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Genus Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823 Ziphius is a monotypic genus with a worldwide distribution., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Cuvier, G. [Barron] (1823) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on retablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 470 pp."]}

Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 —Cuvier’s Beaked Whale, goose-beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 p.350; Type locality- France; Kim et al., 2000 p.78; Kim, 2004 p.234. Z. grebnitzkii Stejneger, 1883 p.77; Type locality- Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Russia. Range: No official records verified strandings or by-catch of Cuvier’s beaked whales from the waters of Korea. However, molecular investigations confirmed that the meat of Z. cavirostris was sold at markets in Korea (Dalebout et al. 2005). Since a federal law in South Korea prohibits the import of whale meat from other countries or deep-sea fisheries, there is high probability that the meet of Z. cavirostris in markets was poached from Korean waters (Fig. 85). Remarks: Despite regional variation in morphology (Dalebout et al. 2005), Z. cavirostris is considered a monotypic species., Published as part of Jo, Yeong-Seok, Baccus, John T. & Koprowski, John L., 2018, Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status, pp. 1-216 in Zootaxa 4522 (1) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4522.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2610198, {"references":["Cuvier, G. [Barron] (1823) Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on retablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 470 pp.","Kim, Z. G., Lee, J. U., Baik, C. I., Sohn, H. S., Park, C. S., Lee, D. W., Choi, K. H., Hong, B. Q., Kim, S. T., Park, J. H., Cho, Y. M., Cha, H. K. & Hwang, K. S. (2000) Whales and Dolphins off Korean Peninsula. National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan, 137 pp. [in Korean]","Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia & Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]","Stejneger, L. (1883) Contributions to the history of the Commander Islands. No. 1. - Notes on the Natural History, Including descriptions of new Cetaceans. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 6, 58 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.344.58","Dalebout, M. L., Robertson, K. M., Frantzis, A., Engelhaupt, D. A. N., Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., Rosario-Delestre, R. J. & Baker, C. S. (2005) Worldwide structure of mtDNA diversity among Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris): implications for threatened populations. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3353 - 3371. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2005.02676. x"]}

3. Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris French: Baleine-a-bec de Cuvier / German: Cuvier-Schnabelwal / Spanish: Zifio de Cuvier Other common names: Goose-beaked Whale, Goosebeak Whale Taxonomy. Ziphius cavirostrnis G. Cuvier, 1823, France, “dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhone, entre de Fos et I’embouchure du Galégeon” (= between Fos and the mouth of the Galégeon River). No subspecies are currently recognized, but further research may reveal genetic differences between populations in different ocean areas. Monotypic. Distribution. All warm temperate to tropical waters of the world and perhaps in cooler waters in the Southern Ocean and the N Pacific Ocean. It is the only species of beaked whales that commonly occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. Descriptive notes. Total length 600-700 cm; weight 2500-3500 kg. Body of Cuvier’s Beaked Whale is spindle-shaped, with greatest girth around its midpoint. Flukes are wide in relation to body length, and tailstock is compressed laterally. Dorsalfin is small and set approximately two-thirds the distance between tip of the beak and end of the tail. Coloration is typically dark brown or dark gray. Adults of both sexes may have paler heads. In adult males, the pale head is usually very distinct, and a pale patch extends backward from it as far as the dorsal fin. Dorsal surface of adult males may also be covered in pale linear scars that are concentrated between head and dorsal fin. Rostrum and lower jaw form a short beak that is barely distinguishable from the bulbous forehead; there are two grooves on the throat. Adult males have a pair of conical tusksat the tip of the lowerjaw that may become worn down as far as the gums in older individuals. Habitat. Deep, oceanic waters and generally in areas where water depths are more than 500 m. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales appearto favor areas with complex seabed topography and are most commonly recorded in canyons along the shelf margins, around oceanic islands, or around seamounts. Food and Feeding. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales primarily prey on deep-water squid, but they may consume deep-water crustaceans in some parts of their distribution. They primarily consume a very narrow range of prey sizes, with most prey being 0-5-7% of an individual whale’s total body length, with a clear mode at 2-3%. Prey capture is almost certainly achieved by suction feeding. Information from dive tags suggests that most foraging of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales occurs at or near the seabed and that they spend ¢.67% oftheir life at water depths greater than 1000 m. Individual dives are commonly longer than 30 minutes and may last more than an hour. Breeding. Cuvier’'s Beaked Whales become sexually mature at a body length of ¢.580 cm for females and ¢.550 cm for males. Gestation lasts ¢.12 months, and a single offspring is born at a length of ¢.270 cm. Weaning is thought to occur after one year; there may be a minimum of two years between successive offspring for individual females. Nothing is known of their courtship behavior, but it appears that males engage In aggressive interactions, using their tusks, which results in high levels of scarring on the dorsal surface from the head to as far back as the dorsal fin. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the majority of their time is spent foraging at depths greater than 500 m. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although little is known about movements or home ranges of individual Cuvier’s Beaked Whales, the same individuals have been encountered in the same area repeatedly over several years, which suggests that there is some degree ofsite fidelity. There is evidence of seasonal movements in some parts of the world, such as the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. In other places, Cuvier’s Beaked Whales appear to be present throughout the year. They typically occur in small groups of one to five individuals, and groups of more than ten are rare. Some groups consist solely of females and their offspring, but a single adult male may also be present in some groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, but the Mediterranean subpopulation is classified as Data Deficient. There are no estimates of the global population size of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales, although estimates are available from some regions. For example, a population of ¢.80,000 individuals has been estimated for the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and c.15,000 for the waters around Hawaii. This would suggest that Cuvier’s Beaked Whale is one of the most abundant species of beaked whale in these regions. It has been taken in small numbers by whalersin several parts of the world, including Japan, but has never been the target of a full-scale commercial fishery. It is one of the main species that has been affected by mass strandings associated with the use of mid-frequency military sonars, which may have conservation implications for local populations. Cuvier’s Beaked Whales may also be affected by overfishing of deep-water ecosystems. They occasionally occur as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. Plastic debris is commonly recorded in the stomachs of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales. In some parts of the world, such as the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean,as many as 80% of individuals contain plastic debris at the time of death. This plastic can cause erosion to the stomach lining and has been implicated in the deaths of several individuals. Nevertheless, effects of these impacts on oceanic species are difficult to study and quantify, and it is not currently known how great a threat they are to Cuvier’s Beaked Whales as a whole or to individual populations or subpopulations. Bibliography. Baird et al. (2009), Dalebout et al. (2005), Evans, D.L. et al. (2001), Frantzis (1998), Heyning (1989b), Johnson et al. (2004), MacLeod (2006), MacLeod, Perrin et al. (2006), MacLeod, Pierce & Santos (2004), MacLeod, Santos & Pierce (2003), McSweeney et al. (2007), Rice (1998)., Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson, 2014, Ziphiidae, pp. 326-357 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4 Sea Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 347-348, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6608481

The first aerial cetacean survey in the Adriatic Sea was carried out within the framework of research activities due to fulfil the Italian obligations to Regulation (EC) n. 812/2004 and to the ACCOBAMS ratification laws. The Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), in cooperation with the Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation (Croatia) conducted the first Adriatic aerial survey in order to provide the first basin-wide information on abundance and distribution of cetaceans - particularly the common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) - and protected species in the Adriatic sea. This information will constitute a fundamental step for assessing their status and implementing activities to improve their protection and management at the basin level.

Ziphius sp. REFERRED SPECIMEN. — SAM PQ 2826, a fragment of cranium including most of the vertex, the right and part of the left premaxillary sac fossae. LOCALITY. — Trawled at 35°11'S, 23°26'E, south coast of South Africa, Indian Ocean, depth of 1000 m. DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION (FIG. 12; TABLE 3) The anterior surface of the ascending process of the premaxilla is distinctly concave up to its dorsal portion, overhanging the premaxillary sac fossa. The highly asymmetric premaxillary crests (the right crest two times wider than the left) are anterolaterally directed. The nasals are greatly elongated anteriorly, being almost twice longer than wide. Their median suture is anteriorly shifted to the left. SAM PQ 2826 only differs from the Recent Ziphius cavirostris in: its larger size (see comparison of measurements with the largest skull of Z. cavirostris from the SAM collection, Table 3), the longer contact between nasal and premaxillary crest (a condition intermediary between Z. cavirostris and the Pliocene Tusciziphius crispus), and the relatively smaller nasals. Considering the strong similarities with Z. cavirostris at the level of the vertex, this specimen should be referred to the same genus. Because of its clearly larger size it may represent a new species of Ziphius, but in view of its fragmentary preservation diagnosis at specific level is not currently possible., Published as part of Bianucci, Giovanni, Lambert, Olivier & Post, Klaas, 2007, A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Mammalia, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa, pp. 561-618 in Geodiversitas 29 (4) on pages 576-577, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4651080

Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823. Rech. Oss. Foss., Nouv. ed., 5(1):350. TYPE LOCALITY: France, "dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, entre de Fos et l'embouchure du Galégeon" (= between Fos and the mouth of the Galégeon River). DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide: cold-temperate to tropical waters. STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. SYNONYMS: australis, capensis, chathamensis, indicus. COMMENTS: Reviewed by Heyning (1989b)., Published as part of James G. Mead & Robert L. Brownell, Jr., 1993, Order Cetacea, pp. 349-364 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 364, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352970

Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823. Rech. Oss. Foss., 5:350. TYPE LOCALITY: France, Bouches-du-Rhone, between Fos and the mouth of the Galegeon River. DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, tropical, temperate, and subarctic waters. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Cetacea. ISIS NUMBER: 5301411005006001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Cetacea, pp. 290-304 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 302, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352983

Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823. Rech. Oss. Foss., 5:350. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Cetacea. ISIS NUMBER: 5301411005006000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Cetacea, pp. 290-304 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 302, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352983