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The data of literature and the results obtained at the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology of GrSMU from the offspring of rats on the 2nd, 7th-10th, 15th-20th, 45th, and 90th day after birth using a complex of modern microscopicresearchmethods (histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, electronmicroscopic, morphometric) are analyzed and summarized. General regularities and specific features of morphofunctional development of different types of brain neurons in postnatal ontogenesis are established.

Objective. To analyze the changes in the size and shape of perikaryons and the degree of cytoplasm chromatophilia of the rat hippocampal and parietal cortex neurons at different periods after the modeling of total cerebral ischemia. Material and Methods. The experiments were performed on 42 male outbred white rats with an initial weight of 240 ± 20 g. Total cerebral ischemia in white outbred rats was modeled by decapitation. The material for further histological examination was taken at the 1st, 5th, 15th, 30th and 60th minutes, as well as 5 and 24 hours after decapitation. The study of histological preparations was carried out using an Axioscop 2 plus microscope, a digital video camera and the ImageWarp image analysis program. Among the total number, the cells were isolated by the intensity of cytoplasm staining (chromatophilia). After a preliminary check for the normal distribution of indicators, the data obtained were analyzed by non-parametric statistics. Results. With total cerebral ischemia, a decrease in the size of neurons and deformation of perikaryons were observed. Normochromic neurons completely disappeared at the 60th minute. The number of hyperchromic neurons increased, and then progressively decreased. Shrunken neurons made up the majority of cells in the studied cortical sections at the 30–60th minutes, and then, after 5 and 24 hours, cells with pericellular edema prevailed in the neuron population.Conclusion. The obtained data on histological changes in neurons of phylogenetically different parts of the cerebral cortex in the dynamics of total cerebral ischemia provide the basis for further detailed study of post-mortem changes of the brain as well as determining the time of death, thus creating a fundamental basis for studying the properties of neurons, including their transition from one functional state to another.

Background. Calbindin is a calcium-binding protein that supports calcium homeostasis for the normal functioning of neurons. Purpose. To study the distribution of immunoreactivity of calbindin-D28K in the structures of the developing cerebellum of the rat. Material and methods. The study was performed on 16 outbred white rats of different age groups: 2-, 7-, 15-days (early postnatal period), 45-days (puberty period). The cerebellum samples were taken and fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry. Calbindin-D28K immunoreactivity was determined on paraffin sections using primary polyclonal rabbit antibodies. Results. In the cerebellar cortex, calbindin immunoreactivity was detected on the 2nd day after development of Purkinje cells (PC) in their perikaryons, and by the 15th day in their dendrites and it did not change by the 45th day. In all terms of the study in PC, it was detected not only in the cytoplasm, but also in their nucleus. In the granular layer, calbindin immunoreactivity decreased in rats in postnatal ontogenesis, however, in adult rats, some neurons were moderately immunopositive. Among them, from the 15th day after birth, the calbindin-immunoreactive afferent nerve fibers running in the white matter were detected. There were no significant differences in the distribution of calbindin between the lobes of the cerebellum of different phylogenetic age. Conclusions. Considering that the expression of сalbindin-D28k is detected throughout the entire period of development of Purkinje cells, as well as its physiological role in maintaining the function and homeostasis of calcium in them, it can be concluded that сalbindin-D28k is a valuable marker for the morphofunctional characteristics of PC in the developing and adult cerebellum of rats in normal and pathological conditions.

Of particular interest is the study of the immunoreactivity of NeuN, Ngb, and ATP synthase in developing histaminergic neurons, since their importance and insufficient knowledge. Objective. Assessment of NeuN, Ngb, and ATP synthase content in E2 nucleus histaminergic neurons of rat brain in the dynamics of postnatal ontogenesis. Material and methods. The study was performed on 5-, 10-, 20-, 45- and 90-day old outbred white rats using immunohistochemical, cytophotometric and statistical methods. Results. In developing histaminergic neurons of rat brain the immunoreactivity of MAO B, NeuN, Ngb, and ATP synthase simultaneously increases from day 5 to 90 after birth. Conclusions. During the postnatal development of histaminergic neurons in parallel with their structural and metabolic formation, a simultaneous increase in the immunoreactivity of MAO B, NeuN, Ngb and ATP synthase.

Introduction. The consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy disturbs the structure and functions of the offspring brain. Histaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus have not been studied so far. Objective. Estimation of the morphofunctional state of histaminergic neurons in hypothalamic nucleus E2 in the 45-day offspring of rats consuming ethanol during pregnancy. Material and methods. The experiments were performed on white outbred female rats who consumed a 15% ethanol solution during pregnancy, and their 45-day offspring with the use of histological, histochemical, morpho- and cytophotometrical as well as statistical research methods. Results. The 45-day offspring of rats who consumed ethanol during pregnancy, showed a decreased size of the histaminergic neurons bodies, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase type B as well as activation of acid phosphatase, lactate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases in their cytoplasm. Conclusions. The consumption of alcohol by female rats during pregnancy disturbs the structure and metabolism of the developing hypothalamic histaminergic neurons of their offspring.

The aim of the study was to summarize literature data on the localization, functions and role of neuroglobin in ischemia / hypoxia of the brain and neuropathology of different genesis. Results: neuroglobin is a representative of the globin family of the nervous system proteins, involved in maintaining of gas homeostasis of nerve cells. It serves for the deposition and transfer of oxygen to the mitochondria of neurons, and in the presence of pathology it can prevent neurodegeneration through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Neuroglobin is involved in the binding and neutralizing of active forms of oxygen and nitrogen, the amount of which increases with the development of cerebral ischemia / hypoxia; it supports ion homeostasis and energy metabolism of the cell, acting as a neuroprotector and regulator of cellular respiration. Studying of the changes in neuroglobin expression in ischemia / hypoxia of the brain and other neuropathology is an actual task, since the violation of its neuroprotective mechanisms serves as a pathogenetic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases.

Aim: The aim of the study was the estimation of the structural and metabolic changes in cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats during the complete outside bile abduction. Material and methods: Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. In 26 rats the fistula of the common bile duct was made and all the bile secreted by the liver was collected through a plastic tube into the outside glass bile container. 20 animals of the control group underwent sham operation (no removal of bile). On the 1th, 3th, and 5th days after the operation the animals of the control and experimental groups were decapitated and cerebellum cortex samples were collected for histology and cytochemistry. Results: The loss of bile induced the gradual increase in structural and metabolic abnormalities of Purkinje cells resulting in severe, irreversible disturbances and even death of some of them. The gradual decrease in Purkinje cells size, the loss of their sphericity and elongation, followed by inhibition of succinate-, NADH-, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenases and the activation of lactate dehydrogenase and the marker enzyme of lysosomes acid phosphatase were revealed. All the changes reflect the ratio of the processes of damage and adaptation in the affected neurons in bile absence in the body. Conclusion: Total loss of bile (on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days) induces the gradual increase in structural and metabolic disturbances in cerebellum Purkinje cells and death of some of them.

Background. Cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, take a leading position in the structure of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Solving the problem of stroke requires an in-depth study of its pathogenesis, for which it is necessary to identify morphofunctional changes in the brain at the cellular, subcellular and molecular levels. Purpose: To study histological disorders of neurons in parietal cortex and hippocampus of rats after incomplete cerebral ischemia. Material and methods. The experiments were performed on female white rats weighing 230 ± 20 g. The use of rats as experimental animals was due to the similarity of angio-architectonics and morphology of the cerebral cortex in rats and humans. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was modeled by ligation of both common carotid arteries under intravenous thiopental anesthesia (40-50 mg / kg). Results. Incomplete cerebral ischemia leads to histological changes in the neurons of the parietal cortex and hippocampus. There is a decrease in the number of normochromic and an increase in the number of pathological forms of neurons, their size and shape change significantly. Conclusions. Incomplete ischemia of the brain leads to significant histological changes in the neurons of the parietal cortex and hippocampus of rats. The disorders are similar, but they are more pronounced in the parietal cortex, the neurons of which are more sensitive to lack of oxygen.

Objective. To estimate morphofunctional state of E2 histaminergic neurons of rat hypothalamus 1 h after the 7th injection of 20% ethanol solution at a dose of 4 g/kg/day. Material and methods. Rats were given injections of 20% ethanol solution (4 g/kg/day, for 7 days, decapitation – 1 h after the 7th injection). The examination was done by histological, histochemical, morphometric, cytophotometric and electron microscope methods. Results. Seven-fold alcohol administration causes increasing and rounding of perikarya and nuclei of histaminergic neurons, the activity increasing of monoamine oxidase type B, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, the activity decreasing of dehydrogenases of succinate, NADH, NADPhH, glucose-6-phosphate, the activation of the nuclear apparatus, disturbance of the membrane organelles organization, lysosomal hyperplasia. Conclusions. 7-day ethanol administration affects the structure and metabolism of histaminergic neurons, demonstrating both the neurotoxic effect of alcohol and processes of neurons adaptation.

The review describes new data that have appeared in the literature in recent decades about the involvement of the cerebellum in regulation of many processes and functions of the body: arterial pressure, respiration, immune processes, eating behavior, eye movement, speech, sleep and wakefulness, emotions, attention, cognitive and creative processes.

The aim of this study was to analyze and generalize the literature data on the structure and development of the rat hippocampus for the subsequent study of the developmental disorders of this section of the brain cortex and the extrapolation of the obtained experimental data to humans. Results: The information about morphofunctional organization of the rat hippocampus provides a basis for further study of this section of the brain cortex in norm and various pathologies and allows extrapolating the obtained experimental data to humans.

Aim. To assess the effect of antenatal alcohol exposure on histological and histochemical characteristics of brain cortex neurons in rats at different time periods after birth. Material and methods. Experiments were performed on 25 females albino rats and their offspring by using histological and histochemical methods of study. Results. Antenatal alcohol exposure in rats increased, and then reduced the brain cortex thickness, the decrease being noted in the relative amount of brain cortex neurons and the increase in the number of their pathological forms in all time periods of the examination. The histochemical examination revealed the inhibition of NADH-, NADPhH, G-6-PDH and SDH as well as activation of LDH and AP. Conclusions. Alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy induces in their offspring brain cortex neurons deep and mainly irreversible structural and metabolic disturbances.

Background. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy induces the development of a number of specific disorders in offspring that are combined under the term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which is a part of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of antenatal alcoholisation on synaptogenesis in the inner pyramidal layer of the frontal cerebral cortex of rats in postnatal ontogenesis. Material and methods: experiments were performed on 12 female white rats and their offspring, using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy methods. Results: antenatal alcoholisation leads to decrease in the expression of the marker of synaptic vesicles, synaptophysin, disruption of the synapse ultrastructure, and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. Conclusions: antenatal alcoholisation leads to disruption of synaptogenesis in the inner pyramidal layer of the frontal cerebral cortex of the rat.