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As one of the top football leagues in the world, the Premier League's business model is established according to the operation and management of modern enterprises. China's professional football league was officially launched in 1993, and its business model is still relatively low. Through a comparative study of the business models of the Chinese and British Premier League, it is found that the maturity of the Premier League's business model is inseparable from its nearly 100-year football professionalization process. The British Premier League has much autonomy in the management of the league. It is a monopoly organization with clear property rights over the league and strong independence in operation and management. At the same time, the league’s profits mainly come from high TV broadcast income and considerable advertising and sponsorship income. The entire business model of the Premier League has a side worthy of our country's learning and reference. The Chinese Football Association should minimize its intervention in the Chinese Super League, especially in commercial operations, and give full play to the market's regulatory role. At the same time, the Chinese Football Association should also imitate the management mechanism of the English Football Association, reduce administrative intervention in the Chinese Super League in terms of functions, and shift the focus of work from the overall management of the Chinese Super League to the construction of Chinese national teams and football echelons at all levels. Gradually fade out of the overall control of the Chinese Super League.

Ephemeral gully erosion is a primary mode of soil erosion that is highly visible, affecting soil productivity and restricting land use. Watershed is the basic unit of soil erosion control; existing research has focused on several typical ephemeral gullies or slopes, which do not fully display changes in ephemeral gullies at a watershed scale. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution and development rate of ephemeral gully erosion at the watershed scale on the Loess Plateau from 2009 to 2021 using remote sensing images (0.5 m resolution), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and field investigations. The results revealed that: (1) most ephemeral gullies occurred in southwestern parts of the watershed, with many hills and large slope gradients; (2) average growth rates of each ephemeral gully frequency, length, density, dissection degree, and width were 2.87 km y , 1.66 m y , 0.12 km km y , 0.0125% y , and 0.04 m y , respectively; (3) ephemeral gully erosion volume ( V) and length ( L) had a good power function relationship: V = 0 . 0842 L 1 . 1932 ( R 2 = 0 . 80 ) . The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R ) between the measured and predicted ephemeral gully volumes suggest that the V–L relationship has a good predictive ability for ephemeral gully volume. Thus, the V–L model was used to evaluate the development rate of ephemeral gully erosion volume in small watersheds from 2009 to 2021, revealing an average value of 743.20 m y . This study proposed a feasible model for assessing ephemeral gully volume and volume changes at a watershed scale using high-resolution remote sensing images, providing a reference for understanding the development of ephemeral gully erosion in small watersheds over time.

Gully erosion is one of the main modes of slope erosion on the Loess Plateau, which plays a connecting role in the slope gully erosion system. The Loess Plateau has wide and densely distributed gullies. The study selected a typical small watershed in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau to measure the morphological characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of gullies. A deep learning image semantic segmentation model was used to identify and extract the morphological features of gullies at the watershed scale from 2009 to 2021 based on remote sensing images (0.5 m resolution) and then analyze their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. The results revealed that: (1) most gullies occurred in the hilly southern parts of the watershed, which has complex landforms and large slope gradients; (2) gully number increased from 1,159 in 2009 to 2,312 in 2021 (average 97 per year), with a frequency development rate of 2.87 km y ; (3) gully length generally ranged from 25–40 m, with an average growth rate is 1.66 m y and density development rate of 0.12 km km y ; (4) gully width ranged from 0.5–1.5 m, with an average growth rate of 0.04 m y . (5) the total gully area increased from 0.0566 km² in 2009 to 0.1072 km² in 2021, with a development rate of 4,213.39 m² y and dissection degree development rate of 0.0125% y . This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for gully erosion control and eco-environmental protection at the watershed scale on the Loess Plateau.

Objective To observe the prevalence and characteristics of premonitory symptoms in Chinese migraineurs and explore their associations with migraine-related factors. Method Migraineurs who visited a tertiary headache clinic and one of nine neurology clinics between May 2014 and November 2019 were studied. Result Among the 4821 patients meeting the migraine criteria (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), 1038 (21.5%) patients experienced at least one premonitory symptom. The most common premonitory symptoms were neck stiffness, dizziness, yawning and drowsiness. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that aura, photophobia, aggravation by routine physical activity, triggers, family history, depression, coffee consumption and physical exercise were associated with an increased probability of experiencing premonitory symptoms ( p ≤ 0.001). The premonitory symptoms of migraine with and without aura differ in prevalence and most common symptoms. The cluster analysis revealed pairwise clustering of the following premonitory symptoms: Photophobia/phonophobia, concentration change/dysesthesia, loquacity/overactivity, yawning/drowsiness, fatigue/dizziness, and mood change/irritability. The correlation analysis of triggers and premonitory symptoms revealed that temperature change, environment change, sleep disorder, activity and stress were related to multiple premonitory symptoms, and that food, light, menstruation, alcohol and odor were related to special premonitory symptoms ( p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of premonitory symptoms among migraineurs in China is 21.5%. Some factors influence the probability of experiencing premonitory symptoms. Paired premonitory symptoms in the clustering analysis may share similar origins. Certain triggers associated with multiple premonitory symptoms may induce brain dysfunction; however, other triggers that overlap with corresponding special premonitory symptoms may be premonitory symptoms or a form of premonitory symptom.

Gallbladder cancer is the sixth most common malignant gastrointestinal tumor. Radical surgery is currently the only effective treatment, but patient prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only 5-10%. Establishing an effective survival prediction model for gallbladder cancer patients is crucial for disease status assessment, early intervention, and individualized treatment approaches. The existing gallbladder cancer survival prediction model uses clinical data-radiotherapy and chemotherapy, pathology, and surgical scope-but fails to utilize laboratory examination and imaging data, limiting its prediction accuracy and preventing sufficient treatment plan guidance.The aim of this work is to propose an accurate survival prediction model, based on the deep learning 3D-DenseNet network, integrated with multimodal medical data (enhanced CT imaging, laboratory test results, and data regarding systemic treatments).Data were collected from 195 gallbladder cancer patients at two large tertiary hospitals in Shanghai. The 3D-DenseNet network extracted deep imaging features and constructed prognostic factors, from which a multimodal survival prediction model was established, based on the Cox regression model and incorporating patients' laboratory test and systemic treatment data.The model had a C-index of 0.787 in predicting patients' survival rate. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of predicting patients' 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates reached 0.827, 0.865, and 0.926, respectively.Compared with the monomodal model based on deep imaging features and the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system-widely used in clinical practice-our model's prediction accuracy was greatly improved, aiding the prognostic assessment of gallbladder cancer patients.

Pyroptosis, a newly-defined mode of cell death related to inflammation, is closely related to cancers but has not yet been studied in laryngeal carcinoma (LC). We investigated pyroptosis in LC and constructed a prognostic model. Using RNA sequencing data, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LC and normal tissues to construct a prognostic risk model. The model’s accuracy and independent prognostic value were evaluated using survival- and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)- curves; and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, respectively. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data was utilized as a model validation set. Differential analysis revealed 37 DEGs, and consistent clustering showed that pyroptosis-related genes could predict LC prognosis. Six genes (CHMP7, GSDME, GZMB, CASP9, IL6, and NLRP1) were obtained by Lasso Cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic model. The high-risk group had a poor prognosis with areas under the ROC curve at 1-, 3-, and 5-years of 0.619, 0.692, and 0.656, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways revealed that differentially expressed genes may be related to infection, T cell differentiation, immunity, and inflammation. It was further found that the low survival rate of the high-risk group may be related to the significant reduction of immune cell infiltration and immune function. With the bioinformatic method, six genes related to pyroptosis affecting LC prognosis were screened and a prognostic risk model was constructed, which laid a foundation for pyroptosis study in LC.

This study investigated the effects of dicyandiamide, phosphogypsum and superphosphate on greenhouse gas emissions and compost maturity during pig manure composting. The results indicated that the addition of dicyandiamide and phosphorus additives had no negative effect on organic matter degradation, and could improve the compost maturity. Adding dicyandiamide alone reduced the emissions of ammonia (NH

Involvement of the central gray matter of spinal cord is a characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature of aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG) positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). However, there has been no systemic electrophysiological study investigating the frequency of lower motor neuron involvement in NMOSD patients.We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 59 NMOSD patients with results of concentric needle electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) that were admitted to the Department of Neurology of Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2016 and December 2019.Acute and/or chronic denervation was found in 22.0% (13/59) of the NMOSD patients by EMG. Peripheral or cranial neuropathy indicated by abnormal NCS changes was found in 11.9% (7/59) of the NMOSD patients. Denervation indicated by EMG that can be accounted for by abnormal NCS was found in 6.8% (4/59) of the NMOSD patients, while 3.4% (2/59) of the NMOSD patients had NCS abnormality without denervation indicated by EMG. Accordingly, 9 of the 59 NMOSD patients (15.3%) had lower motor neuron involvement, and moreover, 6.8% (4/59) of the NMOSD patients had corresponding spinal cord or brainstem lesions on MRI.Not uncommon lower motor neuron involvement exists in NMOSD patients, so needle EMG and NCS studies should be performed in NMOSD patients with suspected lower motor neuron involvement.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cep-10.1177_0333102421997850 for Premonitory symptoms in migraine from China: A multi-clinic study of 4821 patients by Xiaolin Wang, Ziming Yin, Yajun Lian, Yanmei Xu, Yajie Li, Jiale Liu, Qun Gu, Fanhong Yan, Zhaoli Ge, Yu Lian, Dongmei Hu, Sufen Chen, Rongfei Wang, Xiaoyan Chen, Jing Liu, Mingjie Zhang, Ye Ran, Ping Zhou, Jingyi Ma, Xudong Lv, Zhao Dong and Shengyuan Yu in Cephalalgia

Slope runoff acts as a driving force for soil erosion on the Loess Plateau but is also an important water source for alleviating water shortages and maintaining vegetation growth. Identifying how to regulate runoff can help solve the problems of water shortages and soil erosion. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of conservation measures on controlling slope runoff and soil loss in a 20° runoff plot using scouring experiments. The treatments included plots with bare slope (CK) and three typical soil and water conservation (SWC) measures—engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), vegetation measures (grass revegetation by alfalfa, GR), and agricultural measures (straw mulching, SM). The results showed that the SWC practices significantly (P

Objective: To observe the prevalence and characteristics of premonitory symptoms (PS) in Chinese migraineurs and explore their associations with migraine-related factors. Method: Migraineurs who visited a tertiary headache clinic and one of 9 neurology clinics between May 2014 and November 2019 were retrospectively studied. Result: Among the 4821 patients meeting migraine criteria (ICHD 3 edition), 1038 (21.5%) experienced at least one PS. The most common PS were neck stiffness, dizziness, yawning and drowsiness. Logistic regression demonstrated that aura, photophobia, aggravation by routine physical activity, trigger, family history, high educational level, depression, coffee consumption and physical exercise were associated with an increased probability of experiencing PS (P≤0.001). The PS of migraine with and without aura differ in prevalence and most common symptoms. Cluster analysis revealed pairwise clustering of the following PS: photophobia/phonophobia, concentration change/dysesthesia, loquacity/overactivity, yawning/drowsiness, fatigue/dizziness, and mood change/irritability. Analysis of correlation between triggers and PS revealed that temperature change, environment change, sleep disorder, activity and stress were related to multiple PS, and that food, light, menstruation, alcohol and odor were related to special PS (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of PS among migraineurs of China is 21.5%. Some factors influence the probability of experiencing PS. PS clustered together in the clustering analysis may share similar origins. Among two subtypes of triggers, multiple PS related triggers may induce brain dysfunction, and some of special PS related triggers like light may be a form of PS or PS themselves. Funding Statement: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 81771200, 81671077), and Beijng Natural Science Foundation Essential Research Project (Z170002). Declaration of Interests: The authors report no disclosure relevant to this work. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Chinese PLA General Hospital (2020-263). The study protocol complied with China’s regulations and guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. Due to the retrospective nature of the study,oral informed consent was obtained from the patients before study inclusion according to the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki.

Non-cytotoxicity or good biocompatibility is an essential requisite for the thermo-sensitive polymeric materials used in the biomedical fields. In this study, a new poly(N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid-co-lysine ester) (PGAL) with excellent thermo-sensitivity and biocompatibility is synthesized from natural lysine and glutamic acid. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers are determined by 1H NMR, FTIR spectrum, and GPC. PGAL shows a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 17.3–31.7 °C, and the thermo-sensitivity is affected by its molecular weight, structure, and concentration. The viability of HeLa cells in 0.01–10 μg/mL PGAL solution is found to be in a range of 98–110 % after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. To sum up, this new thermo-sensitive PGAL has excellent biocompatibility that makes it a promising material in the biomedical fields.

MT1-MMP (membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase) plays important roles in cell growth and tumor invasion via mediating cleavage of MMP2/gelatinase A and a variety of substrates including type I collagen. BST-2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2) is a membrane tetherin whose expression dramatically reduces the release of a broad range of enveloped viruses including HIV from infected cells. In this study, we provided evidence that both transient and IFN-α induced BST-2 could decrease the activity of MMP2 via binding to cellular MT1-MMP on its C- terminus and inhibiting its proteolytic activity; and finally block cell growth and migration. Zymography gel and Western-blot experiments demonstrated that BST-2 decreased MMP2 activity, but no effect on the expression of MMP2 and MT1-MMP genes. Confocal and immunoprecipitation data showed that BST-2 co-localized and interacted with MT1-MMP. This interaction inhibited the proteolytic enzyme activity of MT1-MMP, and blocked the activation of proMMP2. Experimental results of C-terminus deletion mutant of MT1-MMP showed that activity of MMP2 was no change and also no interaction existed between the mutant and BST-2 after co-transfection with the mutant and BST-2. It meant that C-terminus of MT1-MMP played a key role in the interaction with BST-2. In addition, cell growth in 3-D type I collagen gel lattice and cell migration were all inhibited by BST-2. Taken together, BST-2, as a membrane protein and a tetherin of enveloped viruses, was a novel inhibitor of MT1-MMP and could be considerable as an inhibitor of cancer cell growth and migration on clinic.

Background The overlap between probable migraine (PM) and probable tension-type headache (PTTH) often confuses physicians in clinical practice. Although clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been proven to be helpful in the diagnosis of primary headaches, the existing guideline-based headache disorder CDSSs do not perform adequately due to this overlapping issue. Thus, in this study, a CDSS based on case-based reasoning (CBR) was developed in order to solve this problem. Methods First, a case library consisting of 676 clinical cases, 56.95% of which had been diagnosed with PM and 43.05% of which had been diagnosed with PTTH, was constructed, screened by a three-member panel, and weighted by engineers. Next, the resulting case library was used to diagnose current cases based on their similarities to the previous cases. The test dataset was composed of an additional 222 historical cases, 76.1% of which had been diagnosed with PM and 23.9% of which had been diagnosed with PTTH. The cases that comprised the case library as well as the test dataset were actual clinical cases obtained from the International Headache Center in Chinese PLA General Hospital. Results The results indicated that the PM and PTTH recall rates were equal to 97.02% and 77.78%, which were 34.31% and 16.91% higher than that of the guideline-based CDSS, respectively. Furthermore, the PM and PTTH precision rates were equal to 93.14% and 89.36%, which were7.09% and 15.68% higher than that of the guideline-based CDSS, respectively. Comparing CBR CDSS and guideline-based CDSS, the p-value of PM diagnoses was equal to 0.019, while that of PTTH diagnoses was equal to 0.002, which indicated that there was a significant difference between the two approaches. Conclusions The experimental results indicated that the CBR CDSS developed in this study diagnosed PM and PTTH with a high degree of accuracy and performed better than the guideline-based CDSS. This system could be used as a diagnostic tool to assist general practitioners in distinguishing PM from PTTH.

Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an effective tool for improving healthcare quality. Since the clinical symptoms of some primary headache disorders in individual patients often overlap and that ill-defined boundaries for some headache features may be vague, current rule-based CDSS cannot perform as well as expected. In this paper, we develop a CDSS for primary headache disorder diagnosis based on rule-based and case-based reasoning in order to simulate a headache specialist's thinking process. First, the new case is evaluated by rule-based reasoning, the rules come from headache clinical guideline; second, if rule-based reasoning was unable to get accurate answer, case-based reasoning will find the most similar case in case library based on similarity matching. In particular, we define a similarity calculating method for primary headaches case. The final results show that the proposed approach improves the diagnostic accuracy dramatically compared to the rule-based primary headache diagnosis systems.

Background China may have the largest population of headache sufferers and therefore the most serious burden of disease worldwide. However, the rate of diagnosis for headache disorders is extremely low, possibly due to the relative complexity of headache subtypes and diagnostic criteria. The use of computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSS) seems to be a better choice to solve this problem. Methods We developed a headache CDSS based on ICHD-3 beta and validated it in a prospective study that included 543 headache patients from the International Headache Center at the Chinese PLA General hospital, Beijing, China. Results We found that the CDSS correctly recognized 159/160 (99.4%) of migraine without aura, 36/36 (100%) of migraine with aura, 20/21 (95.2%) of chronic migraine, and 37/59 (62.7%) of probable migraine. This system also correctly identified 157/180 (87.2%) of patients with tension-type headache (TTH), of which infrequent episodic TTH was diagnosed in 12/13 (92.3%), frequent episodic TTH was diagnosed in 99/101 (98.0%), chronic TTH in 18/20 (90.0%), and probable TTH in 28/46 (60.9%). The correct diagnostic rates of cluster headache and new daily persistent headache (NDPH) were 90.0% and 100%, respectively. In addition, the system recognized 32/32 (100%) of patients with medication overuse headache. Conclusions With high diagnostic accuracy for most of the primary and some types of secondary headaches, this system can be expected to help general practitioners at primary hospitals improve diagnostic accuracy and thereby reduce the burden of headache in China.

The ratio of correct diagnosis for primary headache has always been relatively low for general practitioners due to the unacquaintance with headache guideline in Chinese primary hospitals. This study proposed a computerized headache guideline method using SAGE module and developed a decision support system for headache diagnosis, which could be expected to help general practitioners of primary hospitals improve diagnostic accuracy. 282 previously diagnosed cases from EMR were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the system, the result is: migraine 144/153 (94.1%), tension-type headache 89/100 (89.0%), cluster headache 10/11 (90.9%) and chronic daily headache 53/57(93.0%). The proposed system is in the starting phase of the implementation at the outpatient department of Neurology in Chinese PLA general hospital.

On the basis of traditional image-based diagnostic, there have been many research results shown that the comparative analysis would be more comprehensive, intuitive and targeted. In actual clinical environment, the comparison of medical imaging data on the clinician workstations is inefficient and cumbersome due to the limited support of an integrated way for presenting these data, and this leads to the emergence of the integrated visualization of these data. With the large amount of medical imaging data distributed in achieve servers, the integrated visualization on traditional clinician workstations often lead to poor user interaction. Based on the relatively mature framework of traditional clinician workstations, this paper has located the bottlenecks of data transmission and data parsing. In addition, it provides several optimization schemas against these bottlenecks, such as Streaming concept, multi-core programming and an optimization based on Intel IPP, to enhance the user interaction for the integrated visualization of imaging data. This optimized framework has been applied to many hospitals and proven to meet the clinical requirements.

Because the development of medical imaging equipment such as CT and MRI, the data for visualization which be processed continue increasing. In order to meet the demand of the large volume data of real-time processing, a novel technique for texture- based volume rending is discussed in this paper, which based on coordinate transformation and programming graphics processing unit. The algorithm makes full use of the parallel processing of graphics hardware and reduces the transmission of data between CPU and GPU, improves the speed of texture mapping algorithm. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm can improve the frame rate up to 10%-15%.