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The effort of Fichte’s Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge is to ground the whole of the science in so called principles. This aim is a specific expression of the project of self-assurance of human being characterizing the important movement of modern metaphysics. The movement towards self-assurance even culminates here: it gets a form of showing human being as an entity founding (or producing) itself and in totality with itself the whole of (experienced) actuality. The foundation of science is therefore in this Fichte’s work completely subordinated to the project of explicit self-constitution of human being based in practical-theoretical mastering of consciousness of its own ontological-ontical priority.

At the beginning of Descartes's Regulae ad directionem ingenii we can find a call for secure knowledge which should be the point of departure for all meaningful human activities. The idea of secure knowledge is here gradually taking the form of universa} wisdom or 'good minď (i.e. rationality), of method and mathesis universalis, of a doctrine of arrangement and measurement. An example of manifestation of rationality (and, hence, activity) of Cartesian knowledge i s the rejection of Aristotelian-scholastic idea of the order of categories of entia as a speciously self-evident, immediately given clue to guide the cognitive process. In this context the rejection has also involved the notion of substance as a given absolute and that of accidentals, relative to it ('respecting' it). The old ontology does, however, assert itself in Descartes's method: the 'good minď acquiring knowledge becomes the 'substance' of the world as being acquired knowledge of; all objects of knowledge, and, as such, of arrangement, 'respecť it, are 'accidental' to it. Nevertheless the 'good minď acquiring knowledge (making arrangements) is, in its activity, not only the 'substance' (ousía) of the world as being acquired knowledge of but, in unity with this, also its principle, arkhé, cause. The Cartesian method is therefore not only...

In this diploma thesis I am addressing the concept of well-being in recent philosophy as a phenomenon of our time. I also try to specify the role of philosophy in its research. At the same time, I am aiming to give reasons why this concept has recently become more and more a part of discussions in society. In the text, I link the contemporary conception of well-being with Aristotle's notion of a good life or the concept of eudaimonia. In two chapters I also discuss the ideas of A. MacIntyre and M. Nussbaum, who have commented on and responded to Aristotle's and the contemporary notion of the good life. Then, with the help of the two projects at Yale and Harvard that I mention in the thesis, I attempt to outline how the research on well-being is now being conducted and what the results to date have been. Finally, the thesis thus mentions specific activities and behaviors that have been empirically shown to have an impact on a person's overall well-being, and in which some correspondence with Aristotle's philosophy can be observed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to demonstrate the principles of the transcendental, practical and educational philosophy of Immanuel Kant in the context of The Wall, a short story written by Jean-Paul Sartre. Based on analysis of this prose work of Sartre's this study presents, given the issue of human mortality, Kant's theory of knowledge; with regard to the question of the possibility of freedom it explores Kant's doctrine of morality and, from the perspective of penitentiary-related matters, it discusses Kant's pedagogy and philosophy of education. This thesis thus draws on the backdrop of Sartre's selected story to demonstrate the basic frameworks of Kant's extensive philosophical system in connection with the topics of morality, death and imprisonment, as derived from Sartre's tale.

EN: Jaspers came to philosophy from medicine and psychology. Unique personal situation, authentic life experience, unrepeatable faithful self-respect turned psychopathologist Jaspers from psychiatric physiology of soul to the thesis of ciphers of transcendence, borderline, edge and horizon. He constituted his own pattern of the thinker not only as an explaining teacher, but also as co-creator of original ethics, based on deep comprehension of the other, importance of encompassing communication between man and man. First section of my work deals with the concept of Border. Our attitudes and picture of the universe and its evaluation are limited by borders. The holistic complex being remains behind the horizon The second part is dedicated to border-line situation as an phenomenon of possibility, as seen from the point of view of Jaspers own existence, as presented in his Philosophy, including commentary based on new translations by Vaclav Nemec Closing part deals with existential communication and holistic transition from possible to new horizons of transcendence. My interpretation of chosen excerpts comes mostly from "Allgemeine Psychopathologie" "Psychologie der Weltanschauungen." Quotations appear in my own translation. KEY WORDS: Prophetic philosophy, philosophy as treatment of world opinion,...

Robert Kanócz: Play - Form of the Situation as Such? Abstract The present work belongs to the context of phenomenological ontology and tries to find out, what play/game is and what relationship it has to the nature of being. I understand the question what "play"/"game" ("hra" in the Czech language) is as the question what characterizes the matters referred to spontaneously by this word, and whether it is possible to find one universal meaning present in all these cases. I answer that such a universal meaning does exist, that a play/game is an "in its meaning autonomous process of being decided about something" (where "being decided" is meant impersonally, with no necessary reference to any conscious subject which decides) and I explain in what sense all the types of instances referred to with the abovementioned Czech word display these features. I further show in what sense the most general or fundamental situation in which we are, i. e. the situation of appearing of anything, displays the features of a game/play - it can be viewed as the always the same, "unescapable" process of being decided about what will be present. On this ground a theory of being or the world as, ultimately, a play/game can be conceived, which may sound very convincing, if it is presented as a seeing through the illusion that...

This work aims to pursue the roots and sources of intentionality. Intentional structure of consciousness is the very core of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and plays the main role since his Logical investigations. The problem of intentionality is complicated and complex and resonates through the Husserl lifelong work Our starting point is Husserl's late work Erfahrung und Urteil. The reason why we choose this work is twofold. First, this work shows the thoughts which result from the life long investigation of problematics. And the second reason is, this work hasn't been the subject of examination as much as Husserl's earlier works so far. The key to our work is the perspective in which every phenomenon shows. That's the reason, why we follow intentionality in three perspectives, which gradually uncovers itselves. The first perspective is the descent from acts of judgment to the original layers of intentionality. This brings us to the second perspective, which is the instinctive intentionality. This is the subject of following part of our work. The exposing of instinctive intentionality underlines the role of embodiment. The importance of embodiment in regard to intentionality is the final perspective. We investigate this with help of Maurice Merleau-Ponty Phenomenology of perception. This will...

In my diploma thesis I deal with the topic of experience of another person from the phenomenological philosophical point of view. The two major motives of my diploma thesis are: the revelation of the shift in thinking of Edmund Husserl in the phenomenology of intersubjectivity and showing that Merleau-Ponty went way beyond Husserls thinking. In the first chapter I clarify what Husserls term 'empathy' meant in his Cartesian Meditations and how this conception follows the theory of Theodor Lipps. Then I explaine Husserls thinking of intersubjectivity from the book Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy - Second Book. In the third chapter I describe the phenomenology of intersubjectivity in the work of Merleau-Ponty. The fourth chapter is an interpretation and subsequent comparison of both authors. My main aim is to show that Merleau-Pontys comprehension of 'intercorporeity' surpasses Husserls conception of intersubjectivity. The final chapter displays the critical thinking of my opinion according to Zahavis interpretation of Merleau-Pontys philosophy, from Husserl and Transcendental Intersubjectivity. In this diploma thesis I bring the analysis of one source of thinking about the experience of another person to an end. I have accomplished the imaginary circle...

The aim of the presented treatise is to give an account on the temporality in the early work of a french phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty, mainly in his principal peace of work Phenomenology of Perception. Merleau-Ponty understands the time here as a movement of temporalization which is coextensive with the existentential movement of the subject itself. On perception, intentionality or memory we will try to demonstrate in what meaning Merleau-Ponty perceive the subject and at the same time what is the role of time in his perceptive, corporeal, pre-reflective relation with a world. Subsequently we will be asking in what sense and to what extent can the time appear to a subjekt, i.e. in what manner can the subject apprehend himself as a historical existence.

This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...