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A kind of lattice-type steel member is presented and a kind of prefabricated connector suitable for the connection between lattice-type steel members are proposed. The mechanical properties of the connectors are analyzed by using the finite element numerical simulation software ABAQUS. The connectors meet the design goals of the stiffness of connection stronger than members. Parameterized analysis is carried out on the prefabricated connector, and the flexural stiffness expression of the connector is obtained. The suggested values of each component of the prefabricated connectors are given based on the size of connected lattice-type steel members.

Multimode optical fiber plays an important role in endoscope miniaturization. With the development of deep learning and machine learning, neural networks can be used to identify and classify speckle patterns obtained at the fiber output. Based on the speckle pattern of a HERLEV dataset cell image transmitted by a multimode fiber, this paper studies the recognition accuracy of various types of speckle by a support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and convolutional neural network (Inception V3). Meanwhile, we propose an image classification optimization algorithm based on improved Inception V3. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm model is better than the traditional machine learning method; the accuracy rate is 97.92%, which effectively improves the performance of the pathological cell diagnosis deep learning model and lays a theoretical and practical foundation for further clinical application.

Background Adipose tissue harvested by liposuctions is an available source of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Water-jet-assisted liposuction is a favorable method for fat collection with little mechanical damage. This study aimed to investigate whether or not the water-jet-assisted liposuction made a difference in the biological characteristics of cryopreserved ASCs and fat graft survival in cell-assisted lipotransfer. Methods Human lipoaspirates were obtained from the abdomen or thighs of 20 female participants for body contouring. A single surgeon randomly harvested 50 mL of adipose tissue by the water-jet-assisted liposuction and the conventional liposuction, respectively. Adipose-derived stem cells were isolated from lipoaspirates and then cryopreserved for 4 weeks. Cryopreserved ASCs were used to examine the surface markers, cell proliferation, migration, and adipogenic differentiation in vitro. The fat survival of ASCs-enriched grafts from different liposuctions was measured in animal models. Results The cryopreserved ASCs with the water-jet assistance had better capacities of cell proliferation, migration, and adipogenic differentiation and achieved a better survival result of ASCs-enriched fat grafting. Conclusions Cryopreservation of ASCs with the water-jet force showed more excellent biological characteristics. The water-jet-assisted liposuction was superior to the conventional liposuction in obtaining ASCs and fat survival of coimplantation with grafts.

Compared with other commercial cathode materials, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (NCM811) has high specific capacity and a relatively low cost. Nevertheless, the higher nickel content in NCM811 leads to an extremely unstable interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in inferior cyclic stability of the corresponding cell. Use of film-forming additives is regarded as the most feasible and economic approach to construct a stable interface on the NCM811 cathode. However, less effective electrolyte additives have been reported to date. Herein, we propose a valid film-forming electrolyte additive, 2,4,6-triphenyl boroxine (TPBX), for application in a high-voltage NCM811 cathode. Experimental and computational results reveal that the TPBX additive can be preferentially oxidized to generate a highly stable and conductive cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) layer on the NCM811 cathode, which efficiently suppresses the detrimental side reaction and improves the electrochemical performance eventually. In detail, the cyclic stability of the Li/NCM811 half-cell is enhanced from 57% (without additive) to 78% (with 5% TPBX) after 200 cycles at 1C between 3.0 and 4.35 V. At a high current rate of 15C, the TPBX-containing electrode delivers a capacity of about 135 mAh g-1, which is much higher than that of the electrode without the additive (80 mAh g-1). Interestingly, the TPBX is also reduced earlier than the ethylene carbonate (EC) solvent to form an ionically conductive solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the graphite anode. Due to the CEI layer on the cathode and the SEI film on the anode simultaneously formed by the TPBX additive, the cyclic performance of the graphite/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cell is enhanced. Therefore, the incorporation of the TPBX additive into the electrolyte provides a convenient method for the commercial application of the high-energy-density NCM811 cathode in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries.

The nickel-rich cathode LiNi

Multimode fibers(MMF) play a crucial role in promoting the miniaturization of endoscopes. With the development of deep learning and machine learning, neural networks can be used to recognize and classify the speckle patterns obtained at the output of optical fibers. Based on the speckle pattern of HERLEV cell images transmitted by multimode fiber, this paper studies the recognition accuracy of support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and convolutional neural networks (Inception V3) for multiple types of speckle. The experimental results show that Inception V3 has the highest classification accuracy, which is 1.60% and 0.58% higher than the classification accuracy of SVM and KNN algorithms on 7 types of cervical cell data sets respectively, reaches 97.9% accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of Inception V3 algorithm in identifying speckle.

Economic inequality has been shown to increase social distance. However, we proposed that in more unequal societies, people’s affiliation with others depends on whether the relationship is instrumental to self-enhancement goals. The results from four experiments (total N = 837) supported our proposition. We found that economic inequality increased people’s focus on the instrumentality aspects of others (Experiment 1). In a work setting, economic inequality prompted people to choose colleagues who were instrumental in achieving their performance goals as partners (Experiment 2). Moreover, the effect could be extended to situations where there is no clear benefit. Specifically, participants in high-inequality contexts tended to approach instrumental targets more than those in low-inequality contexts, and the effect was driven by the salience of self-enhancement goals (Experiments 3-4). Taken together, our findings suggest that economic inequality encourages instrumentality orientation in social interactions, which changes how people view relationships and interact with others.

Electrolyte additives have been successfully applied for the performance amelioration of lithium ion batteries, especially under high voltage, which are based on the protective interphases on anode...

Effective harvesting procedure for adipose tissue is demanded by the affordable Good Manufacturing Practice-Compliant Production of clinical-grade adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs). Enzymatic digestion using collagenase is the most reliable method of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) isolation, while the optimized loading volume ratios of digestion to container during the shaking process of adipose tissue and collagenase mixture are still lacking. This study was conducted to determine the optimized loading volume ratio (mixture to container) for enzymatic digestion of Stromal/Stem Cells from lipoaspirate. Lipoaspirates were obtained from twelve women immediately after liposuction. Then tissue from each patient was divided into four groups according to different loading volume ratios in 50 ml centrifugal tube: 0.2 group, 0.4 group, 0.6 group, 0.8 group. Stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were obtained from each group, then total cell counts, viability and viable cell count were performed. hADSCs were harvested at passage (P) 2, whose morphologies, immunophenotypes, proliferation, and tri-differentiation abilities were compared. 0.4 loading volume ratio provided the highest cell yield, favorable viability and viable cell yield. The proliferation and triple differentiation ability of hADSCs obtained by 0.4 group was not inferior to that of other groups. Therefore, 0.4 may be the optimal loading volume ratio for hADSCs isolation from lipoaspirate by enzymatic digestion in current setting.

Owing to the high specific capacity and high voltage, Ni-rich (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LNCM811) cathode has been considered as one of the most promising candidate cathode materials for next generation lithium ion batteries, whereas severe capacity fading greatly hinders its practical application. Notably, the compatibility of Ni-rich materials with LiBF4-containing electrolyte has not yet been realized. Herein, 1 M LiPF6-based electrolyte with introducing 2 M LiBF4 is proposed to dramatically improve the cyclic stability of high voltage LNCM811/Li half-cell. Addition of high concentrated LiBF4 improves the moisture stability of electrolyte, which hinders the generation of harmful by-product HF, resulting in improved interfacial stability of LNCM811. Lithium plating/stripping reaction of Li/Li symmetric cell confirms that the enhanced cyclic stability is ascribed to the improved interfacial stability of LNCM811 instead of lithium electrode. Morphology and composition characterization results reveal that LiBF4 participates in the CEI film-forming reaction, resulting in suppressed oxidation of electrolyte and interfacial structural destruction of LNCM811.

Endoscopic transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty breast augmentation offers several advantages over other augmentation methods. Nonetheless, this procedure is fraught with some problems, including greater surgical trauma due to the longer separation area. We hypothesized that cold separation of the interpectoral space could reduce surgical injury in comparison to the electrosurgical method. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of endoscopic-assisted transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty using cold separation versus electrosurgical separation of the interpectoral space.In this prospective clinical trial, cold and electrosurgical separation of the interpectoral space were achieved using a separation shovel and monopolar electrotome, respectively. A total of 20 patients who visited our department in Beijing, China, for primary breast augmentation surgeries from October 1, 2017, and May 31, 2018, were included. The primary outcome was total postoperative drainage volume. The secondary outcomes were operative time, daily drainage volume, daily pain as assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS), and reoperation rate. Quantitative data were compared using independent-samplesThe total drainage volume was significantly lower in the cold separation group than in the electrosurgical separation group (170.45 ± 75.40 mL vs 281.05 ± 148.43 mL;Cold separation is more conducive to reducing drainage, relieving postoperative pain, and causing less damage than the electrosurgical method in endoscopic-assisted transaxillary dual-plane augmentation mammaplasty.L’augmentation mammaire transaxillaire par voie endoscopique comporte plusieurs avantages par rapport aux autres méthodes d’augmentation. Cette intervention se heurte toutefois à certains problèmes, y compris des traumatismes chirurgicaux plus importants à cause de la zone de séparation plus longue. Les auteurs ont postulé que la séparation de l’espace interpectoral par le froid réduirait davantage la lésion que la méthode électrochirurgicale. La présente étude visait à comparer les résultats cliniques de l’augmentation mammaire transaxillaire assistée par endoscopie au moyen de la séparation par le froid plutôt que par la séparation électrochirurgicale de l’espace interpectoral.Dans la présente étude clinique prospective, la séparation par le froid et la séparation électrochirurgicale de l’espace interpectoral ont été assurées par une pince de séparation et une électrode monopolaire, respectivement. Au total, 20 participants qui ont consulté le département des auteurs à Beijing, en Chine, afin de subir une augmentation mammaire primaire entre le 1Le volume de drainage total était considérablement plus faible dans le groupe de séparation par le froid que dans celui de séparation électrochirurgicale (170,45 ± 75,40 mL par rapport à 281,05 ± 148,43 mL; P = 0,005). Le score d’ÉAV le premier jour postopératoire était considérablement plus faible dans le groupe de séparation par le froid que dans celui de séparation électrochirurgicale (6,45 ± 1,93 par rapport à 7,55 ± 1,43; P = 0,048). Deux réopérations (20 %) causées par la douleur postopératoire ou la rigidité de l’implant ont été exécutées dans le groupe de séparation électrochirurgicale.La séparation par le froid favorise la diminution du drainage, le soulagement de la douleur postopératoire et la réduction des dommages davantage que la méthode életrochirurgicale en cas d’augmentation mammaire transaxillaire biplan assistée par endoscopie.

Five studies (total valid N = 834) examined whether objectification (i.e., being treated as a tool or an object to achieve others' goals) reduces people's perceived authenticity and subjective well-being. Participants who experienced more objectification (Studies 1a and 1b), imagined being objectified (Study 2), or recalled a past objectification experience (Study 3) felt less authentic and reported lower levels of subjective well-being than their counterparts. Moreover, perceived authenticity mediated the link between objectification and subjective well-being (Studies 1a-3). In addition, offering objectified participants an opportunity to restore authenticity could enhance their well-being (Study 4). Taken together, our findings highlight the crucial role of authenticity in understanding when and why objectification decreases subjective well-being and how to ameliorate this relationship. Our findings also imply the effect of authenticity in understanding various psychological outcomes following objectification.

In this paper, we design an adjustable connector of reciprocal frame, and a three-dimensional solid model of this connector with Circular Hollow Section has been created in the FEM software Abaqus CAE to study its mechanical properties. When the plastic hinge is formed at the end of the Circular Hollow Section, the connector is still in an elastic state. It is concluded that the adjustable connector of reciprocal frame has high strength and rigidity, realizing the goal for designing higher connector strength over Circular Hollow Section strength. Then parametric analysis is used to analyse the influence of the connector about each part on the mechanical properties, and the flexural rigidity of the connector has been derived. A three-dimensional wire model of reciprocal frames has been created in the FEM software Abaqus CAE, and a full-scale test model of the structure is designed. The numerical simulation results agree well with the test results. It is verified that the reliability of the modeling method and the accuracy of the connector mechanical model.

Compared with other commercial cathode materials, the LiNi

Enrichment of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) with fat grafts has demonstrated benefit for graft retention and histologic appearance. There is no consensus on the optimal harvest site for adipose-derived stem cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of harvest sites on the characteristics of cryopreserved adipose-derived stem cells and the graft retention of cell-assisted lipotransfer. Lipoaspirates were harvested from 18 healthy volunteers who underwent liposuctions for body contouring. Twenty milliliters of lipoaspirates was, respectively, obtained from four sites, including the upper limb, abdomen, waist, and thighs, by the Coleman technique. Adipose-derived stem cells were ex vivo cultured and cryopreserved for four weeks. The biological characteristics of ASCs from four harvest sites were analyzed: MSC surface markers, cell proliferation, migration ability, and multipotential differentiation. The fat grafts were co-implanted with ASCs from four harvest sites and injected subcutaneously in mice. The ASC-enriched fat grafts were analyzed three months after transplantation. Cryopreserved ASCs from the abdomen and thighs maintained more significant cell proliferation, migration ability, and differentiation potential, compared with cells from the upper limb and waist. Moreover, we achieved better graft retention of cell-assisted fat grafts with cryopreserved ASC from the abdomen and thighs. The harvest site of adipose tissue affects the cellular activity and differentiation potential of cryopreserved ASCs. Improved understanding of harvest sites for ASCs can optimize the outcomes of cell-assisted fat grafts. Fat grafts enriched with cryopreserved ASCs from the abdomen or thighs are the optimal choices. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

PGGFRα+ preadipocytes are the major subpopulations that can regenerate into adipocytes. Two different types of macrophages exist in the fat tissue: the classically activated macrophage (M1) and the alternatively activated macrophage (M2). In this study, we investigated whether M1/M2 macrophages play distinct roles in adipogenic differentiation of PDGFRα+ preadipocytes. Mouse preadipocytes and macrophages were isolated from C57BL/6 male mice of 6–8 weeks. The culture supernate of M1 and M2 macrophages was collected and co-cultured with the PDGFRα+ preadipocytes. After 3 days, Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate to adipogenic differentiation of PDGFRα+ preadipocytes and the expression of adipogenic-related transcription factors (C/EBP-α, PPARγ) were also tested. The results showed that when cultured in vitro, M1 macrophages could significantly suppress the adipogenesis of PDGFRα+ preadipocytes as well as the C/EBP-α and PPARγ expression, but M2 macrophages did not have significant influence on the adipogenesis of PDGFRα+ preadipocytes nor on C/EBP-α and PPARγ expression compared with the control group. M1 macrophages significantly suppress PDGFRα+ preadipocyte adipogenesis which provides a possible way to improve adipogenesis and fat retention after fat-free grafting by mitigating acute inflammation and manipulating M1 macrophage levels. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Breast volume is a key parameter of breast measurement in breast augmentation. However, the correlation between menstrual cycle phases and variation in breast volume has not been well studied. Young female patients with regular menstrual cycles underwent eight three-dimensional imaging scans during a single menstrual cycle from November 2017 to January 2018. Breast volumetric difference at each timepoint and basic breast volume were measured for each subject. Preovulatory phase and postovulatory phase values were compared using an unpaired t test. A Pearson’s linear correlated analysis was performed to identify the correlation between the basic breast volume and maximum range of breast volumetric difference during the menstrual cycle. Thirteen patients (26 breasts) met the inclusion criteria. During the menstrual cycle, the breast volumetric difference showed first a rising trend followed by a fall. A significant difference in the breast volumetric difference between the preovulatory phase and postovulatory phase (− 19.6 ± 2.1 ml pre-ovulation vs. − 6.9 ± 3.3 ml post-ovulation, p = 0.002) was noted. There was a positive linear association between breast volume and maximum range of breast volumetric difference when a Pearson correlation was used (r = 0.45, p = 0.021). The breast volume fluctuates during the menstrual cycle, and there is a significant difference between the preovulatory phase and postovulatory phase for breast volumetric change. The influence of the menstrual cycle on breast volume should be taken into consideration by plastic surgeons performing breast augmentation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

In this paper the geometrical characteristics and construction method of hex-tri reciprocal frame are studied. The naming rules of structural units, members and joints of hex-tri reciprocal frame are proposed. Based on the study of relationships between the structural geometrical parameters, the formulas for the joint coordinates of the structural unit are derived,and the calculating method for normalized direction vectors of the unit members is also developed. The geometry construction method of hex-tri reciprocal frame is established in this paper. By this method the whole structure is formed as an assembly of the units arranged in rings about the structural center. The influences of the diameter, the length and the binding length of the member on the rise of hex-tri reciprocal frame are analyzed by an example. If the rise of hex-tri reciprocal frame needs to be specified in the design, the values of the diameter, the length and the binding length of the structural member need to be coordinated to meet the design requirements.

Nodules or calcifications have been a common complication after breast augmentation with fat grafting, especially in cases with partial bolus fat grafting. There are some clinical preventive measures, but mechanisms related to this complication have not been elucidated yet. Inorganic phosphate (PI), being a product of fat metabolism, is a well-known stimulus of other kinds of pathological calcification such as vascular calcification. We aimed to determine whether PI had a similar effect on formation of nodules after fat grafting. Nodules or calcification after fat grafting models using nude mice were created by bolus fat injection. Levels of PI of necrotic liquid located in the central zone and mineralization deposition of graft were examined 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 7 months after bolus fat injection. External high phosphate solution was injected 3 times a week to the fat grafts for 2 months, and mineral deposition was examined. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were treated with high phosphate osteogenic differentiation medium in various concentrations and times. ADSCs were also treated with osteogenic differentiation in addition to tetramisole which could reduce the level of PI. Mineral depositions of the cells were examined. The central necrotic liquid was extracted from patients who found palpable nodules after breast augmentation with fat grafting. The level of PI of this necrotic liquid and normal lipoaspirates from patients who received normal liposuction for body contouring was compared. The in vivo study indicated that the local PI concentration of the necrotic zone increased significantly 2 months after large volume bolus fat injection. Calcification was not formed after 2 months, but was formed after 7 months, indicating that the effect of PI on calcification was time-dependent. In addition, with the effect of external injection of high phosphate solution into the fat graft, calcification was formed after 2 months, indicating the effect of PI on calcification was dose-dependent. The in vitro study also indicated PI could induce calcification of ADSC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The study in humans indicated that the level of PI in the necrotic zone of nodules after fat grafting was higher than that in normal lipoaspirates. This study indicated that the level of PI in the central necrotic zone was elevated after bolus fat injection, which could provide an environment to induce calcification of surrounding tissue. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Blood supply is believed to be an important aspect in the development of pathological scars. However, there are controversies about vascular distribution, vascular structure and blood flow in pathological scars. Additionally, hypoxic microenvironment plays an important role in the vascularization of pathological scar tissues, and hypoxic conditions can be reflected by metabolic indexes and some cytokines. Furthermore, the correlation between blood supply and tissue hypoxia is controversial. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the characteristics of blood supply and tissue hypoxia in pathological scars, from which we can see pathological scars have unique characteristics of blood supply that are closely associated with tissue hypoxia. Moreover, development in the treatment of pathological scars is herein reviewed.

The key to optimizing the cryopreservation strategy of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) is to identify the biophysical characteristics during freezing. Systematic freezing experiments were conducted under a cryo-microscope system to investigate the cryoinjury mechanism for hADSCs at different cooling rates. By simultaneously fitting morphological change data to the water-transport equation at 5, 10 and 20 °C/min, the plasma membrane hydraulic conductivity, Lpg, and activation energy, ELp, were determined. Moreover, the optimal cooling rate was also predicted by using mathematical model methods. Additionally, the surface-catalyzed nucleation (SCN) parameters were calculated by fitting in numerical models, Ω0SCN and k0SCN were determined at cooling rates of 30, 45 and 60 °C/min. These results may provide potential application value for cryopreservation of hADSCs.

As a promising cathode candidate in high energy density lithium-ion batteries, Nickel-rich cathode LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (LNCAO) has received extensive attention for its high specific capacity and low cost, while it is subject to fast capacity fading due to the inferior interphasial stability. This work aims to improve the cyclic stability of LNCAO cathode by using a multifunctional electrolyte additive, p-toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TOSMIC). DFT calculation shows that the high reduction activity of TOSMIC additive is mainly contributed by its sulfone group, while the high oxidation activity is primarily caused by its phenyl group. The obtained experimental results indicate that TOSMIC simultaneously generates effective cathode electrolyte interphase and solid electrolyte interphase layer on LNCAO and graphite surface, respectively, leading to greatly enhanced cyclic stability of LNCAO cathode and increased rate performance of graphite anode. On the other hand, application of TOSMIC could suppress the hydrolyzation reaction of LiPF6, and therefore, hindering the generation of harmful product HF and dissolution of transition metal from LNCAO cathode during cycling. Application of such multifunctional electrolyte additive significantly improves the cycle life of the LNCAO/graphite full cell.

Subpectoral and prepectoral planes have commonly been used in implant-based breast augmentation. The effect of implant plane on complication rate was still unclear. This meta-analysis demonstrated current evidence with regard to comparison of complication rates between subpectoral and prepectoral breast augmentation. Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane library were searched to December 2018. The results of selected studies were meta-analyzed to obtain a pooled odds ratio of the effect of subpectoral versus prepectoral breast augmentation on rates of complications. There were significantly lower rates of capsular contracture and hematoma but higher rates of implant displacement and animation deformity in the subpectoral group compared with the prepectoral group. There was no significant difference with regard to rates of reoperation, seroma, rippling, infection and implant rupture between these two groups. Subpectoral and subglandular breast augmentations both have their merits and demerits with regard to complications. The pros and cons of each procedure should be fully explained to patients and selection of implant plane should be considered more comprehensively. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Improving the interphasial stability of electrode/electrolyte is crucial to the large-scale applications of lithium-ion battery with high energy density. Herein, a novel electrolyte additive, phenyl trans-styryl sulfone (PTSS), is proposed to reconstruct the interphasial structure and composition of electrode/electrolyte and to improve the cyclic stability of high voltage LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite full-cell. Specifically, the cell with PTSS additive maintains 63% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at 1C, which is about 15% higher than that of baseline electrolyte. Theoretical calculation and experimental characterization reveal that the high electrochemical reactivity PTSS decomposes prior to the baseline electrolyte, generating a protective film on NCM811 cathode and graphite anode surface. The uniform and thin CEI film effectively enhanced the interphasial stability of NCM811 cathode via suppressing electrolyte oxidation and electrode interphasial destruction during long term cycling. In addition, the PTSS induced-SEI film enhances the interphasial stability of graphite anode.

PGGFRαMouse preadipocytes and macrophages were isolated from C57BL/6 male mice of 6-8 weeks. The culture supernate of M1 and M2 macrophages was collected and co-cultured with the PDGFRαThe results showed that when cultured in vitro, M1 macrophages could significantly suppress the adipogenesis of PDGFRαM1 macrophages significantly suppress PDGFRαThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Blood supply is believed to be an important aspect in the development of pathological scars. However, there are controversies about vascular distribution, vascular structure and blood flow in pathological scars. Additionally, hypoxic microenvironment plays an important role in the vascularization of pathological scar tissues, and hypoxic conditions can be reflected by metabolic indexes and some cytokines. Furthermore, the correlation between blood supply and tissue hypoxia is controversial. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the characteristics of blood supply and tissue hypoxia in pathological scars, from which we can see pathological scars have unique characteristics of blood supply that are closely associated with tissue hypoxia. Moreover, development in the treatment of pathological scars is herein reviewed.

Assessing shy symptoms via computerized adaptive testing (CAT) provides greater measurement precision coupled with a lower test burden compared to conventional tests. The computerized adaptive test for shyness (CAT-Shyness) was developed based on a large sample of 1400 participants from China. Item bank development included the investigation of unidimensionality, local independence, and exploration of differential item functioning (DIF). CAT simulations based on the real data were carried out to investigate the reliability, validity, and predicted utility (sensitivity and specificity) of the CAT-Shyness. The CAT-Shyness item bank was successfully built and proved to have excellent psychometric properties: high content validity, unidimensionality, local independence, and no DIF. The CAT simulations needed 14 items to achieve a high measurement precision with a reliability of .9. Moreover, the results revealed that the proposed CAT-Shyness had acceptable and reasonable marginal reliability, criterion-related validity, and sensitivity and specificity. It not only had acceptable psychometric properties, but also had a shorter but efficient assessment of shyness, which can save significant test time and reduce the test burden for individuals with less information loss.