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9. Riding The Escalator – How Dangerous is it Really?

Author

Schminke, Louisa H, Jeger, Victor, Evangelopoulos, Dimitrios Stergios, Zimmermann, Heinz, and Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K

Subjects
escalators, trauma, emergency medicine, Emergency Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: About 10,000 escalator-related injuries per year result in emergency department treatment in the United States. Since the 1990s, a steady increase has been reported, but few statistics on escalator-related injuries have been published worldwide. We have therefore analyzed escalator accident statistics in admissions to our hospital in Switzerland since 2000.Methods: Using retrospective electronic patient chart analysis, we included in our study patients >16 years treated over an 11-year period. We categorized patients in terms of gender, age and associated risk factors, and classified accidents according to day, time, location and cause. Resulting trauma was categorized according to type and location. We divided post-admission treatment into surgical and conservative, and into treatment as an outpatient, in a short-stay unit, or as a hospital admission. Women and men were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Results: We identified 173 patients with 285 discrete injuries. Of these, 87 patients (50%) were women. Fifty-three (61%) of the women and 38 (44%) of the men were >60 years old (P = 0.033). Fifty percent of the men (43/86)of the men, but only 7% (6/87) of the women showed signs of alcohol intoxication (P < 0.0001). Accidents in women occurred predominantly on Tuesdays (19/87; 22%) between 12PM and 6PM (35/87; 40%), and in men on Saturdays (16/86; 19%) between 6PM and 12AM (29/86; 34%; P = 0.0097). Sixty-two percent (44/71) of the accidents were in public transport facilities and 30% (21/71) in shopping centers. The majority of injuries in women were to the lower extremities (49/87; 56%), while most accidents in men were to the head and neck (51/86; 59%; P = 0.0052). About half (90; 52%) of the patients were treated conservatively. Almost half of all patients (76, 44%) required hospital admission. Of those, 45% left the hospital within 24 hours of admission (short stay unit) and 55% stayed longer than 24 hours.Conclusion: Escalator accidents can result in severe trauma. Significant gender differences in escalator accidents have been observed. Alcohol intoxication and age are significant risk factors in escalator-related accidents and might be possible targets for preventive measures. [West J Emerg Med 2013;14(2):141-145.]

Published
2013

15. Financial Demography: How Population Aging Affects Financial Markets

Author

Irudaya Rajan, S, Irudaya Rajan, S ( S ), Buchmann, Manuel, Budliger, Hendrik, Dahinden, Martin, Francioni, Reto, Groth, Hans, Lenz, Carlos, Zimmermann, Heinz, Irudaya Rajan, S, Irudaya Rajan, S ( S ), Buchmann, Manuel, Budliger, Hendrik, Dahinden, Martin, Francioni, Reto, Groth, Hans, Lenz, Carlos, and Zimmermann, Heinz

Abstract

Financial demography analyzes effects of demographic change in general, and population ageing in particular, on financial markets. These effects are multiple and complex. This chapter reviews the academic literature focusing on three key areas: long-term real interest rates, equity markets, and pension systems. The impact of an ageing population on long-term real interest rates is ambiguous. While lower savings due to the retirement of baby boomers put upward pressure on interest rates, increasing scarcity of labor pushes real interest rates down. Population ageing affects equity markets in four major ways: (1) stock market participation, (2) relative demand for shares of companies active in particular industries, (3) risk aversion and risk premia, and (4) the demand for dividend yielding stocks. Both main types of pension systems – pay-as-you-go and fully funded systems – are negatively affected by population ageing. Pay-as-you-go systems become unsustainable due to a decrease in the number of contributors relative to the number of recipients. Fully funded systems rely on asset market returns. If asset market returns in an ageing society fall due to baby boomers selling their stocks and real estate, the sustainability of “fully funded” systems is at stake as well. These observations highlight the importance of international capital mobility: The capital stock of ageing societies should be invested where the return on capital remains high, i.e., in countries with younger populations. To conclude, sustainable financial markets cannot afford to ignore demography.

Published
2023

24. Financial Demography: How Population Aging Affects Financial Markets

Author

Buchmann, Manuel, Budliger, Hendrik, Dahinden, Martin, Francioni, Reto, Groth, Hans, Lenz, Carlos, Zimmermann, Heinz, University of Zurich, and Irudaya Rajan, S

Subjects
320 Political science, Demographic change · Population ageing · Financial market · Interest rates · Stock market · Pension system, 10113 Institute of Political Science
Published
2023

44. Nachhaltigkeitsprobleme der Schweizer Altersvorsorge: Analyse und Ableitung eines Reformpakets

Author

Brunetti, Aymo and Zimmermann, Heinz

Subjects
330 Economics
Abstract

Die finanzielle Schieflage der Schweizer Altersvorsorge zu korrigieren, geh��rt zweifellos zu den wichtigsten wirtschaftspolitischen Hausaufgaben in den kommenden Jahren. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, eine Reform politisch durchzusetzen, die das System systematisch an die laufend steigende Lebenserwartung anpasst. Das Papier analysiert das Problem und schl��gt auf dieser Basis ein in absehbarer Zeit realisierbares Paket vor. Es setzt sich aus drei, unterschiedlich gewichteten Reformelementen zusammen. Die Hauptreform besteht in einer Umsetzung der eingereichten Renteninitiative. Wegen der absehbaren Widerst��nde schlagen wir drei denkbare Eckpfeiler eines allf��lligen Gegenvorschlags vor, welche die Essenz der Vorlage umsetzen, gleichzeitig aber die politischen Realisierungschancen sp��rbar erh��hen k��nnten. Erg��nzt werden sollte diese Hauptreform durch zwei weitere Anpassungen. Einerseits eine zus��tzliche Reform f��r die 2. S��ule, die Automatismen bei der Anpassung von Umwandlungssatz und Mindestzins an die Lebenserwartung und die Kapitalmarktsituation sowie eine minimale Flexibilisierung der Rente vorsieht. Andererseits eine erg��nzende Reform, die rasch zu realisierende steuerliche Erleichterung der Arbeitst��tigkeit nach dem Rentenalter vors��he, vor allem auch um Bef��rchtungen einer allf��lligen Benachteiligung ��lterer Arbeitnehmenden entgegenzutreten.

Published
2021

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