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BackgroundWe evaluated associations between antepartum weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes and between antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and week 50 postpartum body mass index in IMPAACT 2010.MethodsWomen with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in 9 countries were randomized 1:1:1 at 14-28 weeks' gestational age (GA) to start dolutegravir (DTG) + emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) versus DTG + FTC/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) versus efavirenz (EFV)/FTC/TDF. Insufficient antepartum weight gain was defined using Institute of Medicine guidelines. Cox-proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association between antepartum weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes: stillbirth (≥20 weeks' GA), preterm delivery (

Marine boundary layer clouds play a critical role in Earth's energy balance. Their microphysical and radiative properties are highly impacted by ambient aerosols and dynamic forcings. In this study, we evaluate the representation of these clouds and related aerosol–cloud interaction processes in the single-column version of the E3SM climate model (SCM) against field measurements collected during the NASA ACTIVATE campaign over the western North Atlantic, as well as intercompare results with high-resolution process level models. We show that E3SM SCM reproduces the macrophysical properties of post-frontal boundary layer clouds in a cold-air outbreak (CAO) case well. However, it generates fewer but larger cloud droplets compared to aircraft measurements. Further sensitivity tests show that the underestimation of both aerosol number concentration and vertical velocity variance contributes to this bias. Aerosol–cloud interactions are examined by perturbing prescribed aerosol properties in E3SM SCM with fixed dynamics. Higher aerosol number concentration or hygroscopicity leads to more numerous but smaller cloud droplets, resulting in a stronger cooling via shortwave cloud forcing. This apparent Twomey effect is consistent with prior climate model studies. The cloud liquid water path shows a weakly positive relation with cloud droplet number concentration due to precipitation suppression. This weak aerosol effect on cloud macrophysics may be attributed to the dominant impact of strong dynamical forcing associated with the CAO. Our findings indicate that the SCM framework is a key tool to bridge the gap between climate models, process level models, and field observations to facilitate process level understanding.

The western North Atlantic Ocean is strongly influenced by continental outflow, making it an ideal region to study the atmospheric transition from a polluted coastline to the marine environment. Utilizing eight transit flights between the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia, and the remote island of Bermuda from NASA's Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE), we examine the evolution of trace gas and aerosol properties off the US East Coast. The first pair of flights flew along the wind trajectory of continental outflow, while the other flights captured a mix of marine and continental air mass sources. For measurements within the boundary layer (BL), there was an offshore decline in particle N, N>100 nm, CH4, CO, and CO2 concentrations, all leveling off around ∼900 km offshore from the LaRC. These trends are strongest for the first pair of flights. In the BL, offshore declines in organic mass fraction and increases in sulfate mass fraction coincide with increasing hygroscopicity based on f(RH) measurements. Free troposphere measurements show a decline in N, but other measured parameters are more variable when compared to the prominent offshore gradients seen in the BL. Pollution layers exist in the free troposphere, such as smoke plumes, that can potentially entrain into the BL. This work provides detailed case studies with a broad set of high-resolution measurements to further our understanding of the transition between continental and marine environments.

The article presents the results of a complex analysis referring to the possibilities of applying different types of construction of forging dies used on a hydraulic hammer Lasco HO-U 160 in order to select the optimal solution in the aspect of obtaining the required dimension-shape accuracy. The analysis involved the use of the numerical simulation software FORGE 3.0 NxT. 12 different variants were analyzed, of both different tool constructions and detail arrangements on the die (in a quadruple and sixfold system). The effect of the forces as well as the way of material flow and degree of the forging tool seat’s filling were verified. The most ergonomic and technologically justified detail arrangement on the die was described. The results of the numerical simulation analyses were presented with the indication of the pros and cons of the particular solutions. The selected solution of the forging tool construction, implemented in a mass production, was especially discussed to verify of obtained FEM results and improvement actual technology.

The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to identify opportunities and threats for consumers related to BNPL payments. Methodology. The article uses the analysis of existing data (in particular the current reports on the BNPL sector) and the results of a questionnaire survey. The CAWI questionnaire survey was conducted on a group of 100 people (50 women and 50 men) in January–February 2024. The survey was addressed to the group of people aged 25–34 due to the fact that, in the light of literature research, people of this age most often use deferred payments. The survey was sent to graduates of the Faculty of Economics and Sociology of the University of Lodz who fit into the deferred payment customer profile. Results of the research. The article identified opportunities and threats for customers of the BNPL sector, highlighted a profile of a customer using deferred payments, and presented the legal and psychological aspects related to deferred payments. Additionally, the article compared BNPL payments with credit cards, bank loans and non-bank loans, and related the results to the potential risk of over-indebtedness.

The aim of the study was to identify and assess the transformations and regional differentiation of the area structure of farms in Poland. The primary source of data was information collected from the Central Statistical Office (CSO) on the basis of the results of the 2002, 2010 and 2020 Agricultural Censuses and the CSO’s Local Data Bank. The research was carried out on a voivodeship basis. In the study, econometric models were constructed and subjected to detailed verification, the dependent variable being the average area of the farm in hectares of agricultural land. The dependent variable was compared with 16 independent variables, which were selected because of their information potential and discriminatory ability. To explain the reasons for this variation, it was decided to use a model for panel data with constant effects. Lagrange and Hausman tests were used to verify them. The analysis showed that in the period studied, the most important factor adversely affecting the level of the area structure of farms in Poland was the labor resources in agriculture. The factors that accelerated the changes in the area structure also included the rate of succession and the level of education of farm managers.

Introduction: This review paper aims to verify the safety of monacolin K, examine the effect on blood cholesterol levels, discuss the contribution to the reduction of cardiovascular risk and indicate examples of pleiotropic effects of this substance. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature in the PubMed database was conducted, using the following key words: ,,Monacolin K”, ,,Hypercholesterolemia’’, ,,Red yeast rice’’, ,,Supplementation’’. Summary: Monacolin K is considered to be natural statin contained in fermented red rice or oyster mushroom. The use of monacolin K may contribute to the development of mild muscle pain or rhabdomyolysis, but it is noticed less frequently than in treatment with synthetic statins. In addition, there are also concerns about liver and/or kidney damage, headaches and/or dizziness, musculoskeletal symptoms and gastrointestinal disturbances in some people, especially when high doses of monacolin K are used. Monacolin K lowers the level of cholesterol in the blood and contributes to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, monacolin K has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-cancer mechanisms. Conclusions: Monacolin K improves the lipid profile by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels which indirectly reduces the cardiovascular risk with less frequently observed side effects. Monacolin K has many pleiotropic effects like anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer mechanisms by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and stimulating apoptosis. It should be emphasized that the long-term safety of regular use of these preparations has not been fully documented. Some people taking these supplements experience side effects similar to those seen with statins. Both health benefits and side effects should be further investigated in future studies.

Abstract Aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACI) pose the largest uncertainty for climate projection. Among many challenges of understanding ACI, the question of whether ACI can be deterministically predicted has not been explicitly answered. Here we attempt to answer this question by predicting cloud droplet number concentration Nc from aerosol number concentration Na and ambient conditions using a data‐driven framework. We use aerosol properties, vertical velocity fluctuations, and meteorological states from the ACTIVATE field observations (2020–2022) as predictors to estimate Nc. We show that the campaign‐wide Nc can be successfully predicted using machine learning models despite the strongly nonlinear and multi‐scale nature of ACI. However, the observation‐trained machine learning model fails to predict Nc in individual cases while it successfully predicts Nc of randomly selected data points that cover a broad spatiotemporal scale. This suggests that, within a data‐driven framework, the Nc prediction is uncertain at fine spatiotemporal scales.

In-situ marine cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and CCN proxies, based on particle sizes and optical properties, are accumulated from seven field campaigns: ACTIVATE; NAAMES; CAMP2EX; ORACLES; SOCRATES; MARCUS; and CAPRICORN2. Each campaign involves aircraft measurements, ship-based measurements, or both. Measurements collected over the North and Central Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and Southern Oceans, represent a range of clean to polluted conditions in various climate regimes. With the extensive range of environmental conditions sampled, this data collection is ideal for testing satellite remote detection methods of CDNC and CCN in marine environments. Remote measurement methods are vital to expanding the available data in these difficult-to-reach regions of the Earth and improving our understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions. The data collection includes particle composition and continental tracers to identify potential contributing CCN sources. Several of these campaigns include High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and polarimetric imaging measurements and retrievals that will be the basis for the next generation of space-based remote sensors and, thus, can be utilized as satellite surrogates.

BackgroundDrugs taken during pregnancy can affect maternal and child health outcomes, but few studies have compared the safety and virological efficacy of different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. We report the primary safety outcomes from enrolment up to 50 weeks post partum and a secondary virological efficacy outcome at 50 weeks post partum of three commonly used ART regimens for HIV-1.MethodsIn this multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, we enrolled pregnant women aged 18 years or older with confirmed HIV-1 infection at 14-28 weeks of gestation. Women were enrolled at 22 clinical research sites in nine countries (Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, the USA, and Zimbabwe). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three oral regimens: dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide; dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; or efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Up to 14 days of antepartum ART before enrolment was permitted. Women with known multiple gestation, fetal anomalies, acute significant illness, transaminases more than 2·5 times the upper limit of normal, or estimated creatinine clearance of less than 60 mL/min were excluded. Primary safety analyses were pairwise comparisons between ART regimens of the proportion of maternal and infant adverse events of grade 3 or higher up to 50 weeks post partum. Secondary efficacy analyses at 50 weeks post partum included a comparison of the proportion of women with plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 200 copies per mL in the combined dolutegravir-containing groups versus the efavirenz-containing group. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population, which included all randomly assigned participants with available data. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03048422.FindingsBetween Jan 19, 2018, and Feb 8, 2019, we randomly assigned 643 pregnant women to the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide group (n=217), the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (n=215), and the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (n=211). At enrolment, median gestational age was 21·9 weeks (IQR 18·3-25·3), median CD4 count was 466 cells per μL (308-624), and median HIV-1 RNA was 903 copies per mL (152-5183). 607 (94%) women and 566 (92%) of 617 liveborn infants completed the study. Up to the week 50 post-partum visit, the estimated probability of experiencing an adverse event of grade 3 or higher was 25% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide group; 31% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group; and 28% in the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (no significant difference between groups). Among infants, the estimated probability of experiencing at least one adverse event of grade 3 or higher by postnatal week 50 was 28% overall, with small and non-statistically significant differences between groups. By postnatal week 50, 14 infants whose mothers were in the efavirenz-containing group (7%) died, compared with six in the combined dolutegravir groups (1%). 573 (89%) women had HIV-1 RNA data available at 50 weeks post partum: 366 (96%) in the dolutegravir-containing groups and 186 (96%) in the efavirenz-containing group had HIV-1 RNA less than 200 copies per mL, with no significant difference between groups.InterpretationSafety and efficacy data during pregnancy and up to 50 weeks post partum support the current recommendation of dolutegravir-based ART (particularly in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide) rather than efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, when started in pregnancy.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Mental Health.

Remote marine regions comprise a high fraction of Earth's surface, but in situ vertically resolved measurements over these locations remain scarce. Here we use airborne data during 15 vertical spiral soundings (0.15–8.5 km) over Bermuda during the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions over the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) to investigate the impact of different source regions on the vertical structure of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over 1000 km offshore of the US East Coast. Results reveal significant differences in vertical profiles of variables between three different air mass source categories (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) identified using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model: (i) the strongest pollution signature is from air masses from the North America category, while the weakest one is from the Ocean category; (ii) North America air has the highest levels of CO, CH4, submicron particle number concentration, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) mass, and organic mass fraction along with smoke layers in the free troposphere (FT); (iii) Ocean air has the highest relative amount of nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and oxalate, which are key acidic species participating in chloride depletion; (iv) air masses from the Caribbean/North Africa showed a pronounced coarse aerosol signature in the FT and reduced aerosol hygroscopicity, which is associated with dust transport; and (v) there is considerable vertical heterogeneity for almost all variables examined, including higher O3 and submicron particle concentrations with altitude, suggesting that the FT is a potential contributor of both constituents in the marine boundary layer. This study highlights the importance of considering air mass source origin and vertical resolution to capture aerosol and trace gas properties over remote marine areas.

Mesoscale organization of marine convective clouds into linear or clustered states is prevalent across the tropical and subtropical oceans, and its investigation served as a guiding focus for a series of process study flights conducted as part of the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) during summer 2020, 2021, and 2022. These select ACTIVATE flights involved a novel strategy for coordinating two aircraft, with respective remote sensing and in situ sampling payloads, to probe regions of organized shallow convection for several hours. The main purpose of this measurement report is to summarize the aircraft sampling approach, describe the characteristics and evolution of the cases, and provide an overview of the datasets that can serve as a starting point for more detailed modeling and analysis studies. Six flights are described, involving a total of 80 dropsonde profiles that capture the environment surrounding clustered shallow convection. The flights include detailed observations of the vertical structure of cloud systems, comprising up to 20 in situ sampling levels. Four cases involved deepening convection rooted in the marine boundary layer that developed vertically to 2–5 km with varying precipitation amounts, while two cases captured more complex and developed cumulus congestus systems extending above 5 km. In addition to the thermodynamic and dynamic characterization afforded by dropsonde and in situ measurements, the datasets include cloud and aerosol microphysics, trace gas concentrations, aerosol and droplet composition, and cloud and aerosol remote sensing from high-spectral-resolution lidar and polarimetry.

Chloride (Cl−) displacement from sea salt particles is an extensively studied phenomenon with implications for human health, visibility, and the global radiation budget. Past works have investigated Cl− depletion over the northwest Atlantic (NWA); however, an updated, multi-seasonal, and geographically expanded account of sea salt reactivity over the region is needed. This study uses chemically resolved mass concentrations and meteorological data from the airborne Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) to quantify seasonal, spatial, and meteorological trends in Cl− depletion and to explore the importance of quantifying (1) non-sea salt sources of Na+ and (2) mass concentrations of lost Cl− (instead of relative amounts displaced). Lost Cl− mass concentrations are lowest in December–February and March, moderate around Bermuda in June, and highest in May (median losses of 0.04, 0.04, 0.66, and 1.76 µg m−3, respectively), with losses in May that are high enough to potentially accelerate tropospheric oxidation rates. Inorganic acidic species can account for all Cl− depletion in December–February, March, and June near Bermuda but none of the lost Cl− in May, suggesting that organic acids may be of importance for Cl− displacement in certain months. Contributions of dust to Na+ are not important seasonally but may cause relevant overestimates of lost Cl− in smoke and dust plumes. Higher percentages of Cl− depletion often do not correspond to larger mass concentrations of lost Cl−, so it is highly recommended to quantify the latter to place depletion reactions in context with their role in atmospheric oxidation and radiative forcing.

Ångström exponents (α) allow reconstruction of aerosol optical spectra over a broad range of wavelengths from measurements at two or more wavelengths. Hyperspectral measurements of atmospheric aerosols provide opportunities to probe measured spectra for information inaccessible from only a few wavelengths. Four sets of hyperspectral in situ aerosol optical coefficients (aerosol-phase total extinction, σ ext, and absorption, σ abs; liquid-phase soluble absorption from methanol, σ MeOH-abs, and water, σ DI-abs, extracts) were measured from biomass burning aerosols (BBAs). Hyperspectral single scattering albedo (ω), calculated from σ ext and σ abs, provide spectral resolution over a wide spectral range rare for this optical parameter. Observed spectral shifts between σ abs and σ MeOH-abs/σ DI-abs argue in favor of measuring σ abs rather than reconstructing it from liquid extracts. Logarithmically transformed spectra exhibited curvature better fit by second-order polynomials than linear α. Mapping second order fit coefficients (a 1, a 2) revealed samples from a given fire tended to cluster together, that is, aerosol spectra from a given fire were similar to each other and somewhat distinct from others. Separation in (a 1, a 2) space for spectra with the same α suggest additional information in second-order parameterization absent from the linear fit. Spectral features found in the fit residuals indicate more information in the measured spectra than captured by the fits. Above-detection σ MeOH-abs at 0.7 μm suggests assuming all absorption at long visible wavelengths is BC to partition absorption between BC and brown carbon (BrC) overestimates BC and underestimates BrC across the spectral range. Hyperspectral measurements may eventually discriminate BBA among fires in different ecosystems under variable conditions.

Introduction According to the WHO, health includes mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Mental disorders are common and burdensome, with primary treatments being antidepressants and antipsychotics. However, regular physical exercise improves mental well-being and helps prevent depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Given the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their association with sedentary behavior and physical illnesses, promoting physical activity is crucial. Exercise reduces the risk of major diseases and enhances cognitive and physical health, including reducing depressive symptoms and increasing neural plasticity. Materials and methods The literature available in the PubMed database was searched using terms such as ‘’physical activity’’ in mental disorders. Results Physical activity (PA) effectively reduces symptoms and enhances cognitive functions in depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and ADHD. Beneficial exercises include walking, jogging, strength training, and yoga. In schizophrenia, PA improves symptoms and cognitive functions, mitigates medication side effects, and enhances well-being. For bipolar disorder, PA reduces mood swings and aids long-term management. Anxiety disorders and ADHD also benefit from PA, with resistance training, yoga, aerobic exercise, and swimming reducing symptoms and improving cognitive functions. Conclusions Regular physical activity significantly benefits psychiatric disorders and should be included as a complementary therapy. Further studies are needed to optimize PA interventions for better mental health outcomes.

Introduction and purpose Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional, structural deformity (curvature) of the spine and torso, occurring in 1-3% of children, most commonly between the ages of 10 and 16 (often noted during adolescence and rapid growth). It is significantly more prevalent in girls, and its cause remains unknown. Untreated scoliosis typically progresses, leading to postural abnormalities, abnormal breathing patterns, pain syndromes, and a reduced quality of life for the patient. The aim of our study was to present scoliosis-specific exercises that can halt and potentially reverse the spinal curvature angle. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, physiotherapy and exercises. Description of the state of knowledge: The literature review shows the breadth of the issue. Physiotherapeutic exercises specific to scoliosis is conducted for therapeutic objectives, with the aim of reducing deformity and slowing its advancement. Moreover, it seeks to maintain the achieved enhancement, ultimately striving to minimize reliance on corrective devices or surgical procedures. In each case, the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis involves the application of exercises based on specific physiotherapy methods for scoliosis, such as the Schroth Method, Lyon Method, and others. Exercises are individually tailored to the size and shape of the curvature as well as the patient’s capabilities. Their aim is three-dimensional correction of the deformity, stabilization of the corrected posture, and maintaining it during daily activities. Conclusions The objectives of physiotherapy include halting the progression of curvature during adolescence, preventing respiratory dysfunction, preventing and treating spinal pain syndromes, and importantly, improving aesthetics through postural correction.

Introduction and purpose Lyme disease was identified in the 1970s. It is an anthropozoonosis caused by spirochetes from the Borrelia family. This disease is the most common one caused by pathogens transmitted by ticks. It can manifest in various ways and typically progresses through three phases, each of which can present characteristic symptoms of infection. However, it often progresses asymptomatically. Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of various forms of Lyme disease and demonstrate satisfactory efficacy. However, the most important aspect is the prevention of infections through personal protection against exposure. The aim of the article is to summarize information on Lyme disease, its risk factors, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Materials and methods The literature available in the PubMed database is searched using terms such as Lyme borreliosis and Lyme disease. Results Lyme disease is a moderately understood condition. Its risk factors have been studied, allowing us to identify those particularly at risk. However, despite this, the condition often presents diagnostic challenges, requiring considerable experience from clinicians. The disease can manifest in various ways, and antibiotics are an effective therapy in most cases. Despite numerous scientific studies on Lyme disease, not all pathophysiological mechanisms have been elucidated. Additionally, there is an ongoing debate regarding the validity of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Conclusions Research on Lyme disease continues to provide new information, from diagnostics and clinical manifestations to treatment. Knowledge about infections caused by genospecies of the Borrelia family is extensive. However, there are still areas that are less well understood.

Introduction and purpose Medications that have been available for many years are commonly used to treat various illnesses. However, nearly all of them can also have toxic effects on other organs, including the eyes, in addition to their therapeutic benefits. In this review, we discuss chosen drug-induced eye disorders, their specific clinical characteristics, and the mechanisms by which certain drugs can damage the ocular system. Isotretinoin and certain chemotherapy drugs are known to contribute to the development of dry eye syndrome. Atimalarial drugs, amiodarone, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chlorpromazine cause the formation of corneal deposits. Prolonged use of glucocorticoids leads to the development of characteristic posterior subcapsular cataracts. The development of cataracts can also be caused by the use of antipsychotic medications. Paradoxically, drugs used topically to treat glaucoma or other eye diseases may trigger an acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: “drug-induced dry eye disease”, “drug-induced cataract”, “drug-induced glaucoma”, “drug-induced corneal damage”. Conclusions Educating patients about the potential ocular side effects of newly introduced treatment is crucial so that they can quickly consult an ophthalmologist if symptoms occur. Adjusting the dosage or discontinuing the drug may alleviate ocular symptoms, but these changes must be considered in light of the overall risk posed by the underlying disease. Every treatment should aim to offer the patient maximum benefits while minimizing any adverse impact on their quality of life.

Introduction and purpose Bruxism is a stereotypical motor disorder characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep or wakefulness. Bruxism affects 5-50% of children, and its frequency decreases with age. Bruxism is the most commonly occurring parasomnia, which in healthy individuals is a variant of physiology; however, when it leads to the development of associated pathologies such as dental abrasions, tooth loss, toothaches, headaches, or temporomandibular disorders, it is an indication for treatment. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as bruxism, temporomandibular disorder. Description of the state of knowledge In the diagnosis of bruxism, questionnaires filled out by patients and parents of children are most commonly used, although the most effective but less accessible diagnostic test is polysomnography. In the treatment of bruxism, pharmacotherapy, occlusal splints, and physiotherapy are used. Conclusions There is no gold standard for treating bruxism. There is still a need to search for other methods that would eliminate bruxism and prevent the development of associated pathologies.

Introduction and purpose In recent years, there has been notable progress in the role of light-emitting technologies, including lasers and other energy-based devices, across various medical disciplines. Dermatology stands out as one of the prominent fields where laser treatments have gained significant popularity. In the clinical setting, a variety of laser types are utilized. A fundamental aspect of ensuring the safe use of laser devices involves comprehending their mechanisms at the tissue level. This knowledge enables practitioners to attain the desired outcomes effectively while minimizing the risk of complications. Lasers have demonstrated effectiveness in treating cutaneous vascular conditions because of their capacity to selectively target intravascular oxyhemoglobin. Rosacea, juvenile hemangioma, and port wine stains are among the vascular skin conditions for which laser therapy has shown notable success. Laser therapy is employed in treating hypertrophic scars, keloids, and acne scars because it facilitates the restructuring of the skin's architecture at the scar site, with the goal of minimizing its size and visibility. Laser therapy stands as the gold standard for removing tattoos. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: “lasers”, “intense pulsed light”, “dermatology”, “rosacea”, “acne”, “scars”, “tattoo removal”. Conclusions Laser dermatological treatments are gaining popularity worldwide, driving new innovations and clinical applications. This review highlights the significant role and diverse clinical applications of lasers and intense pulsed light in dermatological practice. Improving the quality of skin in patients suffering from skin diseases can significantly increase their quality of life.

Introduction and purpose Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that has recently reached epidemic proportions. According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of this disease tripled since 1975, reaching 13% of the global population in 2016. A body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m² is typically the reference point for obesity in adults, and the mortality risk associated with obesity increases by 100% at BMI > 40 kg/ m² compared to individuals with normal body weight. The aim of the article is to present the benefits of bariatric surgery, encompassing not only weight loss but also a range of other advantages for obese patients undergoing the procedure. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as obesity, bariatric surgery. Description of the state of knowledge: The literature review shows the breadth of the issue. Obesity constitutes a public health crisis and a significant risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and numerous others. Since in most cases, lifestyle optimization and low-calorie diet alone are not sufficient, pharmacological interventions as well as surgical interventions are often necessary. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment option, as it has been demonstrated to not only reduce body weight but also decrease mortality from cardiovascular diseases and extend overall life expectancy. Conclusions The benefits, complications, and selection of the best surgical method for treating obesity are still under investigation. However, research demonstrates the long-term effectiveness of bariatric surgery in weight loss and the remission of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, as well as in preventing obesity-related cancers.

The aim of this study was to map available data related to physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in Polish children and adolescents and, based on the collected conclusions, to present suggestions for promoting PA and reducing sedentary behavior. The analysis of literature was performed according to PRISMA-ScR, based on the Medical Subject Headings System of National Library of Medicine. MEDLINE and PubMed databases were used. We searched for publications between January 2000 and December 2022. 634 publications were identified, and 47 were included. The publications conducted focused on adolescents who were approximately 15 years of age. Larger percentage of girls participated in the survey. Publications have confirmed non-fulfilment of PA recommendations for maintaining the health of Polish children and youth. The 33% representation of publications dealing with the issue of PA and SB in an international context is positive. The diversity and breadth of approaches to solving PA and SB issues are beneficial, but at the same time, it draws attention to the lack of a national system for monitoring the physical and sedentary behavior of children and youth in Poland. Future research should focus more on monitoring of health-related 24-hour time use patterns, usage of wearable monitors for measurement of PA, use of a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as the use of an all-Polish representative research sample.

As one of the dominant sinks of aerosol particles, wet scavenging greatly influences aerosol lifetime and interactions with clouds, precipitation, and radiation. However, wet scavenging remains highly uncertain in models, hindering accurate predictions of aerosol spatiotemporal distributions and downstream interactions. In this study, we present a flexible, computationally inexpensive method to identify meteorological variables relevant for estimating wet scavenging using a combination of aircraft, satellite, and reanalysis data augmented by trajectory modeling to account for air mass history. We assess the capabilities of an array of meteorological variables to predict the transport efficiency of black carbon (TEBC) using a combination of nonlinear regression, curve fitting, and k-fold cross-validation. We find that accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT) – treated as a wet scavenging indicator across multiple studies – does poorly when predicting TEBC. Among different precipitation characteristics (amount, frequency, intensity), precipitation intensity was the most effective at estimating TEBC but required longer trajectories (>48 h) and including only intensely precipitating grid cells. This points to the contribution of intense precipitation to aerosol scavenging and the importance of accounting for air mass history. Predictors that were most able to predict TEBC were related to the distribution of relative humidity (RH) or the frequency of humid conditions along trajectories, suggesting that RH is a more robust way to estimate TEBC than APT. We recommend the following alternatives to APT when estimating aerosol scavenging: (1) the 90th percentile of RH along trajectories, (2) the fraction of hours along trajectories with either water vapor mixing ratios >15 g kg−1 or RH >95 %, and (3) precipitation intensity along trajectories at least 48 h along and filtered for grid cells with precipitation >0.2 mm h−1. Future scavenging parameterizations should consider these meteorological variables along air mass histories. This method can be repeated for different regions to identify region-specific factors influencing wet scavenging.

The paper aims to identify how digital transformation and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), in particular, affect the manufacturing processes. Several dimensions of the Industry 4.0 field have been considered, such as the design of new products, workforce and skill optimisation, enhancing quality control, predictive maintenance, demand forecasting, and marketing strategy. The paper adopts qualitative research based on a critical review approach. It provides evidence of the GAI technology support in the mentioned areas. Appropriate use of emerging technology allows managers to transform manufacturing by optimising processes, improving product design, enhancing quality control, and contributing to overall efficiency and innovation in the industry. Simultaneously, GAI technologies facilitate predictive analytics to forecast and anticipate future demand, quality issues, and potential risks, improve a marketing strategy and identify market trends.