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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show a reduction in acute kidney injury, renal impairment and acute renal failure after initiation of a sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor. Observational literature on the association is conflicting, but important to understand for populations with a higher risk of medication‐related adverse renal events. We aimed to systematically review the literature to summarize the association between sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor use and acute kidney injury, renal impairment and acute renal failure in three at‐risk groups: older people aged >65 years, people with heart failure and people with reduced renal function. A systematic search of Embase (1974 until 23 February 2024) and PubMed (1946 until 23 February 2024) was performed. RCTs were included if they reported numbers of acute kidney injury or acute renal failure in people using sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors compared to other diabetic therapies. Studies needed to report results by level of renal function, heart failure status or age. Of 922 results, eight studies were included. The absolute risk of acute kidney injury or acute renal failure was higher in people >65 years compared to those <65 years, higher in people with heart failure (vs without) and higher in people with reduced kidney function (vs preserved kidney function), but insufficient evidence to determine if the relative effect of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors on this risk was similar for each group. At‐risk cohorts are associated with a higher incidence of acute kidney problems in users of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]