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In this work, we report on modelling results obtained with our recently developed simulation tool enabling nanoscopic description of electronic processes in X-ray irradiated ferromagnetic materials. With this tool, we have studied the response of Co/Pt multilayer system irradiated by an ultrafast extreme ultraviolet pulse at the M-edge of Co (photon energy $\sim$ 60 eV). It was previously investigated experimentally at the FERMI free-electron-laser facility, using the magnetic small-angle X-ray scattering technique. Our simulations show that the magnetic scattering signal from cobalt decreases on femtosecond timescales due to electronic excitation, relaxation and transport processes both in the cobalt and in the platinum layers, following the trend observed in the experimental data. The confirmation of the predominant role of electronic processes for X-ray induced demagnetization in the regime below the structural damage threshold is a step towards quantitative control and manipulation of X-ray induced magnetic processes on femtosecond timescales., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures; minor changes. This is the author created version of an article accepted for publication in npj Computational Materials journal. The article has been published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY 4.0 licence

All carbon materials, e.g., amorphous carbon (a-C) coatings and C60 fullerene thin films, play an important role in short-wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) research motivated by FEL optics development and prospective nanotechnology applications. Responses of a-C and C60 layers to the extreme ultraviolet (SPring-8 Compact SASE Source in Japan) and soft x-ray (free-electron laser in Hamburg) free-electron laser radiation are investigated by Raman spectroscopy, differential interference contrast, and atomic force microscopy. A remarkable difference in the behavior of covalent (a-C) and molecular (C60) carbonaceous solids is demonstrated under these irradiation conditions. Low thresholds for ablation of a fullerene crystal (estimated to be around 0.15 eV/atom for C60 vs 0.9 eV/atom for a-C in terms of the absorbed dose) are caused by a low cohesive energy of fullerene crystals. An efficient mechanism of the removal of intact C60 molecules from the irradiated crystal due to Coulomb repulsion of fullerene-cage cation radicals formed by the ionizing radiation is revealed by a detailed modeling.

In this brief review we discuss the transient processes in solids under irradiation with femtosecond X-ray free-electron-laser (FEL) pulses and swift-heavy ions (SHI). Both kinds of irradiation produce highly excited electrons in a target on extremely short timescales. Transfer of the excess electronic energy into the lattice may lead to observable target modifications such as phase transitions and damage formation. Transient kinetics of material excitation and relaxation under FEL or SHI irradiation are comparatively discussed. The same origin for the electronic and atomic relaxation in both cases is demonstrated. Differences in these kinetics introduced by the geometrical effects ({\mu}m-size of a laser spot vs nm-size of an ion track) and initial irradiation (photoabsorption vs an ion impact) are analyzed. The basic mechanisms of electron transport and electron-lattice coupling are addressed. Appropriate models and their limitations are presented. Possibilities of thermal and nonthermal melting of materials under FEL and SHI irradiation are discussed.

Realistic simulations of experiments at large scale photon facilities, such as optical laser laboratories, synchrotrons, and free electron lasers, are of vital importance for the successful preparation, execution, and analysis of these experiments investigating ever more complex physical systems, e.g. biomolecules, complex materials, and ultra-short lived states of highly excited matter. Traditional photon science modelling takes into account only isolated aspects of an experiment, such as the beam propagation, the photon-matter interaction, or the scattering process, making idealized assumptions about the remaining parts, e.g.\ the source spectrum, temporal structure and coherence properties of the photon beam, or the detector response. In SIMEX, we have implemented a platform for complete start-to-end simulations, following the radiation from the source, through the beam transport optics to the sample or target under investigation, its interaction with and scattering from the sample, and its registration in a photon detector, including a realistic model of the detector response to the radiation. Data analysis tools can be hooked up to the modelling pipeline easily. This allows researchers and facility operators to simulate their experiments and instruments in real life scenarios, identify promising and unattainable regions of the parameter space and ultimately make better use of valuable beamtime. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/., Comment: Presented at the 11th NOBUGS conference, Copenhagen, on Oct. 17th 2016. 7 pages, 3 figures, 29 references

We investigate the rates for multielectron recombination within a dense plasma environment in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We find that these multielectron recombination rates can be high within dense plasmas, and they should be treated in the simulations of the plasmas created by intense radiation, in particular for plasmas created by intense VUV radiation from free-electron-laser (FEL) or for modelling the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas.

Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to model the ionization and expansion dynamics of xenon clusters irradiated with short intense VUV pulses. This unified model includes predominant interactions that contribute to the cluster dynamics induced by this radiation. The dependence of the evolution dynamics on cluster size, $N_{atoms}=20-90000$, and pulse fluence, $F=0.05-1.5$ J/cm$^2$, corresponding to intensities in the range, $10^{12}-10^{14}$ W/cm$^2$ and irradiation times, $\leq 50$ fs, is investigated. The predictions obtained with our model are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. We find that during the exposure the cluster forms a shell structure consisting of a positively charged outer shell and a core of net charge equal to zero. The width of these shells depends on the cluster size. The charged outer shell is large within small clusters ($N_{atoms}=20,70$), and its Coulomb explosion drives the expansion of these clusters. Within the large clusters ($N_{atoms}=2500,90000$) the neutral core is large, and after the Coulomb explosion of the outer shell it expands hydrodynamically. Highly charged ions within the core recombine efficiently with electrons. As a result, we observe a large fraction of neutral atoms created within the core, its magnitude depending on the cluster size., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures

In this paper we estimate the total cross sections for field stimulated photoemissions and photoabsorptions by quasi-free electrons within a non-equilibrium plasma evolving from the strong coupling to the weak coupling regime. Such transition may occur within laser-created plasmas, when the initially created plasma is cold but the heating of the plasma by the laser field is efficient. In particular, such a transition may occur within plasmas created by intense VUV radiation from a FEL as indicated by the results of the first experiments performed at the FLASH facility at DESY. In order to estimate the inverse bremsstrahlung cross sections, we use point-like and effective atomic potentials. For ions modelled as point-like charges, the total cross sections are strongly affected by the changing plasma environment. The maximal change of the cross sections may be of the order of 60 at the change of the plasma parameters (inverse Debye length, kappa, and the electron density, rho_e), in the range: kappa=0-3 A^{-1} and \rho_e=0.01-1 A^{-1}. These ranges correspond to the physical conditions within the plasmas created during the first cluster experiments performed at the FLASH facility at DESY. In contrast, for the effective atomic potentials the total cross sections for photoemission and photoabsorption change only by a factor of 7 at most at the same plasma parameter range. Our results show that the inverse bremsstrahlung cross section estimated with the effective atomic potentials is not much affected by the plasma environment. This observation validates the previous estimations of the enhanced heating effect. This is important as this effect may be responsible for high energy absorption within clusters irradiated with VUV radiation., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures

Non-equilibrium processes following the irradiation of atomic clusters with short pulses of vacuum ultraviolet radiation are modelled using kinetic Boltzmann equations. The dependence of the ionization dynamics on the cluster size is investigated. The predictions on: (i) the maximal and average ion charge created, (ii) ion charge state distribution, (iii) average energy absorbed per atom, (iv) spatial charge distribution, and (v) thermalization scales are obtained for spherical xenon clusters containing: 20, 70, 2500 and 90000 atoms. These clusters were exposed to single rectangular pulses of vacuum ultraviolet radiation of various pulse intensities, I ~ 10^{12}-10^{14} W/cm^2 and durations < 50 fs, at a fixed integrated radiation flux of F=0.4 J/cm^2. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data, especially the dependence on the cluster size, if it is assumed that the ions from the positively charged outer layer of the cluster constitute the dominant contribution to the experimentally measured ion charge state distribution., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

The kinetic Boltzmann equation is used to model the non-equilibrium ionization phase that initiates the evolution of atomic clusters irradiated with single pulses of intense vacuum ultraviolet radiation. The duration of the pulses is < 50 fs and their intensity in the focus is < 10^{14} W/cm^2. This statistical model includes various processes contributing to the sample dynamics at this particular radiation wavelength, and is computationally efficient also for large samples. Two effects are investigated in detail: the impact of the electron heating rate and the effect of the plasma environment on the overall ionization dynamics. Results on the maximal ion charge, the average ion charge and the average energy absorbed per atom estimated with this model are compared to the experimental data obtained at the free-electron-laser facility FLASH at DESY. Our analysis confirms that the dynamics within the irradiated samples is complex, and the total ionization rate is the resultant of various processes. In particular, within the theoretical framework defined in this model the high charge states as observed in experiment cannot be obtained with the standard heating rates derived with Coulomb atomic potentials. Such high charge states can be created with the enhanced heating rates derived with the effective atomic potentials. The modification of ionization potentials by plasma environment is found to have less effect on the ionization dynamics than the electron heating rate. We believe that our results are a step towards better understanding the dynamics within the samples irradiated with intense VUV radiation., Comment: 32 pages, 17 figures

We propose a simple formula for fitting the electron mean free paths in solids both at high and at low electron energies. The free-electron-gas approximation used for predicting electron mean free paths is no longer valid at low energies (E < 50 eV), as the band structure effects become significant at those energies. Therefore we include the results of the band structure calculations in our fit. Finally, we apply the fit to 9 elements and 2 compounds., Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

In this thesis we consider the polarized deep inelastic scattering in the region of low values of Bjorken variable, $x$. We formulate the evolution equations for the unintegrated parton distributions which include a complete resummation of the double logarithmic contributions, $\ln^2(1/x)$. Afterwards, these equations are completed with the standard LO and NLO DGLAP evolution terms, in order to obtain the proper behaviour of the parton distributions at moderate and large values of $x$. The equations obtained are applied to the following observables and processes: (i) to the nucleon structure function, $g_1$, in the polarized deep inelastic scattering, (ii) to the structure function of the polarized photon, $g_1^{\gamma}$, in the scattering of a lepton on a polarized photon, and (iii) to the differential structure function, $x_J d^2g_1/dx_J dk_J^2$, in the polarized deep inelastic scattering accompanied by a forward jet. Case (iii) is proposed to be a test process for the presence and the magnitude of the $\ln^2(1/x)$ contributions. For each process the consequences of including the logarithmic corrections are studied in a detail. After integrating out the structure function, $g_1$, the moments of the nucleon structure function are obtained. The contribution of the region of low $x$ to these moments is estimated, and then discussed in the context of the spin sum rules. Finally, some predictions for the observables, the asymmetry and the cross sections, in the processes (i)-(iii) are given. They are important to planned experiments with the polarized HERA and linear colliders, which will probe the region of low values of Bjorken $x$., Comment: Habilitation thesis (in Polish); 23 pages, latex, 1 figure

For an accurate description of the polarized deep inelastic scattering at low $x$ including the logarithmic corrections, $\ln^2(1/x)$, is required. These corrections resummed strongly influence the behaviour of the spin structure functions and their moments. Results of the work of J. Kwiecinski and myself on this problem are reviewed.}, Comment: A review; 15 pages, latex, 9 figures

We have estimated the contributions to the moments of polarized nucleon structure function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ coming from the region of the very low x ($10^{-5}

The TESLA Technical Design Report Part III: Physics at an e+e- Linear Collider, Comment: 192 pages, 131 figures. Some figures have reduced quality. Full quality figures can be obtained from http://tesla.desy.de/tdr. Editors - R.-D. Heuer, D.J. Miller, F. Richard, P.M. Zerwas

Factorial correlators measure the amount of dynamical correlation in multiplicity between two separated phase-space windows. We present the analytical derivation of factorial correlators for a QCD jet described at the double logarithmic (DL) accuracy. We obtain a new angular scaling property for properly normalized correlators between two solid-angle cells or two rings around the jet axis. Normalized QCD factorial correlators scale with the angular distance and are independent of the window size. Scaling violations are expected beyond DL approximation, in particular from the subjet structure. Experimental tests are feasible, and thus welcome., Comment: preprint SACLAY-T00-182, TSL/ISV-00-0239; 18 pages, latex, 4 figures; submitted to Eur. Phys. J. C

The process of exclusive vector meson production (gamma gamma to J/psi rho^0) is studied for almost real photons. This process may be reduced to photoproduction of J/psi off the rho^0 meson. We discuss the possibility of extracting the gluon distribution of rho^0 and of the photon from such measurement. Predictions are also given for the reaction (e+e- to e+ e- J/psi rho^0) for various e+e- cms energies typical for LEP and for the future linear colliders., Comment: 10 pages with 3 Postscript figures

Spin dependent structure function $g_1^{\gamma}(x,Q^2)$ of the polarised photon is analysed within the formalism based upon the unintegrated spin dependent parton distributions incorporating the LO Altarelli-Parisi evolution and the double $ln^2(1/x)$ resummation at low values of Bjorken parameter x. We analyse the effects of the double $ln^2(1/x)$ resummation on the behaviour of $g_1^{\gamma}(x,Q^2)$ in the low x region which may be accessible in future linear $e^+e^-$ and $e\gamma$ colliders. Sensitivity of the predictions on the possible nonperturbative gluon content of the polarised photons is analysed. Predictions for spin dependent gluon distribution $\Delta g^{\gamma} (x,Q^2)$ are also given., Comment: revised version, 19 pages, latex, 8 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev. D

We estimate the cross-section and asymmetry relevant for the production of forward jets in polarised deep inelastic scattering in the region of small values of $x$ which can be probed at possible polarised HERA measurements. The kinematical cuts implemented in our analysis are the same as those which were used in the unpolarised deep inelastic scattering at HERA. The calculations are based on the double ln^2(1/x) resummation which controls the polarised deep inelastic scattering for small values of the Bjorken parameter x. We show that this resummation substantially enhances the corresponding cross-section and asymmetry. The predicted value of the asymmetry is found to vary between -0.01 and -0.04 within the small x region which can possibly be probed at polarised HERA measurements., Comment: 9 pages, latex, 3 figures

We argue that the production of forward jets in polarised deep inelastic scattering can be a useful tool for probing the double $ln^2(1/x)$ resummation effects which control the polarised deep inelastic scattering for small values of the Bjorken parameter $x$. We solve the corresponding integral equations generating the double $ln^2(1/x)$ resummation and calculate the differential structure function describing the forward jet production in the small $x$ regime which can possibly be probed by the polarised HERA measurements. We show that these structure functions should exhibit the characteristic increase with decreasing $x/x_J$, where $x_J$ denotes the longitudinal momentum fraction of the parent proton carried by a jet, and we quantify this increase., Comment: 13 pages, latex, 5 figures

The improved method of intermittent data analysis is proposed. It exploits, in addition to the standard density moments, the information on the bin-bin correlations, observed in the data and expressed in terms of the density correlators. The improving recovering corrections are implemented into the data analysis in the form of the recursive algorithm, and tested in the framework of multiplicative cascading models., Comment: 11 pages, latex, 1 figure

The analysis of intermittent data is improved. The standard method of recovering the history of a particle cascade is proved in general not to reproduce the structure of the true cascade. The recovering corrections to the standard method are proposed and tested in the framework of multiplicative cascading models., Comment: 21 pages, latex, 4 figures; minor corrections, references added; to appear in Eur.Phys.J.C

The structure function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ is analysed within the formalism based on unintegrated spin dependent parton distributions incorporating the LO Altarelli-Parisi evolution and the double $ln^2(1/x)$ resummation at low $x$. We quantitatively examine possible role of the latter for the small $x$ behaviour of the structure functions $g_1$ of the nucleon within the region which may be relevant for the possible polarized HERA measurements. We show that while the non-singlet structure function is dominated at low $x$ by ladder diagrams the contribution of the non-ladder bremsstrahlung terms is important for the singlet structure function. Predictions for the polarized gluon distribution $\Delta G(x,Q^2)$ at low $x$ are also given., Comment: 24 pages, latex, 7 figures

Recent progress on the event-by-event analysis of intermittent data by R. A. Janik and myself is reported. The intermittency analysis of single event data (particle moments) in multiparticle production is improved, taking into account corrections due to the reconstruction of history of a particle cascade. This approach is tested within the framework of the $\alpha$-model.}, Comment: 11 pages, latex, 2 figures in separate file Talk given on the International Workshop on Multiparticle Production "Correlations and Fluctuations' 98", Matrahaza 1998. To be published in the Proceedings of the Workshop, World Scientific 1998

The structure of the QCD gluonic cascade in configuration space is investigated. The explicit form of the inclusive single particle density in configuration space transverse coordinates is derived in the double logarithmic approximation (DLA) of QCD. The possible simplification of the multiparton density matrix formalism for DLA approach is found and discussed., Comment: 30 pages, latex, 11 postscript figures Talk presented at the XXXVII Cracow School of Theoretical Physics Zakopane, Poland, May 30th- June 10th, 1997 and published in the Proceedings of the School, Acta Phys. Pol. B, 28 (1997) 2683

Recent discussion of the possibility to study intermittency in individual events of high multiplicity by A. Bialas and myself is reported. In the framework of $\alpha-$model it is found that, for a cascade long enough, the dispersion of intermittency exponents obtained from individual events is fairly small. This fact opens the possibility to study the distribution of the intermittency parameters characterizing the cascades seen (by observing intermittency) in particle spectra., Comment: 6 pages, latex, 2 figures. Talk given on the 7th International Workshop on Multiparticle Production, Nijmegen 1996 and published in Proceedings of the Workshop, World Scientific 1996

The intermittency analysis of single event data (particle moments) in multiparticle production is improved, taking into account corrections due to the reconstruction of history of a particle cascade. This approach is tested within the framework of the $\alpha$-model., Comment: 12 pages, latex, 1 figure

The proton spin dependent structure function $g_1^p$ is analysed using the unified scheme incorporating both Altarelli-Parisi evolution and the double $ln^2(1/x)$ effects at low $x$. The latter are found to be very important in the region of $x$ which can possibly be probed at HERA. Predictions for the polarized gluon distribution $\Delta G(x)$ at low $x$ are also given., Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 1997 Workshop on 'Physics with Polarized Protons atHERA', eds. A.De Roeck and T.Gehrmann

The structure of the QCD gluonic cascade in configuration space is investigated. The explicit form of the inclusive single particle density in configuration space transverse coordinates is derived in the double logarithmic approximation (DLA) of QCD. The possible simplification of the multiparton density matrix formalism for DLA approach is found and discussed., Comment: 28 pages, latex, 11 postscript figures available on request (e-mail: beataz@thrisc.if.uj.edu.pl), submitted to Phys. Rev. D

The multiparton density matrices of the QCD gluon cascade are investigated. The generating functional and master equation for momentum space multiparton density in the double logarithmic approximation (DLA) are proposed., Comment: 15 pages, latex, to be published in Acta Physica Polonica B (1996), figures available on request

The possibility to study intermittency in a single event of high multiplicity is investigated in the framework of the $\alpha-$model. It is found that, for cascade long enough, the dispersion of intermittency exponents obtained from individual events is fairly small. This fact opens the possibility to study the distribution of the intermittency parameters characterizing the cascades seen (by observing intermittency) in particle spectra., Comment: 7 pages, latex, 2 figures available on request by e-mail

We investigate the origin of intermittency for multiparticle distribution in momentum space, following the idea that there is a kind of power law distribution of the space-time region of hadron emission. Using the formalism of current ensamble model to describe boson sources we discuss intermittency exponents for the coherent and incoherent ( chaotic) particle production scheme., Comment: 13 pages, latex, no figures