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In this paper, a new model of hub locating has been solved considering reliability and importance of flow congestion on hub nodes in a dynamic environment. Each of nodes considered as hubs and their communication paths with other non-hubs nodes have specific reliability. In order to reduce input flow to any hub and avoid creation unsuitable environmental and traffic conditions in that area, efficiency capacity is allocated to each hub, which is subject to a penalty in case of exceeding this amount. Another capability of this model is the ability of deciding whether hubs are active or inactive in each period, so hub facilities can be established or closed due to different conditions (such as changes in demand, legislative, etc.). The model is non-linear and bi-objective that the first goal is reducing transportation costs, hub rental fees and extra flow congestion penalties on hub nodes and the second goal is to increase the minimum designed network reliability. After linearization of the model, using ε-constraint method, optimal boundary is obtained. Also, to demonstrate the performance of the model, we use IAD dataset for solving problem. To evaluate the model, sensitivity analysis is presented for some of important parameters of the model.

Introduction: Nowadays, Snap-fits have many applications in the automotive industry, especially in assembly lines. They are used instead of the mechanical joints such as bolts, the cabling joints, and the car interior lining joints. Due to the special form of these fasteners, they are usually assembled manually. So, the form of clips’ contact area and the sharpness of the Snap-fits may cause the skin pains on the worker’s fingertips. This fact can cause an ergonomic study of these joints for reducing stress on workers and increasing their efficiency and health. Material and Method: The Finite Element Method (FEM), which is one of the most recognized methods in numeric calculation and computer simulations, is used in order to study the pressures applied to skin due to the pain receptors in the middle layer of skin, and mechanical tensions created in the workers’ thumbs during their work with clips. In order to do this, first a 3D model of a thumb, based on the CT scan data taken from a real thumb sample was created. To identify the different layers of skin, Boolean operations were used. Afterwards, the limit conditions were determined and finally different structures were made to analyze the size, geometric shape and mechanical properties of the clips. Result: In general, the results show that for those clips that their thumb touching surface is only round in edges, the most pressure on the middle layer of skin decreases as the radius of the round edge increases. Whereas such tensions, lightly increase as the radius increases in those clips that have a hybrid design (the combination of flat and curved surfaces). The result of the material analysis for clips shows that using elastic materials has only a limited effect on reducing tensions (only if rubber like materials are used) and for all tough materials, be it plastic or steel, the intensity of pressure tension would increase in the same manner on all the mentioned items. Conclusion: The results suggest that during assembly work there are different factors which affect the tension on the fingers, factors like geometric structure, material and mechanical properties. However, the magnitude of those items’ effects are not the same, and that data can be observed while making an ergonomic design for clips.