IT problems linked with the use of commercial 3G USB modems. The overall system could be improved by using GPRD modems allowing a higher SMS flow and, at the informant level, by introducing ad-hoc SMS models to facilitate data capture on mobile phones. Once adopted, HWC early warning systems could be deployed at low cost.

D’une superficie de 225 000 ha, la Réserve de biosphère de Yangambi (République démocratique du Congo) est l’une des principales aires protégées menacées par l’anthropisation dans la région. Malgré son appartenance au réseau mondial des réserves de biosphère depuis les années 1970, les connaissances sur les dynamiques d’occupation du sol y sont encore lacunaires. Une démarche fondée sur l’analyse d’images (Landsat TM, ETM+ et OLI) et la réalité du terrain a été mise en œuvre pour étudier la dynamique d’occupation des sols de la réserve entre 1986 et 2016. Le taux annuel de déforestation est passé de 0,18 % au cours de la période 1986-2003 à 0,38 % en 2003-2016. Durant cette dernière période, la forêt primaire a connu un taux de déforestation plus élevé qu’en forêt secondaire (respectivement 4,5 % et 0,4 %). Quatre zones aux dynamiques socio-environnementales spécifiques ont été identifiées, nécessitant des approches de gestion différentes. Il s’agit notamment de la concession de l’INERA, des zones proches d’axes principaux de circulation, des zones situées sur des axes routiers plus ou moins abandonnés et des zones isolées du cœur de la réserve. Les principales causes de déforestation mentionnées par les habitants sont l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis (54 % des ménages), l’exploitation artisanale des minerais (17 %) et la fabrication des pirogues (8 %). La pression démographique, sans amélioration du niveau de vie des communautés ou des techniques agricoles, et le développement du réseau routier, favorisant les échanges commerciaux, en sont les causes sous-jacentes. Cette dynamique de déforestation dans une forêt rattachée au réseau mondial des réserves de biosphère entame l’objectif fixé par l’État d’étendre le réseau d’aires protégées à 15 % du territoire national.

The Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge (EHNWR) and Conservation Area, when completed, will serve to protect the upland habitats and wetlands of the Everglades watersheds. Completing the "reserve design” for this protected area involves many ecological, social, and political factors to successfully identify parcels of land for protection. Land acquisition choices are difficult because it typically takes many years to gather the funds to purchase all necessary parcels of land, and initial land acquisition planning could be complicated by future conditions such as projected climate and urbanization changes across the landscape. To meet the reserve design needs of the EHNWR, we used the conservation planning software Marxan to allocate the targets among two “zones” representing different methods of protection: fee-simple purchase and conservation easement agreements. Projections from urban growth models revealed how climate change could affect the study area by examining how urbanization associated with people moving inland from the coast might affect the availability of parcels for inclusion in the reserve.

Over a decade ago, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) re-emerged in Southern Africa specifically in beef exporting countries that had successfully maintained disease-free areas in the past. FMD virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 has been responsible for a majority of these outbreaks. Epidemiological studies have revealed the importance of the African buffalo as the major wildlife FMD reservoir in the region. We used phylogeographic analysis to study dynamics of FMD transmission between buffalo and domestic cattle at the interface of the major wildlife protected areas in the region currently encompassing two largest Transfrontier conservation areas: Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) and Great Limpopo (GL). Results of this study showed restricted local occurrence of each FMDV SAT2 topotypes I, II, and III, with occasional virus migration from KAZA to GL. Origins of outbreaks in livestock are frequently attributed to wild buffalo, but our results suggest that transmission from cattle to buffalo also occurs. We used coalescent Bayesian skyline analysis to study the genetic variation of the virus in cattle and buffalo, and discussed the association of these genetic changes in the virus and relevant epidemiological events that occurred in this area. Our results show that the genetic diversity of FMDV SAT2 has decreased in buffalo and cattle population during the last decade. This study contributes to understand the major dynamics of transmission and genetic variation of FMDV SAT2 in Southern Africa, which will could ultimately help in designing efficient strategies for the control of FMD at a local and regional level.

Designing the Everglades headwaters national wildlife refuge for habitat needs considering urbanization encroachment. National Conference on Ecosystem Restoration

We test the extent to which fence damage or fence permeability (resulting from human and elephant damage) influences patterns of cattle and buffalo movement at the periphery of Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. We used spoor data to detect and compare the frequency of cattle and buffalo movement across the fence boundary. Results show that spoor proportions for cattle were significantly higher on fence partially damaged by humans than buffalo spoor. Conversely, buffalo spoor proportions were significantly higher on sections with totally removed fence as a result of elephant damage. Results suggest that cattle and buffalo use different sections of the damaged fence. (Resume d'auteur)