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The Nix-TB clinical trial evaluated a new 6 month regimen containing three oral drugs; bedaquiline (B), pretomanid (Pa), and linezolid (L) (BPaL regimen) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This regimen achieved remarkable results as almost 90% of the multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant TB participants were cured but many patients also developed severe adverse events (AEs). The AEs were associated with the long-term administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor linezolid. Spectinamide 1599 is also a protein synthesis inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an excellent safety profile, but it lacks oral bioavailability. Here, we propose to replace L in the BPaL regimen with spectinamide (S) administered via inhalation and we demonstrate that inhaled spectinamide 1599, combined with BPa ––BPaS regimen––has similar efficacy to that of the BPaL regimen while simultaneously avoiding the L-associated AEs. The BPaL and BPaS regimens were compared in the BALB/c and C3HeB/FeJ murine chronic TB efficacy models. After 4-weeks of treatment, both regimens promoted equivalent bactericidal effects in both TB murine models. However, treatment with BPaL resulted in significant weight loss and the complete blood count suggested the development of anemia. These effects were not similarly observed in mice treated with BPaS. BPaL and BPa, but not the BPaS treatment, also decreased myeloid to erythroid ratio suggesting the S in the BPaS regimen was able to recover this effect. Moreover, the BPaL also increased concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in bone marrow compared to mice receiving BPaS regimen. These combined data suggest that inhaled spectinamide 1599 combined with BPa is an effective TB regimen without L-associated AEs.

The industrial sector is vital to economic progress, yet industrial pollution poses environmental and economic concerns. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of green industrial transformation in reducing Pakistan's carbon intensity between 1975 and 2020. Carbon emissions are considered an endogenous construct, while foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, technological innovation, green industrial transformation, environmental legislation, and research and development (R&D) investment are possible mediators. The association between variables is assessed using the robust least-squares approach. Green industrial transformation is connected with lower carbon emissions, yet technical innovation, R&D investment, and inbound FDI raise a country's carbon emissions. The findings support the pollution haven hypothesis in a country. The causality estimates indicate that inward FDI contributes to environmental regulations; green industrial transformation directly relates to inbound FDI and R&D expenditures; and technological innovations correspond to inbound FDI, R&D expenditures, industrial ecofriendly progression, and environmental standards. According to the impulse response function, environmental policies are anticipated to have a differential effect on carbon emissions in 2023, 2024, 2028–2030, while they are likely to decrease in the years 2025–2027 and 2031 forward. Additionally, inward FDI and technology advancements would almost certainly result in a rise in carbon emissions over time. Green industrial transitions are projected to result in a ten-year reduction in carbon emissions. The variance decomposition analysis indicates that eco-friendly industrial adaptations would likely have the largest variance error shock on carbon emissions (11.747%), followed by inbound FDI, technological advancements, and regulatory changes, with R&D spending having a minimal impact over time. Pakistan's economy should foster a green industrial revolution to avoid pollution and increase environmental sustainability to meet its environmental goals.

This paper presents a novel approach to studying divorce dynamics and elimination strategies using nonlinear differential equations. A mathematical model is formulated to capture the key factors influencing divorce rates. The model undergoes a rigorous theoretical analysis, including parameter estimation, solution existence/uniqueness, positivity, boundedness, and invariant regions. A qualitative analysis explores equilibria, stability conditions, and a sensitivity analysis. Numerical simulations and discussions are presented to validate the model and shed light on divorce dynamics. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are outlined. This work offers valuable insights for understanding and potentially mitigating divorce rates through targeted interventions.

Early maturity and simultaneous increase in yield of cotton are pivotal for increasing the productivity of cropping systems involving cotton. Current two-year study was performed to simultaneously enhance the earliness and yield of cotton by modulating plant population (PP) (5.3 and 8.8 plants m−2), foliar boron (B) (0, 0.6 and 1.2 g/L B) and 0.07 g/L mepiquat chloride (MC) solution (at squaring and flowering stages) application. Internodes length was exalted at high PP (8.8 plants m-2) and B (1.2 g/L B), while declined by MC. Nevertheless, nodes above the white flower and cracked boll were decreased at high PP, and the application of B and MC indicated earlier cutout. Similarly, high PP, and application of 1.2 g/L B and MC at squaring reduced calendar and thermal time needed for flowering and boll opening. The boll maturation period was not affected by the application of B and MC but declined at high PP. Earliness index, production rate index (PRI) and seed cotton yield were increased at high PP, application of 1.2 g/L B and MC at squaring. In crux, increasing PP and B concentration, and MC application at squaring resulted in early maturity and enhanced seed cotton yield by modulating plant structure and time required for various phenophases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a D-type photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with Zeonex material as the substrate and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material as the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation layer is proposed for biosensing in the terahertz (THz) band. Analyzed with a finite element method, the proposed biosensor has shown excellent sensing properties for analyte refractive indices ranging from 1.32 to 1.45. With a maximum sensor resolution of 8.40 × 10−7 refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit of 39.42 RIU−1, the maximum wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity can reach 335.00 μm/RIU and −66.01 RIU−1, respectively. A ±2% fabrication tolerance analysis is also performed on the biosensor to prove its practical feasibility. We conclude that our proposed PCF biosensor utilizing PVDF-excited SPR can provide high sensitivity, and thus a compact, label-free, and convenient solution for biomedical liquid sensing in the THz band.

Background: Although the diverse communities of tick-borne viruses (TBVs) have recently been proposed, the threat of infection and exposure to TBVs among humans across Kenya has been poorly understood. Objective: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne viral agent associated with the epidemic of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) disease in East Asian countries. This study investigated the seroprevalence of SFTSV among humans in Kenya. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 459 healthy people in Kenya and tested for anti-SFTSV antibodies, which were further confirmed by immunofluorescence assays. Micro neutralization assays were performed to identify neutralising antibodies against SFTSV and SFTSV-related viruses. Results: A high seroprevalence (162/459, 35.3%) of SFTSV was found in the samples from nine of the ten surveyed counties in Kenya, with higher rates in the eastern plateau forelands, semiarid and arid areas, and coastal areas than in the area aside Rift valley. The seropositive rate was slightly higher in women than in men and was significantly higher in the 55-64 age group. Neutralising activity against SFTSV was detected in four samples, resulting in a rate of 0.9%. No cross-neutralising activity against the SFTSV-related Guertu virus and Heartland virus was detected in the anti-SFTSV positive serum samples. Conclusion: The results provide serologic evidence of human exposure to SFTSV in Kenya and extend our understanding of SFTSV prevalence from Asia to Africa. The findings suggest an increasing threat of exposure to emerging TBVs and the need to investigate tick viromes in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to studying divorce dynamics and elimination strategies using nonlinear differential equations. A mathematical model is formulated to capture the key factors influencing divorce rates. The model undergoes a rigorous theoretical analysis, including parameter estimation, solution existence/uniqueness, positivity, boundedness, and invariant regions. A qualitative analysis explores equilibria, stability conditions, and a sensitivity analysis. Numerical simulations and discussions are presented to validate the model and shed light on divorce dynamics. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are outlined. This work offers valuable insights for understanding and potentially mitigating divorce rates through targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of this project is to describe how chronic diabetes altered the haematological and uterine indicators in a time dependent-manner that were reversed by camel milk (CM) therapy in pregnant and non-pregnant rat models. Fifty-four female rats were divided into three groups: Placebo (N), diabetic control (DC) and diabetic treated (DT) with CM at 40 ml/kg/24 h for 90 days. A single intact male was introduced into every group for mating at day 60 of the experiment. The sample collection was undertaken at day 30 and 60 of the non-pregnant rats and at day 90 immediately after parturition for the pregnant rats. At every collection, the dam's blood, as well as the uteri and neonatal kidneys were collected and subjected to a paraffin tissue preparation technique for a histological evaluation. The data revealed that at day 30, the uterine endo- and myometrium remained unaffected by diabetes, but at day 60, a significant reduction in the uterine indicators from diabetes was observed. However, the CM restored the uterine histology in the DT. At 90 day, chronic diabetes showed (P < 0.05) a harmful effect on the pregnant uterus which was reversed (P < 0.05) by the CM. The RBC (red blood cell) indices, platelets, and leucocyte counts were severely affected by the diabetes and protected by the CM at every point of collection. The kidney tissues of the neonate rats, delivered by the dams, in the DC presented a significant (P < 0.05) shrinkage in the cortex and glomeruli while the CM potentially reversed these changes. These results will help to understand the chronic diabetes effects on the uterus and neonate's renal genesis, and the role of camel milk in the management of chronic pre-gestational diabetes.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tickborne disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV; genus Banyangvirus, family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales). The disease is prevalent in East Asia [...]

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV), an emerging zoonotic virus belonging to the order Bunyavirales within the family Nairoviridae. The virus is maintained through a tick-vertebrate [...]

Globally, Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old, with Pakistan having the highest rates of RVA‐related morbidity and mortality. The current study aims to determine the genetic diversity of rotavirus and evaluate the impact of Rotarix‐vaccine introduction on disease epidemiology in Pakistan. A total of 4749 children, hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis between 2018 and 2020, were tested at four hospitals in Lahore and Karachi. Of the total, 19.3% (918/4749) cases were tested positive for RVA antigen, with the positivity rate varying annually (2018 = 22.7%, 2019 = 14.4%, 2020 = 20.9%). Among RVA‐positive children, 66.3% were under 1 year of age. Genotyping of 662 enzyme‐linked immuno sorbent assay‐positive samples revealed the predominant genotype as G9P[4] (21.4%), followed by G1P[8] (18.9%), G3P[8] (11.4%), G12P[6] (8.7%), G2P[4] (5.7%), G2P[6] (4.8%), and 10.8% had mixed genotypes. Among vaccinated children, genotypes G9P[4] and G12P[6] were more frequently detected, whereas a decline in G2P[4] was observed. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the continued circulation of indigenous genotypes detected earlier in the country except G9 and P[6] strains. Our findings highlight the predominance of G9P[4] genotype after the vaccine introduction thus emphasizing continual surveillance to monitor the disease burden, viral diversity, and their impact on control of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:This paper used the Newton-type Methodfor estimating a single root of nonlinear equations. This method is iterative method and also known as one of the open methods. Open method are fast converging method as compared to closed method but the convergence is not guaranteed. Since open methods are fast convergence methods that is why they are widely used in Applied Mathematics. The proposed numerical technique is second order of convergence, and which is based on Newton Raphson method. The developed algorithm is compared with the well-known Newton Raphson Method and results show that our developed method is much better than the well-known method. Furthermore, examples are also give in order to give more detailed about the present work and reader will come to know that why developed method is much better as compare to well-known method.

In this paper, we have suggested a Modified Mean Methods for solving non-linear equations. Proposed Methods have linear order of convergence. The proposed Modified Mean Methods are used to solve all possible roots of non-linear functions in simpler and easier way. The proposed Methods are working tremendous as compare to Bisection method based on iterations and accuracy. To examine the fallouts of few problems, which are related by the non-linear functions to observe the efficiency of develop Modified Mean Methods. C++ and EXCEL have been used for obtaining results and graphical representations to justify the proposed methods. Throughout the study, it has been observed that the developed Modified Mean Algorithms are better techniques for estimating a root of non-linear equations.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide (1). Four HEV genotypes belonging to the species Orthohepevirus A are commonly found in humans (HEV-1 through HEV-4). [...]