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Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the premier staple foods consumed by one-third of the worlds population. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the only allohexaploid species with a genome formula BBAADD. Until now, from a selection point of view, a decline showed in the genetic potential of this type of wheat. However, the solution to this problem can be by developing high-yielding, disease- and pest-resistant cultivars using wheat-related species, ancient local landraces, and germplasm resources. Therefore, extensive study of the wheat gene pool using molecular tools, including identifying primary sources, is highly beneficial. For wheat improvement, breeding opportunities offer significant enhancements via genetic mapping approaches. The review focuses on the common wheat germplasm, wheat genetic approaches for genetic mapping, identification, and RWA (Russian wheat aphid) resistance, nested association mapping (NAM) population, DNA barcoding of Uzbekistan elite bread wheat cultivars, DNA marker-based screening of wheat germplasm for RWA resistance, future perspectives of wheat breeding in Uzbekistan, marker-assisted selection for abiotic stress tolerance, wheat stripe rust and its control strategies in Uzbekistan, epidemiology of the rust pathogens, pathogen characterization, and varietal resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA; Diuraphis noxia [Kurdjumov]) is one of the world's most economically important and invasive pests of wheat, barley, and other cereals and has a crucial economic impact on autumnal wheat worldwide. The development of resistant cultivars may cause the continuous emergence of new RWA biotypes that are virulent for RWA control, emphasizing the need to determine new sources of resistance. Controlling RWA with systemic insecticides is economically expensive and hazardous to the environment and human health. Therefore, the most efficient way to control RWA is to ascertain and develop wheat cultivars with resistant genes. The presented study sought to determine the Dn genes in 25 wheat cultivars, including 19 cultivars from Uzbekistan's wheat breeding program and six cultivars from Russian breeding. The PCR screening proceeded with six (Xgwm44, Xgwm111, Xgwm635, Xgwm337, Xgwm642, and Xgwm473) SSR markers associated with Dn genes to recognize the genetic polymorphisms among the wheat cultivars. The results helped researchers in breeding programs, genetic improvement, and pest management, contributing to the economic viability of wheat farming. In turn, it enhances food security and promotes financial stability at both regional and national levels by increasing wheat yields and minimizing losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]