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PurposeWebrooming (i.e. searching information online and making the final purchase in a physical store) has become a popular shopping practice, but remains insufficiently studied. To address this, a research framework encompassing online and offline channel attributes (i.e. online review diagnosticity, online search convenience, expected price loss, offline purchase effort and offline after-sales service convenience), consumer traits (i.e. anticipated regret) and shopping experience (i.e. smart-shopping perception) as determinants of webrooming continuance intention is proposed.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model was validated by conducting a questionnaire-based survey that yielded 354 useable responses. The data was subjected to partial least squares structural equation modelling and importance-performance map analysis.FindingsAccording to the obtained results, online review diagnosticity, offline after-sales service convenience and anticipated regret are the vital antecedents of webrooming continuance intention, while smart-shopping perception acts as the mediator.Originality/valueThe current study adds significantly to the body of knowledge about webrooming by validating the inter-relationships between online review diagnosticity, after-sales service convenience, anticipated regret, smart-shopping perception and webrooming continuance intention.

Objective: to evaluate the anesthetic effect among adult male patients with the single use of compound lidocaine cream in device-assisted circumcision, hoping to provide an anesthetic method for the simplification of the surgical process. Methods: Male adult patients undergoing device-assisted circumcision through prepuce local anesthesia using lidocaine cream in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from December 2020 to August 2021 were selected. According to different age groups and different surgical procedures, the anesthetic effect of compound lidocaine cream was analyzed considering the aspects of anesthetic cost, anesthetic time, anesthetic duration, anesthetic effect, anesthetic side effects and anesthetic satisfaction. Results: In the study, 99.1% of 649 patients needed only 1 application of compound lidocaine cream to complete the operation. The time taken for anesthesia was short; the whole anesthesia process only required approximately 2–5 min. However, for patients with severe phimosis, the time to complete the anesthesia procedure was correspondingly longer. The pain degree caused by anesthesia was low, and the patients with a pain score of ≤3 points accounted for 96.7%. The anesthetic effect lasted for a sufficiently long period, and the time of algesia recovery from local anesthesia was almost 1 h after surgery. The anesthesia effect was sufficient, and patients with an intraoperative pain score of ≤3 accounted for 98.7%, which could meet the surgical requirements. There were few side effects of the anesthesia. The overwhelming majority of patients were pleased with the anesthesia, and 98.9% of patients had an anesthesia satisfaction score of ≥7. Conclusion: The compound lidocaine cream, as a local anesthetic, is safe and effective for most adult male device-assisted circumcisions. More useful information needs to be corroborated by more advanced evidence, especially for severe phimosis.

Co-based antiperovskite nitrides (CuNCo3/NF and CoN0.73Co3/NF) for overall water splitting are designed. An alkaline electrolyzer composed of CuNCo3/NF and CoN0.73Co3/NF has low cell voltage of 1.53 V at 10 mA cm−2 and maintains remarkable stability.

Ru/1T-MoS2 with excellent hydrogen evolution activity were designed by a two-step method of phase engineering and noble metal modification. The reasons behind its excellent hydrogen evolution activity were revealed experimentally and theoretically.

A one-pot synthesis of a well-matched and high-stability 1T-M0.71W0.29S2/Ti3C2Tx MXene heterostructure with high supercapacitor performance.

Synopsis: a versatile conductive elastomer with broad and long-term temperature tolerance for dual-responsive sensors.

Both silicon and tin are promising anodes for new generation lithium ion batteries due to high lithium storage capacities (theoretically 4200 mA h g−1 and 992 mA h g-1, respectively). However, their large volumetric expansions (both are above 300 %) usually lead to poor cycling stability. In this case, we synthesized closely packed Si@C and Sn@C nano-particles anchored by reduced graphene oxide (denoted as Si@C/Sn@C/rGO) by the way of solution impregnation and subsequent hydrogenation reduction. Sn particles with a diameter of 100 nm are coated by carbon and surrounded by Si@C particles around 40 nm in average diameter through the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Expansions of Si and Sn are alleviated by carbon shells, and reduced graphene oxide sheets accommodate their volume changes. The prepared Si@C/Sn@C/rGO electrode delivers an enhanced initial coulombic efficiency (78 %), rate capability and greatly improved cycle stability (a high reversible capacity of nearly 1000 mA h g−1 is achieved after 300 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g−1). It can be believed that packing Sn@C nano-particles with Si@C relieves the volume expansion of both and releases the expansion stresses. Sn@C particles enhance anode process kinetics by reducing charge transfer resistance and increasing lithium ion diffusion coefficient. The present work provides a viable strategy for facilely synthesizing silicon-tin-carbon composite anode with long life.

Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) has a wide distribution in the world and is mainly distributed in the South and southwest in China. It can be used as both a wood and a medicine, with high value in industry, medicine, and ecology. In May 2022, it was observed that the approximately ten to fifteen years old Camphor trees were exhibiting witches'-broom, small leaf morphology and chlorosis, and leaf drop in Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, China. The witches'-broom symptoms consisted of many small branches with little leaves at the top of branches. It was named C. camphora witches'-broom disease (CCWB) and was found in some areas of Miyi, Yanbian, Renhe Xiqu and Dongqu counties. More than 28% of the plants were infected on the five areas surveyed. Total 100 samples were collected from five areas, with 15 symptomatic plants and 5 asymptomatic plants each area. The lateral stem tissues were observed under a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3000N). The nearly spherical bodies were found in the phloem sieve cells of symptomatic plants. Total DNA extraction was conducted from 0.1 g tissue using the CTAB method (Porebski et al. 1997), ddH2O was used as the negative control, and Dodonaea viscose witches'-broom disease plants were used as the positive control. The nested PCR was employed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene (Lee et al. 1993; Schneider et al. 1993) and PCR amplicon of 1.2 kb were amplified (GenBank accessions OP662614; OP662615; OP662616). The direct PCR specific to the ribosomal protein (rp) gene yielded amplicons of approximately 1.2 kb with primer pair rp(I)F1A and rp(I)R1A (Lee et al. 2003) (GenBank accessions OP649592; OP649593; OP649594). The fragment from 25 symptomatic samples was consistent with the positive control, and asymptomatic plants were negative, confirming an association of a phytoplasma with the disease. A BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences of CCWB phytoplasma showed that it has a 99.44% similarity with Trema laevigata witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank accession MG755412). The rp sequence shared 99.59% identity with rapeseed phyllody phytoplasma (GenBank accession CP055264). An analysis with iPhyClassifier showed that the virtual RFLP pattern derived from the query 16S rDNA fragment of CCWB phytoplasma is most similar to the reference pattern of the 16Sr group I, subgroup B (OY-M, GenBank accession AP006628). The phytoplasma is identified as ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’-related strain belonging to sub-group 16SrI-B. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16S rRNA gene and rp gene sequences by using MEGA version 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013) with neighbor-joining (NJ) method and bootstrap support was estimated with 1000 replicates. The result indicated that the CCWB phytoplasma formed a subclade in 16SrI-B and rpI-B respectively. In addition, the plants were positive for the phytoplasma using nested PCR after grafting for 30 d in nursery conditions. It is noteworthy that the plants were seriously damaged by aphid, Psyllidae and Ceroplastes. It is speculated that the insects of Homoptera typically transmit phytoplasmas by feeding on plant sap, thus it is necessary to control aphids in order to control the C. camphora witches'-broom disease. To the best of our knowledge, Camphor tree is a new host plant of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ in China. The newly emerged disease is a threat to Camphor tree production.

Objective: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching is associated with development of a variety of occlusive vascular diseases. Paeonol has been reported to be involved in suppressing SMC proliferation. However, it is still unknown whether paeonol can regulate SMC phenotypic switching, and which eventually result in suppressing vasculogenesis. Methods: Murine left common carotid artery was injured by completely ligation, and paeonol was administrated by intraperitoneal injection. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to visualize vascular neointima formation. Rat aortic SMCs were used to determine whether paeonol suppresses cell proliferation and migration. And murine hind limb ischemia model was performed to confirm the function role of paeonol in suppressing vasculogenesis. Results: Complete ligation of murine common carotid artery successfully induced neointima formation. Paeonol treatment dramatically reduced the size of injury-induced neointima. Using rat aortic primary SMC, we identified that paeonol strongly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and decreased extracellular matrix deposition. And paeonol treatment dramatically suppressed vasculogenesis after hind limb ischemia injury. Conclusion: Paeonol could regulate SMC phenotypic switching through inhibiting proliferation and migration of SMC, which results in inhibiting ischemia-induced vasculogenesis.

l-arginine/NOS/NO signaling pathway plays a critical role in controlling variety of vascular diseases. However, whether NOS inhibition by L-NAME suppresses late embryonic development is undefined. The aim of this study is to determine whether NOS inhibition by L-NAME is critical for late embryonic rat hind limb development. The pregnant rat at E13.5 administrated L-NAME by consecutive intraperitoneal injection. The embryos been harvested from E16.5 to E 20.5. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining, Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry performed to determine hind limb Vasculogenesis, HUVEC culture, Adenoviral PFKFB3 infection, Real time PCR and western blot were performed to determine whether l-arginine/NOS/NO pathway controlling late embryonic hind limb development through PFKFB3 mediated angiogenetic pathway. NOS inhibition by L-NAME resulting in late embryonic hind limb developmental defects characterized by severe hemorrhage. The in vivo studies showed that NOS inhibition strongly suppressed hind limb angiogenetic remodeling by impairing differentiation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix synthesis. For underlie mechanism, our studies indicated that L-NAME treatment dramatically suppresses PFKFB3 expression in hematopoietic progenitor cells, tubulogenetic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Knockdown of PFKFB3 dramatically inhibits the expression of angiogenetic genes, as well as tubulogenesis and extracellular matrix related genes. Taken together, our data in this study demonstrated that l-arginine-eNOS-NO pathway is important for rat hind limb development during late embryonic stage. This could be both a useful animal model and a promising therapeutic treatment for defects of late embryonic developmental hind limbs.

The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic role of Tanshinone II A, a key integrant from salvia miltiorrhiza, against pathological vascular remodeling. Completed ligation of mouse left common carotid arteries animal model and rat smooth muscle cells used to investigate the role of Tanshinone II A in regulating pathological vascular remodeling through hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry staining, immunofluorescence staining, adenovirus infection, real time PCR and western blotting. Our data demonstrated that Tanshinone II A treatment suppresses vascular injury-induced neointima formation. In vitro studies on rat smooth muscle cell indicated that Tanshinone II A treatment attenuates PDGF-BB induced cell growth, and promotes smooth muscle cell differentiated marker genes expression that induced by rapamycin treatment. Tanshinone II A treatment significant inhibits rat smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Tanshinone II A promotes KLF4 expression during smooth muscle phenotypic switching. Overexpression of KLF4 exacerbates Tanshinone II A mediated smooth muscle cell growth inhibition. Tanshinone II A plays a pivotal role in regulating pathological vascular remodeling through KLF4 mediated smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching. This study demonstrated that Tanshinone II A is a potential therapeutic agent for vascular diseases.

Purpose Poor eating behaviors are associated with imbalances in energy and food intake, which may directly or indirectly contribute to muscle strength loss. This study aimed to investigate the association between eating behaviors and hand grip strength in Chinese adults. Materials and Methods We designed and conducted a cross-sectional study of 2009 Chinese individuals aged 25-65 years in 2017. Eating behaviors, including breakfast consumption, snacking after dinner, and eating rate, were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Hand grip strength was assessed using a digital grip dynamometer. Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, educational level, occupation, living status, sleep duration, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, and depressive symptoms were used as confounding factors. Results After final adjustments for confounding factors, grip strength was measured as 35.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.7-35.8), 36.0 (95% CI: 35.6-36.4), and 36.9 (95% CI: 36.6-37.3) for those who skipped, occasionally ate, and regularly ate breakfast, respectively (p for trend

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons and demonstrates high clinical heterogeneity and complex genetic architecture. We identified a variation within TRMT2B (c.1356G > T; p.K452N) to be associated with ALS in a family comprising two patients with juvenile ALS. Then, two missense variations and one splicing variation were identified in 10 ALS patients in our cohort with 910 ALS patients, and three more variations were identified in a publicly ALS database (ALSdb) including 2800 ALS patients. Functionally, we detected a decrease of mitochondrial complex I activities in patients originated Epstein-Barr virus–transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines due to decreased number of mitochondria and lower expression of ND1 in mitochondria. Further, we detected increasing ROS but decreased p62 expression alteration within patients. In conclusion, we identified a novel ALS-associated gene, TRMT2B, and broaden the clinical and genetic spectrum of ALS.

Objectives: A systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with fasting (HIIT + fasting) and other interventions (HIIT alone, fasting alone, or normal intervention) in adults with overweight and obesity on body composition (body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose (FPG)), fasting plasma insulin (FPI)). Methods: The databases of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embace, Web of Science, CNKI, Wangfang Data, and CBM were searched from their inception to February 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of HIIT + fasting and other interventions on adults with overweight and obesity were included in this meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The effect size was completed by using mean difference (MD) and standard deviation. If there were varying units or large differences among the included studies, the standardized mean difference (SMD) would be used. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: Nine randomized controlled trials with 230 overweight and obese adults were conducted in accordance with our inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared to the control group HIIT + fasting had better effects on the body mass, WC, FM, and VO2peak, while there were no significant differences in PFM, FFM, FPG, and FPI. Conclusions: Despite the number of included trials being small and the GRADE of all outcomes being very low, HIIT + fasting has a positive effect on the body composition of overweight and obese adults, and significantly improves VO2peak. For adults with overweight and obesity who have long-term comorbidity, HIIT + fasting was a better way to improve FPG than HIIT alone or fasting alone. More studies are required to investigate different combinations of HIIT + fasting; and the safety of HIIT + fasting intervention on overweight and obese adults.

Camellia reticulata is the world-famous ornamental flower (Wang et al. 2021). In February 2021, the infected flowers of C. reticulata 'Shizitou' were collected in Zixi Mountain, Chuxiong city, Yunnan province, China (24°9'95″ N, 101°42'53″ E). Flower rot disease incidence ranged from 40% to 75% in the garden. The infected flowers showed symptoms of varying degrees of yellow-browning, dry or wet rot to the whole flower wilted and even dropped (Figure 1A, B, C). Three symptomatic flowers were randomly collected in the garden. Tissues from the infected flowers (cut to 5×5 mm size) were surface-disinfected by 75% ethyl alcohol for 30s, rinsed in sterile water for 3 times to air dry, and cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA) at 25℃±2 in the normal light for 5-7 days (Fang, 1998). Similar fungal colonies were isolated from 50%-75% of the infected flowers. Three isolates from different flowers showed similar colony morphology. After sub-culturing of hyphal tips on PDA for 5-7 days, the initially yellow colored colonies showed abundant white aerial mycelium, with sporulation (Figure 1E, F). The asci (Figure 1G) sporulation site is 24(-37) ×7(-14) μm, and the stalk length is 17-42 μm, with 8 biseriate acuminate ascospores. The mature ascospores (Figure 1H) are olive-brown or brown, lemon-like, double-pointed, with slightly umbilical protrusions at both ends, flat on both sides, 9(-11.5) × 7(-9) × 5.5(-7) μm in size, with germ holes on the top (Wang et al. 2016). These morphological features are consistent with Chaetomium pseudocochliodes. The genomic DNA was extracted from the isolated strains. To identified this fungal pathogen genetically, sequence analyses were conducted using the ITS1/ITS4 (Henson et al. 1993), NL1/NL4 (Liu et al. 2011), EF1-938F /EF1-2218R (Tan et al. 2016) primers for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) genes. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MZ817067 (ITS), MZ817072 (LSU), MZ820167 (EF1-α). The phylogenetic trees (Figure 2) were constructed to determine the phylogenetic relationships based on MEGA 6.0 maximum likelihood method. In order to confirm the pathogenicity, the tests were conducted with fungus plug (5 mm) from a 7-day-old colony placed onto the surface of healthy petals. The sterile water-absorbent cottons place onto healthy petal surface near fungus plug and plastic wraps cover in petri dish were used for moisturizing. A total of 3 replicates in each of 3 groups were included (3 healthy petals for a group, 1 for wounded inoculation, 1 for unwounded inoculation, and 1 for sterile PDA plug). A sterile PDA plug was placed onto the surface of healthy petals as a control. After incubation at room temperature for 5 days (Ren. 2019), 3 replicates in each of 2 groups of treated healthy petals for wounded inoculation showed obvious symptoms (Figure 1D), and no symptoms appeared in the control, and healthy petals unwounded showed symptoms for 7-10 days. The fungus was re-isolated from the lesions of inoculated tissues. The re-isolated fungal colonies showed identical morphology and high sequence similarity with ITS, LSU and EF-1α of the initial isolate. No fungus was isolated from the controls. The first extraction of C. pseudocochliodes was also obtained from the roots of the Panax notoginseng in Wenshan, Yunnan (Wang et al. 2016). To our knowledge, this is the first report of flower rot caused by C. pseudocochliodes on C. reticulata in China.

Kaixuan Li,1 Meihong Yu,2,3 Haozhen Li,1 Quan Zhu,1 Ziqiang Wu,1 Zhao Wang,1,4 Zhengyan Tang1,5 1Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 3Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 4National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of China; 5Provincial Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary System Disease, Changsha, 410000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhao Wang, Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15116358241, Email xywangz07@163.com Meihong Yu, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15243646849, Fax +86-731-85533525, Email 2204130510@csu.edu.cnPurpose: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) comprises deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which can lead to death. VTE is an insidious disease with no specific symptoms and overlooked readily. We aimed to establish prediction models for VTE in non-oncological urological inpatients to aid urologists to better identify VTE patients.Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1453 inpatients was carried out. The risk factors for VTE had been clarified in our previous study. A stepwise regression method was used to screen the relevant influencing factors for VTE and construct a logistic regression prediction model to predict VTE. To validate the accuracy of the model, data from 291 patients from another cohort were used for external validation.Results: A total of 1453 inpatients were enrolled. Five potential risk factors (previous VTE; treatment with anticoagulants or anti-platelet agents before hospital admission; D-dimer ≥ 0.89 μg/mL; lower-extremity swelling; chest symptoms) were selected by multivariable analysis with p < 0.05. These five risk factors were used to build a logistic regression prediction model. When p < 0.1 in the multivariable logistic regression model, two additional risk factors were added: Caprini score ≥ 5 and complications, and all seven risk factors were used to build another prediction model. Internal verification showed the cutoff values, sensitivity, and specificity of the two models to be 0.02474, 0.941, 0.816 (model 1) and 0.03824, 0.941, and 0.820 (model 2), respectively. Both models had good predictive ability, but prediction accuracy was 43.0% for both when using the data of the additional 291 inpatients in the two models.Conclusion: Two novel prediction models were built to predict VTE in non-oncological urological inpatients. This is a new method for VTE screening, and internal validation showed a good performance. External validation results were suboptimal but may provide clues for subsequent VTE screening.Keywords: non-oncological surgery, prediction model, urology, venous thromboembolism

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with outstanding redox activity on flexible current collectors can serve as ideal cathode materials for flexible hybrid supercapacitors in wearable energy storage devices. Electrodeposition is a facile, time-saving, and economical technique to fabricate LDHs. The limited loading mass induced by insufficient mass transport and finite exposure of active sites, however, greatly hinders the improvement of areal capacity. Herein, magneto-electrodeposition (MED) under high magnetic fields up to 9 T is developed to fabricate NiCo-LDH on flexible carbon cloth (CC) as well as Ti

To study the incidence, risk factors for developing asymptomatic venous thromboembolism and the compliance of patients on anticoagulants for asymptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in nononcological urological medium-high risk inpatients, and build a risk assessment model (RAM) for early screening for asymptomatic VTE.We conducted a retrospective analysis of 573 inpatients admitted to a nononcological urological ward of a tertiary hospital in China from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2019. Data were collected using the electronic medical record system, and patients underwent a follow-up by phone 6 months after discharge.Among the 573 medium-high risk inpatients, 73 (15.4%) were diagnosed with VTE, including 20 (4.2%) symptomatic and 53 (11.2%) asymptomatic. Prior history of VTE, a history of anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents before admission, and D-dimer ≥ 1 were the potential risk factors identified for asymptomatic VTE. Patients with poor awareness of VTE and its dangers, and patients who lived more than 1 hour away from the hospital had a high probability of poor compliance with anticoagulation therapy after discharge. Using D-dimer (1.785 μg/ml), we built a RAM for the early diagnosis of asymptomatic VTE.We found that patients with urinary nontumor VTE had low compliance with anticoagulation therapy after discharge. The key factors for determining asymptomatic VTE in nononcological urological inpatients included prior history of VTE, a history of taking anticoagulants or anti-platelet agents before admission, and D-dimer ≥ 1. Furthermore, we found that the threshold of D-dimer should be elevated to 1.785 μg/ml to predict asymptomatic VTE.

Recturethral fistula (RUF) is a kind of serious complication that mainly happened during the treatment of prostate cancer. It has become one of the most difficult diseases to treat in urology because of its special anatomical location, complicated condition, and the varied prognosis. At present, the main treatment methods for RUF are conservative treatment such as application of antibiotics and indwelling catheters, etc. and surgical treatment such as transperineal approach, transsphincter approach, transanal approach, transabdominal approach, etc. However, there is no explicit treatment protocol for RUF. What's more, the etiology of RUF has changed greatly in recent years. Summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of different RUF's treatment methods and their prognosis will be helpful for the decision of clinical treatment.尿道直肠瘘(rectourethral fistula，RUF)是一种主要发生在前列腺癌治疗过程中的严重并发症，由于其解剖位置特殊，病情复杂，预后往往因人而异，成为泌尿外科最棘手的疾病之一。目前对于RUF的治疗主要有使用抗生素和留置导尿管等保守治疗及经会阴路径、括约肌路径、肛门路径、腹路径等手术治疗方法。具体选取哪种方式治疗RUF尚无明确定论，且近年来RUF的病因发生了较大变化。总结不同治疗方式的优缺点及其预后，将为RUF的治疗决策提供重要参考依据。.

Macadamia nut (Macadamia ternifolia) was first introduced into China from Australia in 1910, and the main cultivation areas were Yunnan and Guangxi. It can be used as both a fruit and a therapeutic drug, with high economic value. In March 2021, it was observed that the M. ternifolia was showing witches'-broom, leaf yellowing and plexus bud in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The terminal buds of infected plants were inhibited and the lateral buds are stimulated to germinate into twigs in advance. It was named the M. ternifolia witches'-broom disease, and was found in urban and rural areas of Mangshi, Lianghe, Yingjiang, Mangdong, Longchuan and Longling cities and counties. More than 40% of the plants were infected on the seven areas surveyed. The lateral stems from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were cut to small pieces. The tissues were treated by fixation, dehydration and spraying-gold. And the tissues were observed under a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3000N) (Pathan et al. 2010). The nearly spherical bodies were found in the phloem sieve cells of symptomatic plants. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected from seven areas, ddH2O was used as the negative control, and Dodonaea viscose witches'-broom disease plants were used as the positive control. The total plants' DNA extraction was conducted from 0.1 g tissue using the CTAB method (Porebski et al. 1997), and were stored at -20 °C in a refrigerator in the Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control at the Southwest Forestry University. The nested PCR was employed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene with the primers P1/P7 and R16F2/R16R2 (Lee et al. 1993; Schneider et al. 1993). PCR amplicon of 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb were amplified (GenBank accessions MW892818, MW892819, MW892820, MW892821). The direct PCR with primer pairs rp(I)F/ rp(I)R (Lee et al. 2003) specific to the ribosomal protein (rp) gene yielded amplicons of approximately 1.2 kb (GenBank accessions MZ442600, MZ442601, MZ442602, MZ442603). The fragment from 21 samples was consistent with the positive control, confirming the association of phytoplasma with the disease. Interestingly, the phytoplasma/span>16S rRNA gene and rp gene was also amplified from the 4 samples of asymptomatic plant, we speculated that the latent infection and hidden symptoms existed in Macadamia nut (Moslemkhani and Sadeghi 2011). A BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences of MTWB phytoplasma showed that it has a 99% similarity with Trema laevigata witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank accession MG755412). The rp sequence shared 99% identity with 'Salix tetradenia' witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank accession KC117314). An analysis with iPhyClassifier showed that the virtual RFLP pattern derived from the query 16S rDNA fragment of MTWB phytoplasma is most similar to the reference pattern of the 16Sr group I, subgroup B (OY-M, GenBank accession AP006628), with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99. The phytoplasma is identified as 'Ca. Phytoplasma asteris'-related strain belonging to sub-group 16SrI-B. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16S rRNA gene and rp gene sequences by using MEGA version 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013) with neighbor-joining (NJ) method and bootstrap support was estimated with 1000 replicates. The result indicated that the MTWB phytoplasma formed a subclade in 16SrI-B and rpI-B respectively. In 2013, Macadamia nut showed leaf hardness phyllody and shoot proliferation caused by 'Ca. Phytoplasma asteris' in Artemisa, Cuba. The concern is that, the macadamia phytoplasma is closely related to the subgroup 16SrI-F, and it is significantly different from the Chinese strains (Perez-Lopez et al. 2013). In addition, the MTWB phytoplasma was graft-transmitted from infected to healthy plants in nursery conditions (Akhtar et al. 2009; Ikten et al. 2014). And the grafted plants were positive for the phytoplasma in the nested PCR assays. It is noteworthy that the plants were seriously damaged by aphid and it was speculated that the insects of Homoptera caused the spread of the disease by sucking plant sap, thus the aphids that transmits MTWB in China must be determined to control the M. ternifolia witches'-broom disease. To the best of our knowledge, Macadamia nut is a new host plant of 'Ca. Phytoplasma asteris' in China. The newly emerged disease is a threat to Macadamia nut.

Background Ketamine abuse has been linked to the system's damage, presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). While the pathogenesis of ketamine-induced urinary damage is not fully understood, fibrosis is believed to be a potential mechanism. A metabolomic investigation of the urinary metabolites in ketamine abuse was conducted to gain insights into its pathogenesis. Methods A rat model of ketamine induced bladder fibrosis was established through tail vein injection of ketamine hydrochloride and control group was established through tail vein injection of the equivalent normal saline. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed to evaluated bladder pathology. Urinary components were detected based on a metabolomic approach using ultra-high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS platform). Orthogonal projections analyzed the data to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and bioinformatics analysis. Results The rat model of ketamine induced bladder fibrosis was confirmed through H&E and Masson trichrome staining. There were marked differences in the urinary metabolites between the experimental group and the control group. Compared to the control group, 16 kinds of differential metabolites were up-regulated and 102 differential metabolites were down-regulated in the urine samples of the ketamine group. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the related metabolic pathways. Conclusions Using a ketamine-induced bladder fibrosis rat model, this study identified the differential urinary metabolites expressed following ketamine treatment. These results provide vital clues for exploring the pathogenesis of ketamine-induced LUTS and may further contribute to the disease's diagnosis and treatment.

In the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic broke out and spread all over the world in just a few months. COVID-19 spread analysis has attracted considerable research efforts in many areas including the impact of population mobility on the epidemic development. However, most studies do not use real data on population mobility, or choose an overly wide range of objects. This paper studies the COVID-19 epidemic in Shenzhen from January 26 to February 16, focusing on the impact of population mobility on the epidemic development. Combined with the population mobility data, we propose the Source-SEIR model. We estimated that the basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 is 2.61. The experiment results show that the combination of population mobility data is helpful to the evaluation of the epidemic development, and the restrictions on population mobility in Shenzhen have played a role in curbing the deterioration of COVID-19 epidemic. Without restrictions on population mobility, there will be more than 600 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Shenzhen.