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Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological disorder that affects many women of reproductive age. Ginger, a widely used spice with anti-inflammatory properties, has been suggested as a potential treatment for the painful cramps associated with this condition. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of ginger for pain management in primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: Our systematic review was registered in Prospero (CRD42023418001). Six English (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL complete, and Cochrane) and one Persian electric database (SID) was searched up to May 2023 for English or Persian studies that measure the effect of ginger on pain in dysmenorrhea. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Out of the 804 articles initially identified from the search, 24 were included for qualitative analysis and 12 for quantitative analysis after a full-text evaluation. The combined results of the studies indicate that ginger is notably more effective than placebo in reducing both the intensity (SMD = −1.13; 95% CI = −1.59 to −0.68, I2 = 81.05%) and duration of pain (SMD = −0.29; 95% CI = −0.46 to −0.12). There were no differences between ginger and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (SMD = 0.01; 95% CI = −0.24 to 0.25), or exercise (SMD = 0.06; 95% CI = −0.66 to 0.78) for pain intensity. Safety-related data were infrequently reported. Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that ginger can effectively reduce pain associated with dysmenorrhea. The findings are limited due to risk of bias in the included studies and the unclear risk-benefit ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new sesquiterpenoid, 2-methyl-6-(4′-methylcyclohexa-3′-enyl)hept-2-en-4-one (1) and six known compounds with similar structures were isolated from the rhizomes of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae). The structure of this new sesquiterpenoid was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common and debilitating form of arthritis. Current therapies focus on pain relief and efforts to slow disease progression through a combination of drug and non-drug treatments. Bioactive compounds derived from plants show significant promise due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue-protective properties. These natural compounds can help regulate the inflammatory processes and metabolic pathways involved in OA, thereby alleviating symptoms and potentially slowing disease progression. Investigating the efficacy of these natural agents in treating osteoarthritis addresses a growing demand for natural health solutions and creates new opportunities for managing this increasingly prevalent age-related condition. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of some bioactive compounds from plants in modulating the progression of osteoarthritis and alleviating associated pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study and the World Health Organization, dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral diseases globally. It is well known that dental caries are associated with cariogenic bacteria and their biofilm. Many preventive strategies and therapeutic compounds have been proposed for decades. Among them, various plant-based phytochemical compounds have been investigated against cariogenic bacteria. In this review, we plan to show the effectiveness of Zingiber officinale to reduce dental caries. Z. officinale in ginger is a bioactive spice compound that shows antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the antimicrobials and biofilm inhibition properties of bioactive Z. officinale to rationalize its potential in reducing dental caries. While the literature highlights the general antimicrobial properties of Z. officinale, this review focuses on Z. officinale's capability against cariogenic microbes and their biofilms. Reported results of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm inhibition (glucans and adhesion) were systematically reviewed. Common search engines like PubMed, Science Direct, and the Web of Science database are used to retrieve data using the keywords "Zingiber officinale" and "dental caries". Out of 122 resulting reports, 11 of them were included in this review. It can be concluded that Z. officinale effect against cariogenic bacteria varies depending on microbial and analytical factors. However, translational advanced studies have not yet been conducted to verify its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that can lead to chronic mucosal damage, causing esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer. GERD currently affects about 13% of the world's population and represent a major public health concern due to the increasing prevalence and incidence. The aim of this study was to explore complementary strategies for GERD management based the natural compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), alone or associated with plant extracts with demonstrated anti-GERD activity (Zingiber officinale, Musa × paradisiaca, Opuntia ficus-indica and Olea europaea). For this purpose, two in vitro models based on the esophageal mucosa CP-B cell line were chosen. The first one was based on the exposure of esophageal cells to HCl, while the second one was based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to cause a strong inflammatory cell response. Inflammation induced was assessed using a Luminex® assay, measuring the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α. Results obtained demonstrate that PEA strongly decreased the inflammatory response elicited by HCl exposure. Moreover, the effect of PEA was enhanced by the presence of natural extracts of Zingiber officinale, Musa × paradisiaca, Opuntia ficus-indica and Olea europaea. PEA should be considered as an anti-GERD natural compound of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of malignant tumor death. The development of novel, more effective drugs is desperately needed to treat CRC. Zingiber officinale is believed to possess anticancer properties due to its flavonoids and phenols. Using Soxhlet (SOXT) and maceration (MACR) techniques, the present study aimed to evaluate the amounts of quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, naringin, and caffeic acid in ginger capsules of Z. officinale. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet was used for separation and quantitation. In vitro toxicity evaluation of ginger capsules on the CRC cell line HT‐29 was also conducted to assess the anticancer activity of the supplement. The cell line HT‐29 (HTB‐38) colorectal adenocarcinoma was utilized for the antiproliferative effect of 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Ginger herbal supplement extract at dosages of 200 and 100 μg had strong cytotoxic effects (IC50 < 50 μg/mL) on HT‐29 CRC cells via MACR. This extract is comparable to the SOXT extract, which has an IC50 of less than 50 μg/mL. The anticancer effect of ginger herbal supplement formulations against CRC lines was investigated, and the results obtained from both the MACR and SOXT extraction procedures were noteworthy. The quercetin content was the highest of all the extracts according to the HPLC data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) are widely used as a spice across the world. It has originated from South-east Asia and introduced to many parts of the world, and has been cultivated as a spice and for medicinal purpose. Ginger is a high value crop in Burkina Faso. The genetic diversity organization in ginger species is not well-known in Burkina Faso. Genetic resources are imperative for varietal selection. The importance of genetic resources depends on the levels of their diversity. The present investigation aims to assess the diversity of ginger accessions collected from Burkina Faso. Forty-seven ginger accessions collected from three provinces, Comoé (03), Léraba (14), Kénédougou (30), located in the southwestern zone of Burkina Faso were genotyped for their molecular traits using microsatellite markers. A total of 24 alleles were revealed by electrophoresis. All the simple-sequence repeats (SSR) set primers used revealed high polymorphic rate (100%) with the expected heterozygosity (0.499), showing their ability in assessment of the diversity levels and genetic organization of ginger accessions due to their codominance. The dendrogram obtained by the Neighbor-Joining method revealed three main genetic groups. The genetic differentiation index value (0.313) showed that the accessions of the three provinces were different, with an interesting diversity observed from kénédougou ginger accessions. Information from this study could be used in the development of effective management strategies for the conservation and effective use of the genetic resources within ginger accessions grown in Burkina Faso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract was encapsulated in maltodextrin/modified starch with spray drying. Composition of maltodextrin and composition of modified starch were chosen as mixture components (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/v)), while process factor was inlet air temperature (135 °C, 150 °C, and 165 °C). I-optimal design under combined study type was selected for design of the experiments, modeling, and optimization. The optimum conditions were achieved by pure modified starch with 20% (w/v) in the mixture of wall material and active material under 140.5 °C to achieve 400.09 mg/100 g total phenolics, 65.29% product yield, 98.32% solubility, and 25.84% Carr index. The temperature was found significant for only Carr index, while the mixture components were effective for the remaining responses at p < 0.05. Characterization studies under particle size, particle morphology, and glass transition temperature measurements were applied to the microparticles obtained under optimum conditions. Release of bioactive content from the microparticles was evaluated depending on in vitro digestion system. The release was higher in the intestinal system than in the gastric system. Last but not the least, sunflower oil was selected as the model food product for the application of microcapsules as additive. The oxidative stability of the oil was increased by almost 16%, while total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the oil were enhanced by approximately twice and four times, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of widespread cultural approval. Strong acceptance by human body, and reduced occurrence of side effects, about 75-80% of the worldwide population, especially in less developed areas, continues to favor herbal remedies as their main option for fundamental healthcare. Herbal treatments comprise botanical or plant-based components and serve to address injuries, infections, and ailments. They are also employed for preventive health measures and to facilitate the recovery process. This research explored the possible therapeutic advantages of Zingiber officinale, commonly recognized as ginger, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substance with extensive culinary use. Numerous investigations have highlighted the advantages of ginger in managing conditions such as morning sickness, chronic dyspepsia, hypoglycemia, risk factors for heart disease, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and menstrual discomfort. Ginger ethanolic extract preparations in the form of transdermal gel consist of different concentrations and combinations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 940. All gel formulations exhibited favorable characteristics such as Spreadability, uniformity, Viscosity, and extrusion. Among these compositions, formulation F3, which contains Carbopol 934, displayed the highest release of the active ingredient in vitro and the ethanolic extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast growing of the aquaculture sector increases the need for natural feed substances such as insects. The present study was carried out to address the effects of replacing fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSF) supplemented with ginger powder (GP) in feed on the survival, growth performance, and muscle composition of the African catfish pre-adults. A total of 945 fish were randomly divided into 7 groups of 60 Clarias gariepinus (156±15g/fish) with 3 replications, and placed in 21 plastic tanks with a capacity of 0.6m3. Seven isonitrogenous diets were formulated. Three treatments represented the group of individuals fed with diets substituted at 70%, 85%, 100% BSF, respectively, while the other three treatments followed the same levels of substitutions but with the addition of 1% GP, and the last treatment represented the control experiment with 100% fish meal. At the end of the trial, three individuals (850±50g/fish) were randomly selected per treatment and were used for the bromatological analysis. The results show that the survival rate was comparable in all treatments (P>0.05), and the fish fed with 100%BSF + 1%GP exhibited the best survival rate. The growth and nutrient utilization characteristics were not significantly influenced whatever the treatment, with the exception of the consumption index, which was higher in fish fed with 100%BSF+ 1%GP during the growth stage. The evolution of weight gain was generally comparable during the experiment (P>0.05). The condition factor K was close to 1, implying the good health of the fish during breeding. The bromatological characteristics of the flesh indicate that the fish fed with 100%BSF+ 1%GP were comparable with the control and possessed a good nutritional value without negatively affecting the nutritional profile of the fish. Consequently, the replacement of 100% Hermetia illucens supplemented with 1% Zingiber officinale is recommended for the growth of Clarias gariepinus pre-adults [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine and to compare total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC), antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and toxicities of ethanol extracts from Curcuma mangga, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber montanum. The study was performed by determinations of 1) TPC using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and TFC using colorimetric method of aluminum chloride, 2) antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, 3) antibacterial activities through evaluation inhibition of bacterial growth, MIC and MBC against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, 4) anti-inflammatory activity using Griess reaction to measure nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and 5) toxicities using lethality assay in brine shrimps and MTT assay in the RAW 264.7 cells. The results revealed that all the extracts possess TPC and TFC, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities which the highest TPC and TFC and strongest activities were found in the Z. montanum extract. However, the extracts showed mildly to moderately toxic to brine shrimps, consider to Artemia salina nauplii, and nontoxic to the RAW 264.7 cells. And also, the results confirm the utilization of these extracts for the treatment and/or management of diseases that related to antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nausea and vomiting are common conditions experienced by almost all pregnant women. Most antiemetic drugs are not approved to be given to pregnant women as they are said to cause side effects to both mother and fetus. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the alternative therapies known for its antiemetic properties. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the frequency of hyperemesis gravidarum and identify active compounds and mechanisms of action involved in reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. The research design used was Literature Review by searching on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Pubmed. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria (publishing period of 10 years, i.e. from 2014 - 2024, using English or Bahasa Indonesia, and are research articles. The research protocol was made based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses). The results showed that ginger (Zingiber officinale) and the bioactive compounds it contains, including gingerol, shogaol, paradol, and zingerone, proved effective in reducing the frequency of nausea and vomiting in hyperemesis gravidarum. The mechanism of action involved is modulation of serotonin (5-HT3) receptors, increased nitric oxide (NO) production, and protection of the gastric mucosa. There is a variety of preparations used ranging from tablets, pills, capsules, fresh ginger with a dose range of 250 mg - 2.5 g. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) can be used as an effective natural supplement to reduce the frequency of hyperemesis gravidarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study addresses the challenge of cross-infection in dentistry, focusing on improving disinfection protocols for dental hydrocolloid gel materials. This research aimed to incorporate chlorhexidine, natural plant extracts, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into dental alginate to enhance safety and hygiene standards in dental practices. Methods: Conventional dental alginate served as the control, with experimental groups including alginate modified with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX-group) and alginate incorporating AgNPs synthesized from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Zingiber officinale (ZO) extracts (SA + AgNPs and ZO + AgNPs groups). Plant extracts were analyzed via GC/MS to confirm their composition. UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX characterized the synthesized AgNPs. Antimicrobial efficacy against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using agar well diffusion assays. The dimensional accuracy of alginate impressions was assessed according to ISO 21563:2021 standards. Results: Chemical analysis of SA and ZO extracts identified 60 and 43 active compounds, respectively, supporting their use in AgNP synthesis. UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs using SA and ZO extracts. Modified groups showed inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), in contrast to the unmodified control. Both AgNP-modified groups demonstrated efficacy comparable to the CHX-group against MRSA and MSSA, with SA + AgNP showing superior performance against C. albicans. The dimensional accuracy of all groups was within clinically acceptable ranges as reported in the literature (0.027–0.083 mm). Discussion: CHX, silver nitrate, and green-synthesized AgNPs present promising options for developing self-disinfecting alginate impression materials. Utilizing plant extracts in AgNP synthesis offers a safe, efficient, and synergistic approach between metal ions and phytotherapeutic agents. This approach could potentially enhance disinfection efficacy without compromising material performance, improving dental safety and hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Zingiber officinale powder was explored as a biosorbent for the uptake of Acid Violet 90 dye from the aqueous solutions. The biosorbent was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Zeta potential techniques. The impact of various experimental parameters such as pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption capacity of biosorbent was investigated using batch adsorption. The Zingiber officinale powder showed a dye adsorption efficiency of 342.68 mg/g. The optimum adsorption was achieved at pH 2, adsorbent dose of 0.2 g/L, contact time of 10 min, and 40 mg/L dye concentration at a temperature of 30 °C. The experimental isotherm data was analyzed by two-parameter and three-parameter models and best explained by the Freundlich model. The pseudo-second-order model elucidated the kinetic behavior of the uptake with pore-diffusion as the rate-determining step. The thermodynamic study suggested the uptake of dye was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. The results revealed that the Zingiber officinale powder has the potential to be used as an adsorbent for the treatment of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale, stands as a time-honored component deeply rooted in the realms of traditional medicine, boasting a history spanning centuries. This expansive review endeavors to intricately dissect the multifaceted dimensions of Zingiber officinale, delving into its botanical intricacies, phytochemical constituents, and medicinal attributes. Our overarching goal is to cast a comprehensive light on the manifold applications of Zingiber officinale within the domains of health and wellness. Methodically integrate the wealth of existing knowledge surrounding the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties inherent in ginger. By doing so, we seek to unravel the potential therapeutic efficacy of ginger in the management of an array of health conditions. To achieve this objective, an exhaustive literature review was conducted, encompassing detailed examinations of botanical descriptors, comprehensive phytochemical analyses, and critical evaluations of clinical studies. Through this comprehensive exploration, we present a holistic and nuanced overview of Zingiber officinale. Our findings resonate with the versatility of ginger, underscoring its efficacy in mitigating not only nausea and digestive issues but also in addressing the complexities of inflammatory diseases. The culmination of our findings contributes significantly to a richer and more profound understanding of the versatile applications of ginger, positioning it as a compelling and promising subject for both further scientific inquiry and practical utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral ulcers are frequent ulcerative conditions in the oral cavity that cause pain, recur often, and negatively impact quality of life. Aim and Objective: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts containing saffron, Withania somnifera, dry ginger, and tulsi as anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic agents for treating oral ulcers. Materials and Methods: A blend of 1 g each of tulsi, Withania somnifera, and dry ginger powders was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and heated at 50 to 60 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. The anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities were tested by adding 5 ml of the extract to a gel composed of 5 g of carboxylate methyl cellulose and carbopol. The anti-inflammatory properties of the herbs were assessed using the Membrane Stabilization Assay, BSA Assay, and EA Assay, while the cytotoxic effect was evaluated using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Results: The Membrane Stabilization Assay at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 micrograms/ml showed values of 53, 64, 77, 79, and 85, respectively. The BSA Assay results were 42, 56, 67, 75, and 77, and the EA Assay results were 54, 61, 65, 69, and 78. The P values were 0.658 for the Membrane Stabilization Assay, 0.281 for the BSA Assay, and 0.647 for the EA Assay. These values indicate that the herbal ingredients’ cytotoxic activity is comparable to the standard. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the natural components of medicinal herbs can effectively treat oral ulcers, improving patients’ quality of life. Thus, herbal medicines can be used alongside commercially available allopathic drugs.

Although it has widely been applied in human applications for therapeutic purposes, the use of fermented herbal products to improve growth performance in broiler chickens is still disputable. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fermented versus unfermented herbal products in improving the growth performance, breast meat quality, and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens and to determine the optimal conditions according to meta-analysis and response surface methodology. The database was developed based on 23 articles comprising 123 data points collected in 2023. The metadata was analysed using OpenMEE and R, with the inclusion of fermented herbal products as fixed factors and individual studies as random factors. The optimal dosage was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A significant difference (p

Obesity is a significant health concern that is correlated with various adverse health outcomes. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with impaired cognitive function. Pharmacological treatments for obesity are limited and may have serious adverse effects. Zingiber officinale (ZO) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in addition to metabolic effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of Zingiber officinale supplementation on cognitive function, anxiety levels, neurotrophin levels, and the inflammatory and oxidative status in the cortex following DIO in mice. Two-month-old male Swiss mice were fed DIO or standard chow for 4 months and subsequently subdivided into the following groups (n = 10 mice/group): (i) control - vehicle (CNT + vehicle); (ii) CNT supplemented with ZO (CNT + ZO); (iii) obese mice (DIO + vehicle); and (iv) obese mice supplemented with ZO (DIO + ZO) (n = 10). Zingiber officinale extract (400 mg/kg/day) was administered for 35 days via oral gavage. The DIO + vehicle group exhibited impaired recognition memory. The CNT + ZO group presented a greater number of crossings in the open field. No difference between the groups was observed in the plus maze test. DIO + vehicle increased the DCFH and carbonylation levels in the cortex. The DIO + vehicle group presented a reduction in catalase activity. The expression of inflammatory or neurotrophin markers in the cerebral cortex was not different. In conclusion, our findings indicate that supplementation with ZO reverses the cognitive impairment in DIO mice and enhances the antioxidant status of the cerebral cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) waste is a residue from industrial factories that has potential for utilization in the production of bio-extract for pest control. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of fermented ginger waste extract through contact toxicity and oral toxicity methods in controlling the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 replicates. Mortality rates were recorded at 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment under laboratory conditions. Fermented ginger waste extract at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% (w/v) was used. The results showed that for the contact toxicity method at 100% concentration after 96 h, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 76.00 ± 1.29% (LC50 = 14.450 µg larva-1), while the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 66.00 ± 0.95% (LC50 = 68.426 µg larva-1). For the oral toxicity method, the common cutworm had the highest mortality rate of 52.00 ± 1.70% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 91.275 µg larva-1), and the beet armyworm had the highest mortality rate of 58.00 ± 1.02% at 100% concentration after 96 h (LC50 = 88.400 µg larva-1). Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of fermented ginger waste extract in controlling common cutworm and beet armyworm under laboratory conditions, and it has the potential for further application in field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) contains compounds in the antifertility group, namely flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils (gingerol and shogaol). Flavonoids can interfere with zygote division and implantation, while terpenoids and essential oils disrupt sperm transport and cause sperm to clot in male animals. This study aims to determine the effect of white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) rhizome extract on the mouse (Mus musculus L.) early post-implantation stage. This research type is experimental and structured using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) pattern. A total of 16 female mice weighing 20-30 g aged 2-3 months were divided into four treatments, namely K1 (control), K2 (0.7 mg/g BW), K3 (1.4 mg/g BW), and K4 (2.8 mg/g BW) white ginger rhizome extract. The extract is given orally at 0.5 mL/head/day on the 4th to 8th day of pregnancy. The mother's body weight is weighed every three days. On the 18th day of pregnancy, mice were sacrificed using chloroform and dissected to observe early post-implantation pregnancy parameters. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's follow-up test with a confidence level of 95%. The research showed that white ginger rhizome extract significantly reduced the percentage of implantation (IM) and the percentage of live fetuses (FH), causing fetal growth to be hampered. The rate of implantation (IM) is K1 (1.8%), K2 (0.52%), K3 (0.49%). The percentage of live fetuses (FH) was K1 (1.06%), K2 (0.48%), and K3 (0.30%), while no fetus was found in K4. K3 treatment (1.4mg/g) causes fetal growth to be hampered. White ginger rhizome extract, on average, increases post-implantation mortality (KPI) and percentage of embryo resorption (ER) and reduces fetal weight. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that white ginger extract has antifertility properties in female animals because it causes pregnancy disorders, so it is hoped that the use of white ginger in early pregnancy will be reduced.

Rhizosphere bacteria have always proven their worth towards their associated plant in their defense mechanism and nutritional functions. This study was made to understand the impact of rhizosphere-associated bacterial isolate PGK01 in complimenting associated Zingiber officinale plants in their potassium nutritional requirements. The screening of the isolate suggested that it can solubilize potassium, which the plant shall use for its nutritional purposes. Molecular sequencing suggested that the strain belonged to Bacillus subtilis, whose sequence has been submitted to NCBI under the accession number OQ652138. In-situ analysis of the effect of bacteria on the growth parameters and yield of the plant indicated that in the presence of microbe, plants tend to grow more when compared to without the organism. The optimization studies conducted by response surface modeling suggested that only half of the potassium fertilizer is necessary when a plant is grown in the presence of isolate compared to the conventional method. The adequacy of the statistical model was verified by analyzing the Sequential Model Sum of Squares and Cook’s distance diagnostic, wherein the observation proved the significance of the mathematical model.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by green method using Zingiber officinale (G-ZnO) and Syzygium aromaticum extract (S-ZnO). X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations revealed that ZnO NPs have wurtzite hexagonal structures in extracts of Zingiber officinale and Syzygium aromaticum, with average crystal sizes of about 38.49 nm and 27.66 nm, respectively. FTIR was performed to investigate the nature of functional groups in the active compounds responsible for the formation of ZnO NPs. The diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) showed the direct bandgap energy of the as-prepared nanoparticles. The zinc oxide sample composition and purity were confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphological properties of ZnO NPs prepared from both plants were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). G-ZnO and SZnO nanoparticles appeared agglomerated of triangular, spherical and various other shapes, respectively. The average size of nanoparticles for G-ZnO and S-ZnO NPs were 26.92 nm and 62.45 nm, respectively. In addition, the as-prepared ZnO NPs showed significant bactericidal effects against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal plants contain active bio-compounds that may stimulate the nonspecific immune system of animals and, as a result, play an important role as growth promoters and immunostimulants. To this end, the present study was set up to assess the efficacy of herbal extracts derived from two aromatic plants, ginger (Zingiber officinale) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum), as natural immunostimulants on the survival, growth performance, and immune response of farmed prawn Penaeus monodon juveniles. Seven experimental diets with an average of 40% CP were supplemented with herbal extracts at percentages of 0, 1, 2, and 3, then administered to prawns with an average size of 0.16 ± 0.12 g (at stocking) for 14 weeks, followed by a 2-week challenge test against Vibrio harveyi. Extract inclusion positively impacted weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR). Also, extract inclusion significantly improved the survival rate of the prawn after the challenge (p < 0.05). Significantly high total hemocyte counts (THC) were observed in the 2% Z. officinale and 3% S. aromaticum treated groups before the challenge. The study indicates that the groups exposed to the herbal extracts derived from ginger (Z. officinale) and clove (S. aromaticum) demonstrated significant resistance against bacterial infection (p < 0.05). Ginger and clove extracts have been observed to optimally boost P. monodon growth, survival, and immunity, at inclusion levels of 2 and 3%, respectively, hence hold promising potential as natural alternatives to antibiotics in managing Vibrio harveyi infections and promoting the growth, survival, and immunity of P. monodon in prawn farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation-induced Nausea and Vomiting (RINV) is an important side effect and conservative estimates are that 50–80% of the patients undergoing curative radiotherapy (RT) will experience some sought of retching, nausea, and/or vomiting during the course of their treatment. Conventionally, antiemetic drugs like the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists and steroids are the mainstay of treatment. However, the use of these agents, especially steroids, can cause side effects and thereby negate the proposed benefits. The antiemetic effects of Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn), oil of Mentha spicata (Spearmint) and the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been addressed. Results indicate that Indian pennywort, Sea buckthorn, Spearmint oil and ginger are beneficial in mitigating RINV. Also, of the four plants investigated in preclinical models of study, mint oil and ginger seem to be more useful and merit structured systematic translational studies to ascertain the benefit of these two agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale), commonly known as ginger, has been characterized as a potential drug candidate due to its antitumor effects. However, the chemotherapeutic effect of ginger on human oral cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of an ethanol extract of Z. officinale rhizomes (ZOE) on oral cancer and identified the components responsible for its pharmacological activity. ZOE exerts its inhibitory activity in oral cancer by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously. Mechanistically, ZOE‐induced autophagy and apoptosis in oral cancer are attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Additionally, we identified two active components of ZOE, 1‐dehydro‐6‐gingerdione and 8‐shogaol, which were sufficient to stimulate autophagy initiation and apoptosis induction by enhancing CHOP expression. These results suggest that ZOE and its two active components induce ROS generation, upregulate CHOP, initiate autophagy and apoptosis, and hold promising therapeutics against human oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant trend to improve poultry zootechnical performances by biological methods to avoid the unwanted chemical growth factor's introduction into breeding process. Medicinal plants and their derivatives are good candidates to achieve this goal. Thus, this work aimed at evaluating the effect of poultry feed supplementation with the spices Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale on the zootechnical performance, serological, and microbiological parameters of Ross 308 chicken. To achieve this purpose, 180 chicks divided into five groups and reared for 12 days. The experimental groups consisted of a control group receiving a conventional feed without antibiotics and four groups receiving a conventional feed with 0.5 and 1% turmeric and ginger doses, respectively. Results of the experiment revealed that supplementing the feed with 0.5% turmeric powder increased live weight, and average daily gain and decreased feed conversion compared to the other groups. Turmeric powder supplement (0.5 and 1%) affected blood serum parameters by decreasing triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations. In comparison, the incorporation of 0.5% ginger in the diet decreased triglyceride concentrations, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferases (ASAT), and alanine aminotransferases (ALAT). Cecum bacteriological analysis showed a total absence of coliforms, Salmonella sp., Clostridium sp., and lactic acid bacteria in the chick groups supplemented with different doses of turmeric and ginger (0.5 and 1%, respectively). Within this study's limits, using these two studied spices as additives in poultry feed allowed us to conclude that supplementing with 0.5% turmeric powder positively impacted the evaluated parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) is an Indonesian natural plant with various bioactivities, including antidiabetic properties. Several studies have shown that bioactivities can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and also melatonin which playing a role in carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar levels regulation. Ginger also has an effect on the lipid profile in studies in experimental animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the in vivo antidiabetic activity of melatonin-rich extract of Emprit ginger using blood sugar and lipid profiles parameters. Methods: The study procedure comprised 30 male white rats of Wistar strain, which were divided into 5 groups. These included: I - K-: negative control; II - K+: injected with streptozotocin (STZ) - nicotinamide (NA); III - P1: given STZ-NA + 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day ginger extract; IV - P2: given STZ-NA + 200 mg/kg BW/day ginger extract; and V - P3: injected with STZ-NA + metformin 300 mg/kg BW/day. In addition, the treatment was carried out for a total of 21 days, followed by the measurement of random blood sugar (RBS) levels and lipid profiles. Results: The highest pre-treatment RBS, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were 426.8 ± 55.8 mg/dL (P2), 142 ± 39.8 mg/dL (P2), 130.8 ± 21.7 mg/dL (K+), 53.4 ± 4.92 mg/dL (P1) and 61.67 ± 17.69 mg/ dL (K+), respectively. The results showed that the largest decrease in RBS was obtained in P3 by 262.8 ± 70.6 mg/dL, while P2 experienced the highest decrease in triglyceride levels by 83.66 ± 52.04 mg/dL. In addition, the largest decrease in cholesterol was in P3 by 50.2 ± 26.30 mg/dL, with P1 possessing the highest reduction in HDL by 15.4 ± 15.88 mg/dL. In terms of LDL, the largest decrease was obtained in P3, 20.44 ± 16.68 mg/dL. Based on the results, changes in biochemical parameters levels between all groups showed significant differences except for HDL. Conclusion: STZ-NA injection caused an increase in RBS and cholesterol in rats. Administration of melatonin-rich ginger extract led to a decrease in RBS, cholesterol and LDL and was more effective in the group given metformin. Melatonin-rich ginger extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW/day was more effective in reducing triglycerides compared to other clinical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that occurs progressively with time. Current PD treatments are symptomatic with moderate effects on striatal dopamine release. Previously, the ethnomedicinal benefits of Zingiber officinale Roscoe have been demonstrated to possess a broad range of pharmacological benefits, but no single data on its effect against nigrostriatal degeneration in PD model has been reported. Aim: Proactive neuroprotective and pharmacotherapeutic approaches with asymptomatic effects are needed to prevent the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and maintain the appropriate population of dopaminergic neurons. Current treatments are symptomatic and can only elevate the striatal dopamine levels. Hence, the objective of the study is to elucidate the neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of Zingiber officinale methanol extract (MEZO) on nigrostriatal degeneration implicated by immunoinflammatory responses in rotenone-challenged PD mice model. Methods: Male Swiss mice were injected with rotenone (2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce PD symptoms 30 minutes prior to MEZO (50 and 100 mg/kg) and LD-CD (10 mg/kg) oral treatment for 28 days. Motor/neuromuscular behavior, dopamine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein (α-syn), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathology were evaluated. Results: Our data showed that MEZO treatment attenuated sensorimotor and neuromuscular incompetence by up-regulating the expression of TH protein and dopamine release and maintaining AChE enzyme in the symptomatic mice. We observed that MEZO treatment prevented the formation of Lewis bodies (LBs) by inhibiting the aggregation of nigrostriatal α-Syn proteins, decreasing the release of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mediators and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, increasing glutathione enzymes, and moderately abated the loss dopaminergic neurons in a dose-dependent effect in the symptomatic mice. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that MEZO exhibited the potential neuroprotective and neurorestorative effect in the treatment and management of PD.

In recent years, there has been a significant trend to improve poultry zootechnical performances by biological methods to avoid the unwanted chemical growth factor's introduction into breeding process. Medicinal plants and their derivatives are good candidates to achieve this goal. Thus, this work aimed at evaluating the effect of poultry feed supplementation with the spices Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale on the zootechnical performance, serological, and microbiological parameters of Ross 308 chicken. To achieve this purpose, 180 chicks divided into five groups and reared for 12 days. The experimental groups consisted of a control group receiving a conventional feed without antibiotics and four groups receiving a conventional feed with 0.5 and 1% turmeric and ginger doses, respectively. Results of the experiment revealed that supplementing the feed with 0.5% turmeric powder increased live weight, and average daily gain and decreased feed conversion compared to the other groups. Turmeric powder supplement (0.5 and 1%) affected blood serum parameters by decreasing triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations. In comparison, the incorporation of 0.5% ginger in the diet decreased triglyceride concentrations, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferases (ASAT), and alanine aminotransferases (ALAT). Cecum bacteriological analysis showed a total absence of coliforms, Salmonella sp., Clostridium sp., and lactic acid bacteria in the chick groups supplemented with different doses of turmeric and ginger (0.5 and 1%, respectively). Within this study’s limits, using these two studied spices as additives in poultry feed allowed us to conclude that supplementing with 0.5% turmeric powder positively impacted the evaluated parameters.

Nonessential heavy metals are toxic to human health. In this study, mercury, a hazardous metal, was detected by colorimetric analysis using Zingiber (Z.) officinale. The eco-friendliness of this method was also emphasized. The ultraviolet (UV) spectrum is a broad peak observed at 200–250 nm in Z. officinale leaf extracts. The UV spectrum of green synthesized Z. officinale exhibited an absorption band of 286 nm, which confirms the nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the vibrational peak around 3307 cm−1 is assigned to ν(O–H) stretching that could possibly emanate from carbohydrates or phenolics. The peaks found around 2917 and 2849 cm−1 are ascribed to the –C-H stretch of the alkyl group, and the peak around 1625 cm−1 is due to the enolic β-diketones or -C = O stretch of carboxylic acids, while the corresponding -C-O stretch is observed around 1375 and 1029 cm−1. The assignment of peaks is similar. It is clear from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image that the constituent parts were nonuniform, sphere-shaped, agglomerated, and of an average size of 30.9 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the structural characteristics and crystalline nature of Z. officinale. The observed intensity peaks at 32.35°, 36.69°, 39.24°, 44.76°, 59.42°, and 67.35° are, respectively, of the Z. officinale diffraction 2θ values, which correspond to the standard database values. The synthesized copper NPs synthesized tested antibacterial properties against various strains of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli: 25 μg/mL 2.01 ± 0.11 and 100 μg/mL 5.37 ± 0.12, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus: 25 μg/mL 1.05 ± 0.71 and 100 μg/mL 11.43 ± 1.27, Streptococcus mutans: 25 μg/mL 02.01 ± 0.1 and 100 μg/mL 15.67 ± 0.17, and Enterococcus faecalis: 25 μg/mL 03.11 ± 0.7 and 100 μg/mL 18.32 ± 0.2. The short novelty of Z. officinale lies in its potential relevance to human health, as it has been found to possess bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a promising natural resource for therapeutic applications.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the compressive strength of a fluorescent orthodontic adhesive modified by the incorporation of different concentrations of Zingiber officinale essential oil. Materials and Methods: Compressive strength test groups consisted of the control group, orthodontic adhesive modified with 1% Zingiber Officinale essential oil, and 2%, (5 specimens for each group). Cylindrical rubbery molds were utilized to fabricate the study specimens, their diameter was three millimeters while their height was six millimeters, each specimen was constructed by utilizing an incremental approach. Each layer of Fix fluorescent orthodontic adhesive was about 2 mm level, the curing light was applied for 20 seconds. A universal testing apparatus with a cross-head velocity of 1 millimeter/ minute was used to assess the compressive strength. Statistical comparisons were conducted at p> 0.05. Results: The compressive strength of the control group was higher than orthodontic adhesive modified with 1%, and 2% Zingiber Officinale essential oil, but no statistically significant differences were shown among them. Conclusion: The current study concluded that compressive strength reduced after incorporation of Zingiber Officinale essential oil with orthodontic adhesive, however, no evident differences were noticed.

In this study, the effects of twelve aqueous extracts on the hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne chitwoodi were evaluated under in vitro and growth chamber conditions in 2020-2021. The mortality of the J2s increased with the increasing exposure time and concentration for all extracts. Maximum mortality was observed in 50% of all aqueous extracts. Up to 100% maximum mortality was observed in 10% of extracts of Anethum graveolens (100%), Eruca sativa (100%), Ficus carica (100%), Juglans regia (100%), Melia azedarach (100%), Mentha piperita (100%), Vitex agnus-castus (98%), Asphodelus aestivus (96.4%), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (95.6%) after 24 hours and minimum mortality was found in 1% of extracts of Laurus nobilis (6.6%) after 6 hours. Moreover, maximum suppression of hatching was found at 64.2%, 61.0%, and 59.4% with extract of A. aestivus, Nerium oleander, and V. agnus-castus after 7 days, respectively. The pot experiments showed that the gall index was the lowest in soils treated with Ficus carica, Nerium oleander, Laurus nobilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Zingiber officinale extracts. The chemical composition of five aqueous extracts was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the main components of five aqueous extracts were identified as eucalyptol, 2-methoxy-6,10-dimethyl-dodeca-2E,6Z,10Z-trienoic acid, 12-acetoxy-, dihydroedulan II and α-Zingiberene. The study confirms the potential of mainly L. nobilis, E. camaldulensis, F. carica, Z. officinale and N. oleander extracts for the formulation of new products for controlling M. chitwoodi

Currently, the public is interested in polyherbal-based foods and beverages as a source of natural antioxidants. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant properties and the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of formulations containing Z. officinale, C. citratus, and P. reticulatus (ZCP). Each sample was extracted using the maceration process in an ethanol solvent at room temperature for three 72-hour periods. There were fourteenth formulation of Z. officinale rhizome, C. citratus leaves, and P. reticulatus fruit which used Design of Expert (DoE). The DPPH method was used to determine the power of antioxidants. The flavonoid content of the extract was measured using the colorimetric method and AlCl3 reagent, while phenolics content using Folin-Ciocalteu. The formulations ZCP 1:0:0, 0:0:1, and 1:1:1 showed the antioxidant capacity in a strong categorization, with an IC50 value less than 50 µg/ml, while ZCP 0:1:0 was in a weak categorization (IC50 > 250 µg/mL). Another ZCP formulation was in a medium category. The ZCP 1:1:1 formulation was suggested as the best one for this investigation, which contains three plant samples. This formulation is interesting for further toxicity studies and in vivo testing so that it can be applied as an antioxidant-rich supplement product. .

Ginger rich in polyphenols, possesses various biomedical properties. Researchers investigated the effects of dietary ginger supplementation on turkey performance traits, biochemical parameters, haematological parameters and mRNA gene expression. Ginger root powder was administered at different doses (0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg) to the turkeys. Notably, the 20 g/kg group exhibited improved performance traits and a higher broiler production efficiency factor (BPEF). Importantly, ginger was found to be safe for turkeys based on serum indices. Furthermore, the expression of several growth-related genes, including growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), cyclooxygenase 3 (COX-3) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP-3), was upregulated in the 20 g/kg enhancing their growth performance and economic efficiency in addition to keeping their health status safe. Therefore, Ginger root powder can be supplemented for turkey at a concentration of 2% as the addition of ginger powder is a long-term process.

Background: Lead has been associated with human activities since time immemorial and is reported to induce antioxidant and neurobehavioral impairments in animals and humans. The present study examined and compared the protective activity of aqueous Zingiber officinale root (ZO) and Theobroma cacao seed (TC) extracts against Pb-induced cerebellar toxicity. Methodology: Twenty-four rats, divided into four equal groups, received as follows: 1 ml H2O/day; 100 mg.kg-1 body weight (BW)/day of lead acetate (Pb) only; 500 mg.kg-1 BW/day of ZO and 100 mg.kg-1 BW/day of Pb; and 500 mg.kg-1 BW/day of TC and 100 mg.kg-1 BW/day of Pb, orally for twenty-eight days. Afterwards, neurobehavioural tests were conducted and the harvested cerebellums were used for antioxidant enzymes activity, Pb and lipid peroxidation concentrations as well as histological evaluations, following the sacrifice of experimental rats. Results: Findings revealed significant neurobehavioural and antioxidant enzymes impairment, elevated levels of cerebellar Pb and lipid peroxidation, and microstructure alterations in the cerebellum of Pb-exposed rats. Although pretreatment with ZO and TC significantly attenuated these Pb-induced effects, ZO was more potent in its neuroprotective activity than TC. Conclusion: Taken together, ZO and TC can be further developed as novel neuroprotective agents against Pb toxicity.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prominent etiological factor for liver cirrhosis worldwide. It is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have NAFLD. In a two-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, seventy-six patients diagnosed with both T2DM and NAFLD were randomly assigned to receive either ginger powder capsules (1000 mg, twice daily) or placebo capsules (administered in the same manner) for a period of three months. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure readings, biochemical profiles, and imaging parameters were assessed before and after the intervention. Safety measures were also evaluated. In both the ginger and placebo groups, there was a significant reduction in mean body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, as well as liver transaminase levels. Moreover, significant improvements in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were observed in the ginger group (p = 0.02 and < 0.0001, respectively). Within the ginger group, there was a decrease in serum insulin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). Furthermore, the ginger group exhibited an improvement in serum HDL-cholesterol level (p = 0.01). However, there were no significant changes in the assessed inflammatory markers or the indices obtained from fibroscan imaging, including steatosis percent and controlled attenuation parameter. This study demonstrates that ginger supplementation can significantly improve mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures. However, it does not have a significant impact on inflammatory markers or fibroscan imaging indices. Nonetheless, the three-month use of ginger improves serum insulin level, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HDL-cholesterol level compared to baseline values. Further investigations with longer durations and larger sample sizes are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diverse population of fungi colonizes human hair and skin due to millions of years of functional integration and mutual adaptation. The human body, with its fungal communities, forms a complex entity. Microbial imbalance is promoted by instabilities in the host–mycobiota interaction system, which can be related to the development of various diseases. By morphological and molecular identification, 15 genera comprising 24 species were isolated from 18 scalp samples collected from girls. Yeast‐like structures were the most common species in this study; they were recovered from six samples (33.3%). They were represented by five species: Arachniotus ruber; Cosmospora aurantiicola; Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum; Geotrichum candidum and Suhomyces tanzawaensis. For the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), an aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale was utilized as a reducing and capping agent. The prepared NPs tested by X‐ray diffraction, they had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Most of the ZnO NPs were spherical, and their diameter was about 38.9 nm using a transmission electron microscope. ZnO NPs of the Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed the 200–800 nm wavelength range. ZnO NPs showed the highest activity against Ambrosiella hartigii Ambh2; Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladcl12; C. cf. cucumerinum Cladcu13; S. tanzawaensis Suht34, with minimal inhibitory concentrations 1.25 × 103 µg/mL on the four isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is the most cited plant for medicinal purposes around the globe. The rhizome of Z. officinale has been documented in traditional medical systems around the world, including Indonesia. The ethnomedicine study was conducted to inventory the traditional use of Z. officinale by ethnic groups in Indonesia. This study is one of a few stepping stones towards averting the extinction of indigenous knowledge and medical practices held by the community. The research was designed as a semi-qualitative study that involved 254 ethnic groups from 34 provinces. This study exhibited 785 traditional uses of Z. officinale to treat 69 ailments. Z. officinale was primarily utilized in a combination form of concoction rather than a single preparation. Pre- and postnatal care was recorded as the most frequent indication of Z. officinale practiced by traditional healers. The composition, plant parts used, and the way of administration of Z. officinale were different among the ethnic groups. This study demonstrated the critical role of traditional healers in treating various ailments using Z. officinale and the differences in the traditional utilization of Z. officinale in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels known as hyperglycemia. In addition, diabetes is associated with decreased Superoxide Dismutase and increased Malondialdehyde levels. Alternative treatments for diabetes mellitus may involve the use of natural ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), and their combination on blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW). The diabetic rats were divided into five groups; DM which served as the control (Diabetic rats without treatment), A1 (Diabetic rats treated with Zingiber officinale extract), A2 (Diabetic rats treated with Cinnamomum verum extract), A3 (Diabetic rats treated with Syzygium aromaticum extract), and A4 (Diabetic rats treated with a combination of the three spices). The treatments were orally administered once daily for 14 days. On day 15, all the rats were euthanized, and blood samples were collected. The blood samples were analyzed for the concentrations of glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that the administration of A3 significantly reduced blood glucose level, the administration of A1 and A4 significantly reduced MDA level compared to the control. Therefore, these spices have the potential to be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of twelve aqueous extracts on the hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne chitwoodi were evaluated under in vitro and growth chamber conditions in 2020-2021. The mortality of the J2s increased with the increasing exposure time and concentration for all extracts. Maximum mortality was observed in 50% of all aqueous extracts. Up to 100% maximum mortality was observed in 10% of extracts of Anethum graveolens (100%), Eruca sativa (100%), Ficus carica (100%), Juglans regia (100%), Melia azedarach (100%), Mentha piperita (100%), Vitex agnus-castus (98%), Asphodelus aestivus (96.4%), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (95.6%) after 24 hours and minimum mortality was found in 1% of extracts of Laurus nobilis (6.6%) after 6 hours. Moreover, maximum suppression of hatching was found at 64.2%, 61.0%, and 59.4% with extract of A. aestivus, Nerium oleander, and V. agnus-castus after 7 days, respectively. The pot experiments showed that the gall index was the lowest in soils treated with Ficus carica, Nerium oleander, Laurus nobilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Zingiber officinale extracts. The chemical composition of five aqueous extracts was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the main components of five aqueous extracts were identified as eucalyptol, 2-methoxy-6,10-dimethyl-dodeca- 2E,6Z,10Z-trienoic acid, 12-acetoxy-, dihydroedulan II and α- Zingiberene. The study confirms the potential of mainly L. nobilis, E. camaldulensis, F. carica, Z. officinale and N. oleander extracts for the formulation of new products for controlling M. chitwoodi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) has emerged as a major public health concern leading to significant work productivity loss and deterioration in the quality of life. OBJECTIVE: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of E-PR-01, a proprietary blend of Vitex negundo leaves and zingiber officinale rhizome, in individuals with LBP. METHODS: Seventy-two individuals aged 18 to 60 years with LBP were randomized in a 1:1 ratio in either the E-PR-01 or placebo group. The participants were instructed to take 2 capsules/day of the study products in two divided doses for 30 days. The study outcomes were changes in functional activity, bending flexibility, pain intensity, work productivity, and sleep quality. The sustained effect of the study products was also evaluated on the pain and physical functioning for 7 days after stopping the product intake. The product's safety was evaluated by adverse events reporting throughout the study. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo, the E-PR-01 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in functional disability (mean RMQ score: - 5.47 vs. - 2.48), pain intensity (mean VAS score: - 31.29 vs. - 14.55) and improved bending flexibility (mean distance: - 5.60 vs. - 2.38 cm). In addition, a significant improvement in work productivity as well as sleep quality was also observed. In the E-PR-01 group, a statistically significant sustained effect was observed compared to the placebo for the pain intensity (p < 0.0005) and the functional activity (p < 0.0001) scores. No significant adverse event was reported in the study. CONCLUSION: E-PR-01 significantly improved low back pain and bending flexibility in adults without adverse effects. Moreover, the effect of E-PR-01 lasted 7 days after stopping the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]