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To explore the utility of radiomics and deep learning model in assessing the risk factors for sepsis after flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy (FURL) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with ureteral calculi.This retrospective analysis included 847 patients with treatment-naive proximal ureteral calculi who received FURL or PCNL. All participants were preoperatively conducted non-contrast computed tomography scans, and relevant clinical information was meanwhile collected. After propensity score matching, the radiomics model was established to predict the onset of sepsis. A deep learning model was also adapted to further improve the prediction accuracy. Performance of these trained models was verified in another independent external validation set including 40 cases of ureteral calculi patients.The overall incidence of sepsis after FURL or PCNL was 5.9%. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis revealed 26 predictive variables, with an overall AUC of 0.881 (95% CI, 0.813-0.931) and an AUC of 0.783 (95% CI, 0.766-0.801) in external validation cohort. Judicious adaption of a deep neural network (DNN) model to our dataset improved the AUC to 0.920 (95% CI, 0.906-0.933) in the internal validation. To eliminate the overfitting, external validation was carried out for DNN model (AUC = 0.874 (95% CI, 0.858-0.891)).The DNN was more effective than the LASSO model in revealing risk factors for sepsis after FURL or PCNL in single ureteral calculi patients, and females are more susceptible to sepsis than males. Deep learning models have the potential to act as gatekeepers to facilitate patient stratification.• Both the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and deep neural network (DNN) models were shown to be effective in sepsis prediction. • The DNN model achieved superior prediction capability, with an AUC of 0.920 (95% CI, 0.906-0.933). • DNN-assisted model has potential to serve as a gatekeeper to facilitate patient stratification.

Objective To evaluate the changes in magnetic resonance imaging-based body composition parameters during follow-ups in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Methods Between November 1, 2017, and June 30, 2021, patients diagnosed with CD, who underwent two or more magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) scans at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. The baseline and one subsequent follow-up scan for each patient were paired to form longitudinal comparisons. Skeletal muscle, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) indexes were calculated from tissue areas measured at the third lumbar vertebra level per scan, standardized by dividing the height2 and lumbar height2 (heightL1–L5). We also assessed the correlation between changes in VAT to total adipose tissue ratio (VA/TA index) and CD activity scores (5-point MRE classification) using Spearman’s correlation analysis. A multivariate linear regression model was used to adjust for the follow-up duration and treatment type. Results Overall, 49 patients (with 49 paired scans) were enrolled. VA/TA index changes were negatively correlated with changes in skeletal muscle index (SMI; r = − 0.339, p p p p > 0.05). Changes in total MRE score were negatively correlated with SMI changes (r = − 0.408, p r = 0.479, p Conclusion An increase in SMI and a decrease in VA/TA index could reflect improved nutritional and inflammatory status.

Tritium is an important nuclear fuel in fusion reactors and one of the dominant nuclides in the primary coolant in fission reactors. The storage, feeding, control, monitoring, and transport of tritium are important for practical engineering applications. Because of the high mobility of tritium in both fission and fusion nuclear systems and its effect on human body, tritium has received great attention worldwide. The retention and prevention of tritium permeation from primary loop to secondary loop is a common research interest in various reactors. Previous studies indicated that a surface oxide layer is an efficient method to reduce tritium permeation. In this paper, we summarize the effects of various oxide layers on the permeation of hydrogen isotopes in nuclear reactors. The permeation reduction factor for materials used in fusion reactors ranges from 1000 to 100000. The diffusion behavior of tritium in several materials with and without oxide layer is discussed in detail. The oxide layer is more important than intrinsic permeability to prevent tritium permeation. As tritium is the only radioactive source term in the secondary loop of high temperature gas-cooled reactors, we also reviewed the permeation of hydrogen isotopes in the heat exchanger, which is an important issue in nuclear hydrogen production. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of tritium permeation behavior and is expected to promote the development and design of tritium-permeation-proof materials in the future.

The chemical states of nuclides affect their physical and chemical properties including thermal conductivity, melting point, adsorption and desorption behavior, diffusion process, and chemical reactivity. It is an important issue in nuclear energy systems and spent fuel reprocessing. In this review, we summarize the theoretical calculations and experimental measurements to determine the chemical states of nuclides in nuclear energy systems. Software such as FactSage, HSC Chemistry and The Geochemist’s Workbench are generally used to determine the macroscopic-scale thermodynamic parameters such as thermodynamically stable phases. Quantum chemistry calculation software such as Gaussian 03 is employed for microscopic first-principles calculations to elucidate chemical reaction channels, microstructures, bonding characteristics, and rate constants. The experimental methods to determine chemical states of nuclides include X-ray, spectroscopy and chemical extraction.

To investigate whether volumetric visceral adipose tissue (VAT) features extracted using radiomics and three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) approach are effective in differentiating Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).This retrospective study enrolled 316 patients (mean age, 36.25 ± 13.58 [standard deviation]; 219 men) with confirmed diagnosis of CD and UC who underwent CT enterography between 2012 and 2021. Volumetric VAT was semi-automatically segmented on the arterial phase images. Radiomics analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression algorithm. We developed a 3D-CNN model using VAT imaging data from the training cohort. Clinical covariates including age, sex, modified body mass index, and disease duration that impact VAT were added to the machine learning model for adjustment. The model's performance was evaluated on the testing cohort separating from the model's development process by its discrimination and clinical utility.Volumetric VAT radiomics analysis with LASSO had the highest AUC value of 0.717 (95% CI, 0.614-0.820), though difference of diagnostic performance among the 3D-CNN model (AUC = 0.693; 95% CI, 0.587-0.798) and radiomics analysis with PCA (AUC = 0.662; 95% CI, 0.548-0.776) and LASSO have not reached statistical significance (all p0.05). The radiomics score was higher in UC than in CD on the testing cohort (mean ± SD, UC 0.29 ± 1.05 versus CD -0.60 ± 1.25; p0.001). The LASSO model with adjustment of clinical covariates reached an AUC of 0.775 (95%CI, 0.683-0.868).The developed volumetric VAT-based radiomics and 3D-CNN models provided comparable and effective performance for the characterization of CD from UC.• High-output feature data extracted from volumetric visceral adipose tissue on CT enterography had an effective diagnostic performance for differentiating Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis. • With adjustment of clinical covariates that cause difference in volumetric visceral adipose tissue, adjusted clinical machine learning model reached stronger performance when distinguishing Crohn's disease patients from ulcerative colitis patients.

Pathogens on wounds and infected tissues or pathogens in drinking water or public facilities have been doing great harm in human life. Because of booming drug resistance and superbacteria, the abuse or excessive use of antibiotics during systemic treatment has caused a global antibiotic crisis. However, it usually takes a long time to develop antibiotics. In recent years, photocatalytic antibacterial agents have no drug resistance and side-effects due to their rapid and efficient bactericidal efficacy. They are becoming one of the most hopeful substitutions to antibiotics for dealing with the bacterial diseases and water pollution caused by certain pathogens. Photocatalysis has unique advantages in the field of antibacterials, and its controllability plays an irreplaceable role. This review focuses on the mechanism of photocatalysis, which involves representative photocatalytic semiconductors (metal oxides, metal sulfides, carbon nitride, heterojunction composite materials) and organics (organic polymers and organic small molecules-aggregation induced emission) as well as their photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism. In this paper, we summarize the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanisms by the numbers and current developing of photocatalytic antimicrobial materials applications. Current difficulties and expectations for the future in these fields are presented to stimulate the developing of material manufacturing technologies and their industrialization to combat bacterial infections. In addition, potential application limitations and future research potential are highlighted.

The very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) has been included in the conception of the Generation IV nuclear energy system proposed by the United States Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum. After the Fukushima accident, concern has grown regarding the safety of nuclear power plants. For its inherent safety, superior proliferation resistance, and high thermal efficiency, the VHTR and its prototype, the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), attracted worldwide interest. Tritium exists in the fuel element and graphite reflectors in the core, primary coolant, some liquid and solid wastes, and gaseous effluent of HTGRs. Due to its permeation behavior at high temperatures, tritium is the most important nuclide in the secondary loop of HTGRs. Considering the future application of HTGRs in hydrogen production, tritium will be non-negligible and could be difficult to separate from hydrogen. In addition, the interaction between tritium and graphite is expected to be very strong. The absorption, desorption, and diffusion of tritium at the interface between the primary coolant and graphite are of great interest. Experimental measurements of the diffusion coefficients of tritium and its isotopes do not agree well with theoretical predictions based on the consideration of isotope effects. In this paper, research progress on the permeation, absorption, desorption, and diffusion behaviors of tritium in HTGRs is summarized and discussed. The chemical form of tritium in the primary coolant, and its spectroscopic characteristics, internal structures, and transport behaviors are organized and analyzed. Basic properties related to tritium, such as isotope effect, nuclear spin, radioactivity, etc. are also discussed.

BACKGROUND: Recently developed adjuvant therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) have been shown to improve patient survival. Guidelines currently recommend contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for GIST detection and surveillance. Patients with moderate-to-high risk GISTs require more frequent surveillance due to a higher 5-year recurrence rate. Our study aimed to compare noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with CECT for GIST detection, and evaluate volumetric apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for risk stratification of GIST. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 83 patients with histopathologically confirmed GISTs for lesion detection efficiency analysis between noncontrast MRI and matched CECT studies. A 5-point scale was used by two independent reviewers to determine if the lesion was present or absent. Another cohort, comprising 28 patients with pathologically confirmed primary GISTs, was further screened for risk stratification, with a comparison of volumetric ADC parameters between the pathologically very-low-to-low risk and moderate-to-high risk GIST patients. RESULTS: For identifying GISTs, the sensitivity and specificity of noncontrast MRI were 83.6% and 89.3% for reader 1 respectively, and 81.8% and 92.9% for reader 2 respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of CECT were 76.4% and 89.3% for reader 1 respectively, and 76.4 and 78.6% for reader 2 respectively. Tumor volumetric ADC histogram parameters, including ADC(max), ADC(stdev), 90(th) and 95(th) percentiles, inhomogeneity, and entropy, were positively correlated with a higher risk grade of GIST (r=0.421–0.758). The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed ADC(max) achieved the highest area under the curve value of 0.938 for discriminating very-low-to-low risk versus moderate-to-high risk GISTs. CONCLUSIONS: Noncontrast MRI was an efficient technique for identifying GIST patients. The combination of CECT and noncontrast MRI can improve the reliability of diagnosis. For patients with contraindications to CECT, noncontrast MRI may be a comparable alternative. Volumetric ADC histogram parameters may be useful in differentiating very-low-to-low risk from moderate-to-high risk primary GISTs.

Technical guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the small bowel (SB) in the setting of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) were detailed in a 2017 consensus issued by European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) and European Society of Pediatric Radiology (ESPR); however, MRI for non-IBD conditions was not addressed. Hence, we performed a systematic review collecting researches on SB MRI for non-IBDs. The literatures were then divided into morphologic group and functional group. Information about the MRI techniques, gastrointestinal preparation, and details of cine-MRI protocols was extracted. We found that a 1.5 T MRI system, prone positioning, and MR enterography were frequently utilized in clinical practice. Gadolinium contrast sequences were routinely implemented, while diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was much less performed. The gastrointestinal preparation varied throughout the studies. No uniform protocols for cine imaging could be established. SB MRI examinations for non-IBDs are far from standardized, especially for functional studies. Recommendations for standard parameters in cine-MRI sequences are difficult to make due to lack of evidentiary support. MRI investigations in non-IBD conditions are needed and the standardization of non-IBD imaging in clinical practice is required.

Background Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is increasingly attractive as a noninvasive and radiation-free tool for assessing Crohn's disease (CD). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is recommended as an optional MRE sequence for CD by the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology, and has shown a superb potential as a quantitative modality for bowel inflammation evaluation. However, the measurement reproducibility of quantitative DWI analysis in MRE has not been ascertained so far. To facilitate the application of quantitative diffusion-weighted MRE in the clinical routine, systematic investigations of the intra and interobserver reproducibility of DWI quantitative parameters should be performed. Aim To evaluate the intra and interobserver reproducibility of quantitative analysis for diffusion-weighted MRE (DW-MRE) in ileal CD. Methods Forty-four subjects (21 with CD and 23 control subjects) who underwent ileocolonoscopy and DW-MRE (b = 800 s/mm2) within one week were included. Two radiologists independently measured apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of the terminal ileum and signal intensity ratio (SR) of the terminal ileum to ipsilateral psoas muscle on DWI images (b = 800 s/mm2). Between- and within-reader agreements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CoV), and 95% limits of agreement of Bland-Altman plots (BA-LA LoA). Diagnostic performances of ADC and SR for identifying inflamed terminal ileum from the normal were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results There were no significant differences in ADC or SR values between the two sessions or between the two radiologists either in the CD or control group (paired t-test, P > 0.05). The intra and interobserver reproducibility of ADC (ICC: 0.952-0.984; CoV: 3.73-6.28%; BA-LA LoA: ±11.27% to ±15.88%) and SR (ICC: 0.969-0.989; CoV: 3.51%-4.64%; BA-LA LoA: ±10.62% to ±15.45%) was excellent for CD. Agreement of ADC measurements was slightly less in control subjects (ICC: 0.641-0.736; CoV: 10.47%-11.43%; BA-LA LoA: ± 26.59% to ± 30.83%). SR of normal terminal ileum demonstrated high intra and interobserver reproducibility (ICC: 0.944-0.974; CoV: 3.73%-6.28%; BA-LA LoA: ± 18.58% to ± 24.43%). ADC and SR of two readers had outstanding diagnostic efficiencies (area under the ROC curve: 0.923-0.988). Conclusion Quantitative parameters derived from DW-MRE have good to excellent intra and interobserver agreements with high diagnostic accuracy, and can serve as robust and efficient quantitative biomarkers for CD evaluation.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, accompanied by governments' regulatory restrictions to contain it, interfered with surgical services provision. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a 76-day city-wide lockdown in Wuhan, China, on the provision of four types of surgery and investigate the association between COVID-19 screening measures and the post-lockdown surge in lung surgery. Methods: We collected data of four types of surgery: lung, esophagus, liver, and stomach, conducted between October 1, 2019, to July 31, 2020, from three major hospitals in Wuhan. We compared the demographic information of patients before and after the COVID-19 induced lockdown by surgery types. We then used difference-in-differences analysis to compare the volumes of lung surgery with three other types of surgery. We estimated the abnormal post-lockdown surge in lung surgery, accounting for scheduling delay. Next, we probed into the association between such abnormal increase in lung surgery and the mandatory chest CT scans required by the government as a COVID-19 screening measure using linear regression. Finally, we analyzed the proportion of lung cancer surgery and its demographic characteristics before and after the lockdown. Findings: After the lockdown started, all four types of surgery quickly dropped to a very low level and stayed at that minimum level throughout the lockdown period. Within 12 weeks after the lockdown was lifted, all three surgery types returned to and stayed at the pre-lockdown period except lung surgery, which surged to 150% of the pre-lockdown level. Specifically, the weekly volume of lung surgery in the post-lockdown period was 60% higher than that of esophagus surgery (95% CI, 0·31-0·90), 39% higher than that of liver surgery (95% CI, 0·17-0·63), and 24% higher than that of stomach surgery (95% CI, 0·01-0·47). Moreover, for every 1,000 chest CT scans conducted in week t-1, on average 3·5 (95% CI, 0·56-6·49) lung surgery were expected to occur in the week that followed. Besides, more young female patients received lung surgery after the lockdown [82 (58%) vs. 57 (45%)]. Finally, the fractions of post-lockdown lung cancer surgery were significantly greater than those in the pre-lockdown period (73% vs. 66%). Interpretation: The lockdown severely affected surgical services in Wuhan. Amid the recovery, the surge in lung surgery was associated with the large-scale chest CT screening policy implemented during and after the lockdown. Such a large-scale chest CT screening could be a blessing as it advanced the diagnosis window of lung diseases for young females. Funding: No funding is declared for this study. Declaration of Interests: None reported. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors have used data with the approval from the healthcare information system of three Triple-A accredited hospitals.

Chiller plants consume a significant amount of energy around the world. While there have been well established systems for monitoring their performance, those existing systems are expensive and difficult to install. In this work, we propose a low-cost and non-intrusive approach to achieve accurate monitoring of individual loads in a chiller plant. Our proposed system complements the in-situ aggregated power measurement with additional magnetic field measurements near individual branches using non-intrusive Anisotropic Magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors. AMR sensor measurements help disaggregate smaller pump loads in the system. However, they are subject to various noise from the environment, which can significantly lower the estimation accuracy. To overcome this, we design a novel hybrid solution that combines the AMR-based method with a multi-layer neural network (MLNN)-based method. Specifically, we use filtered outputs (under some quality check) from the AMR-based method to help train the MLNN, and then we combine the outputs from both the AMR-based method and the MLNN-based method to achieve better estimation results. We tested our proposed solution using real world power consumption traces collected from the chiller plant of a six-story commercial building, and under varying level of environmental noise. Our approach can robustly achieve low mean-absolute error (1% for the chiller component and 3% for individual water pump loads).

The key point of improving the thermal conductivity of polymer is to increase the orientation of the chains and reduce the disorder conformation. Recently, the nanoring structures are incorporated into polymers to tune the chain dynamics. In this work, the wide diameter (4~7 nm) but short length (~10 nm) BN nantube as nanoring incorporated into polyethylene. The thermal conductivity of nanocomposite can be increased by about 3 times from the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculation. Structurally, the polyethylene chains are aligned along the nanoring. In addition, the confinement of nanoring reduces the mobility of polyethylene chains by 40% and enhances the interatomic and interaction, which results in red shift of low frequency phonons. The results provide valuable guidance for improving the thermal conductivity of polymers by doping nanoring.

Purpose: To develop and validate a novel clinical-radiomics nomogram model for preoperatively predicting stone-free rate of flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) in kidney stone patients. Patients and Methods: Altogether 2129 fURS cases with kidney stone were retrospectively analyzed, and 264 patients with solitary kidney stone were included in further study. For lower calyx calculi, a radiomics model was generated in a primary cohort of 99 patients who underwent non-contrast enhanced computed tomography (NCCT). Radiomics feature selection and signature building were conducted by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to build a model incorporating radiomics and potential clinical factors. Model performance was evaluated by its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. The model was internally validated in 43 patients. Results: The overall success rate of fURS was 72%, while the stone-free rate (SFR) for lower calyx calculi and non-lower calyx calculi was 56.3% and 90.16%, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis of the primary cohort, independent predictors for SFR were radiomics signature, stone volume, operator experience, hydronephrosis level, which were all selected into the nomogram. The AUC of clinical-radiomics model was 0.949 and 0.947 in primary and validation cohort, respectively. Moreover, the calibration curve showed satisfactory predictive accuracy, and the decision curve analysis indicated that the nomogram has superior clinical application value. Conclusion: In this novel clinical-radiomics model, the radiomics scores, stone volume, hydronephrosis level and operator experience were crucial for the flexible ureteroscopy strategy. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. (No. 81771801, 81571642, 81701657, 81801695). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have nothing to disclose. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval was obtained for this retrospective analysis, and the requirement for informed consent was waived.

Counting the number of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, namely RFID counting, is needed by a wide array of important wireless applications. Motivated by its paramount practical importance, researchers have developed an impressive arsenal of techniques to improve the performance of RFID counting (i.e., to reduce the time needed to do the counting). This paper aims to gain deeper and fundamental insights in this subject to facilitate future research on this topic. As our central thesis, we find out that the overlooked key design aspect for RFID counting protocols to achieve near-optimal performance is a conceptual separation of a protocol into two phases. The first phase uses small overhead to obtain a rough estimate, and the second phase uses the rough estimate to further achieve an accuracy target. Our thesis also indicates that other performance-enhancing techniques or ideas proposed in the literature are only of secondary importance. Guided by our central thesis, we manage to design near-optimal protocols that are more efficient than existing ones and simultaneously simpler than most of them.

We study pattern-replacement equivalences of a similar nature to those studied by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West. Given any partition P of S c , we consider two equivalence relations acting on S n associated with P , loose P -equivalence and tight P -equivalence. We develop a general framework for studying tight pattern-replacement equivalences. Using our machinery, we count equivalence classes in S n for three tight equivalences posed as open problems by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West, and we find systems of equivalence-class representatives for two others, also previously posed as open problems. In addition, we study several infinite families of tight equivalences. In particular, we characterize the equivalence classes in S n under the most general tight equivalence, tight S c -equivalence. Moreover, we extend past work on loose P -equivalences (for various P ) by characterizing equivalence classes under three infinite families of loose P -equivalences. Particularly interesting members of these families include loose { 123 , 132 } -equivalence (previously posed as an open problem by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West), and loose { 123 , 132 } { 321 , 231 } -equivalence. For both equivalences, we enumerate the classes in S n .

Constructing highly active electrocatalysts with superior stability at low cost is a must, and vital for the large-scale application of rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Herein, a series of bifunctional composites with excellent electrochemical activity and durability based on platinum with the perovskite Sr(Co0.8Fe0.2)(0.95)P0.05O3-delta (SCFP) are synthesized via a facile but effective strategy. The optimal sample Pt-SCFP/C-12 exhibits outstanding bifunctional activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction with a potential difference of 0.73 V. Remarkably, the Zn-air battery based on this catalyst shows an initial discharge and charge potential of 1.25 and 2.02 V at 5 mA cm(-2), accompanied by an excellent cycling stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure experiments demonstrate that the superior performance is due to the strong electronic interaction between Pt and SCFP that arises as a result of the rapid electron transfer via the Pt-O-Co bonds as well as the higher concentration of surface oxygen vacancies. Meanwhile, the spillover effect between Pt and SCFP also can increase more active sites via lowering energy barrier and change the rate-determining step on the catalysts surface. Undoubtedly, this work provides an efficient approach for developing low-cost and highly active catalysts for wider application of electrochemical energy devices.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced Cysteine S‐glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls a wide range of intracellular protein activities. However, whether physiological ROS can modulate the function of extracellular components via S‐glutathionylation remains elusive. Here using a screening approach, we identified ROS‐mediated cysteine S‐glutathionylation on several extracellular cytokines. Glutathionylation positively regulated IL‐1β bioactivity via the highly conserved Cys‐188 residue by preventing its ROS‐induced irreversible oxidation, including sulfinic acid and sulfonic acid formation, and the subsequent deactivation ex vivo and in an in vivo system of irradiation‐induced bone marrow (BM) injury. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme that catalyzes deglutathionylation, was present and active in the extracellular space in serum and the BM, physiologically regulating IL‐1β glutathionylation and bioactivity. Collectively, we identify cysteine S‐glutathionylation as a novel cytokine regulatory mechanism that could be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cysteine S-glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls a wide range of intracellular protein activities. However, whether physiological ROS can modulate the function of extracellular components via S-glutathionylation is unknown. Using a screening approach, we identified ROS-mediated cysteine S-glutathionylation on several extracellular cytokines. Glutathionylation of the highly conserved Cys-188 in IL-1β positively regulates its bioactivity by preventing its ROS-induced irreversible oxidation, including sulfinic acid and sulfonic acid formation. We show this mechanism protects IL-1β from deactivation by ROS in an in vivo system of irradiation-induced bone marrow (BM) injury. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme that catalyzes deglutathionylation, was present and active in the extracellular space in serum and the BM, physiologically regulating IL-1β glutathionylation and bioactivity. Collectively, we identify cysteine S-glutathionylation as a cytokine regulatory mechanism that could be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.