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Germin-like proteins (GLPs) have been shown to be encoded by multigene families in several plant species and a role of some subfamily members in defense against pathogen attack has been proposed based on gene regulation studies and transgenic approaches. We studied the function of six GLP subfamilies of barley (Hordeum vulgore) by selecting single mRNAs for gene expression studies as well as overexpression and gene-silencing experiments in barley and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Expression of all six subfamilies was high in very young seedlings, including roots. The expression pattern gradually changed from developmental to conditional with increasing plant age, whereby pathogen attack and exogenous hydrogen peroxide application were found to be the strongest signals for induction of several GLP subfamilies. Transcripts of four of five GLP subfamilies that are expressed in shoots were predominantly accumulating in the leaf epidermis. Transient overexpression of HvGER4 or HvGER5 as well as transient silencing by RNA interference of HvGER3 or HvGER5 protected barley epidermal cells from attack by the appropriate powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Silencing of HvGER4 induced hypersusceptibility. Transient and stable expression of subfamily members revealed HvGER5 as a new extracellular superoxide dismutase, and protection by overexpression could be demonstrated to be dependent on superoxide dismutase activity of the encoded protein. Data suggest a complex interplay of HvGER proteins in fine regulation of basal resistance against B. graminis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germin-like proteins (GLPs) have been shown to be encoded by multigene families in several plant species and a role of some subfamily members in defense against pathogen attack has been proposed based on gene regulation studies and transgenic approaches. We studied the function of six GLP subfamilies of barley (Hordeum vulgore) by selecting single mRNAs for gene expression studies as well as overexpression and gene-silencing experiments in barley and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Expression of all six subfamilies was high in very young seedlings, including roots. The expression pattern gradually changed from developmental to conditional with increasing plant age, whereby pathogen attack and exogenous hydrogen peroxide application were found to be the strongest signals for induction of several GLP subfamilies. Transcripts of four of five GLP subfamilies that are expressed in shoots were predominantly accumulating in the leaf epidermis. Transient overexpression of HvGER4 or HvGER5 as well as transient silencing by RNA interference of HvGER3 or HvGER5 protected barley epidermal cells from attack by the appropriate powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Silencing of HvGER4 induced hypersusceptibility. Transient and stable expression of subfamily members revealed HvGER5 as a new extracellular superoxide dismutase, and protection by overexpression could be demonstrated to be dependent on superoxide dismutase activity of the encoded protein. Data suggest a complex interplay of HvGER proteins in fine regulation of basal resistance against B. graminis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Germany there is currently no health reporting on cross-sectoral care patterns in the context of an emergency department care treatment. The INDEED project (Utilization and trans-sectoral patterns of care for patients admitted to emergency departments in Germany) collects routine data from 16 emergency departments, which are later merged with outpatient billing data from 2014 to 2017 on an individual level., Aim: The methodological challenges in planning of the internal merging of routine clinical and administrative data from emergency departments in Germany up to the final data extraction are presented together with possible solution approaches., Methods: Data were selected in an iterative process according to the research questions, medical relevance, and assumed data availability. After a preparatory phase to clarify formalities (including data protection, ethics), review test data and correct if necessary, the encrypted and pseudonymous data extraction was performed., Results: Data from the 16 cooperating emergency departments came mostly from the emergency department and hospital information systems. There was considerable heterogeneity in the data. Not all variables were available in every emergency department because, for example, they were not standardized and digitally available or the extraction effort was judged to be too high., Conclusion: Relevant data from emergency departments are stored in different structures and in several IT systems. Thus, the creation of a harmonized data set requires considerable resources on the part of the hospital as well as the data processing unit. This needs to be generously calculated for future projects., (© 2021. The Author(s).)