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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been considered to progressively lose their self-renewal and differentiation potentials prior to the commitment to each blood lineage. However, recent studies have suggested that megakaryocyte progenitors are generated at the level of HSCs. In this study, we newly identified early megakaryocyte lineage-committed progenitors (MgPs) in CD201-CD48- cells and CD48+ cells separated from the CD150+CD34-Kit+Sca-1+Lin- HSC population of the bone marrow in C57BL/6 mice. Single-cell transplantation and single-cell colony assay showed that MgPs, unlike platelet-biased HSCs, had little repopulating potential in vivo, but formed larger megakaryocyte colonies in vitro (on average eight megakaryocytes per colony) than did previously reported megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing supported that these MgPs lie between HSCs and MkPs along the megakaryocyte differentiation pathway. Single-cell colony assay and single-cell RT-PCR analysis suggested the coexpression of CD41 and Pf4 is associated with megakaryocyte colony-forming activity. Single-cell colony assay of a small number of cells generated from single HSCs in culture suggested that MgPs are not direct progeny of HSCs. In this study, we propose a differentiation model in which HSCs give rise to MkPs through MgPs.

A hybrid recommendation algorithm of psychological counseling information based on user profile and item tag attribute with singular value decomposition(SVD) technology is developed. To solve the problem of data sparsity of the recommendation algorithm, the SVD technology is applied to collaborative filtering algorithm for optimizing the user item rating matrix. The recommendation algorithm includes two parts: generating medical user profile in accurate recommendation of medical information, and realizing the storage, query and update of user profile, where the index system of medical portrait was established from demographic attribute, interest label dimension and business social dimension. The performances of the developed algorithm are investigated by compared with the traditional cosine similarity and Pearson similarity. The results show that the proposed similarity has a lower mean absolute error and significantly improves the accuracy of the system.

Hematopoietic stem cells are able to self-renewal and differentiate to all blood lineages. With the development of new technologies, recent studies have proposed the revised versions of hematopoiesis. In the classical model of hematopoietic differentiation, HSCs were located at the apex of hematopoietic hierarchy. During differentiation process, HSCs progressively lose self-renewal potential to be commited to progenitors with restricted differentiation potential. For instance, HSCs first give rise to multipotent progenitor cells, then produce bipotent and unipotent progenitors, and finally differentiate to mature blood cells. For the differentiation of megakaryocytes, common myeloid progenitors derived from HSCs give rise to megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors and then develop to megakaryocytes. However, recent results show that megakaryocytes can be directly generated from HSCs without multipotent or bipotent phases. Alternatively, platelet-biased HSCs produce megakaryocyte progenitors. In this article, recent advances in the hematopoiesis and megakaryocyte differentiation pathway are reviewed.造血干细胞的谱系分化--巨核细胞来源.摘要 造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cell，HSC）是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞。既往的研究表明，造血干细胞是一个在功能、细胞命运和分子水平上具有高度异质性的细胞群体。传统的造血分化理论认为，伴随着细胞增殖分化的过程HSC逐渐丧失了自我更新能力，而这个过程是一个从多潜能到单潜能干细胞以及成熟细胞的分化过程。基于此理论，巨核细胞的发育路径依次为造血干细胞、共同髓系祖细胞、巨核红系祖细胞、巨核祖细胞直到巨核细胞最终成熟产板。随着技术方法的改进和研究水平的提高，有证据显示巨核细胞可以由HSC直接分化而来，而不需要经历多潜能或者双潜能的阶段，且HSC可能存在巨核细胞倾向的亚群。本文总结了近年来新的技术方法和动物模型，对巨核细胞的分化来源进行探讨.

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles existing only in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria perform various important functions，such as producing energy，regulating signal transduction，and contributing to stress response. Recent studies have highlighted an important role of mitochondria in the determination of hematopoietic stem cells （HSC） fate. Limited biogenesis or timely clearance of mitochondria is an important way against oxidative stress，which favors the quiescence of HSC. Accumulation of mitochondria may lead to proliferation of HSC，even the aging of HSC. Mitochondrial signaling regulates Ca

This paper starts from the purchase of mobile phone, on the basis of effectively collecting and summarizing the large user data of a operator in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, summarizes the factors that affect the selection behavior of users when their mobile phone is purchased, include the type attributes of mobile phone and individual level attribute of users. Then with the support of Expected Utility Theory and Discrete Choice Model, a Multinomial Logit model is established to explore how these attributes affect the users’ preference of mobile phone type, from the perspective of the mobile phone manufacturers. According to the results of the study, consumers can be roughly classified, and a precision marketing scheme of mobile phone based on operator’s large data can be ultimately provided to the manufacturers, to help them deepen their cognition of the regularity of the consumers’ choice behavior, and identify as well as divide potential customers effectively, provide customized services, precise marketing of new phones, enhance market competitiveness.

The paper proposes a method to incorporate the patient, physician, and general people into the shared decision making system, the method is a combination of conjoint analysis and fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making. Firstly, The preferences of various decision makers are analyzed by the conjoint analysis, secondly, the decision makers evaluate the treatment regimens with the triangular fuzzy number, then the method of ideal point is used to obtain the ideal treatment regimen, finally the relapsed or refractory chronic lymphoblastic leukemia treatment decision making is taken as an example of this method’s specific application, the results show that the applicability of the method proposed by the paper is strong.

Whether hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express lineage markers is controversial. In this study, we highly purified HSCs from the adult bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice and examined their gene expression and reconstitution potential. We first focused on the integrin family. Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression of ItgaM/Itgb2 (Mac-1) and Itga2b/Itgb3 (CD41/CD61) gradually increased along HSC differentiation, whereas Itga4, Itga5, Itga6, and ItgaV (CD51) together with Itgb1 were highly expressed in both HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). We next fractionated HSCs based on their expression of Mac-1, CD41, and CD51 by flow cytometry. We detected Mac-negative and Mac-low, but not Mac-high cells, in the HSC population. We also detected CD41-negative, -low, and -high cells in the HSC population. Competitive repopulation revealed that Mac-1-negative and -low HSCs were functionally similar, and CD41-negative and -low HSCs were functionally similar, at the single-cell level, but CD41-high HSCs were not detectable. We then found that the selection of Mac-1-negative HSCs or CD41-negative HSCs had no advantage in HSC purification. We moreover found that HSCs expressed more CD51 than CD41, and HPCs expressed more CD41 than CD51, suggesting that CD51 expression was gradually replaced by CD41 expression during megakaryocyte differentiation. We concluded that low levels of Mac-1 and CD41 expression are irrelevant to the self-renewal and differentiation potentials in HSCs.

Healthcare is regarded as an industry with high risk that has an important influence on patient safety and medical quality. Traditional bow-tie method lacks the quantitative applications in medical areas and has limitations on dynamic medical risk assessment. Through mapping a bow-tie into a corresponding Bayesian network, a framework of quantitative analysis in healthcare using bow-tie approach is built in this paper and dynamic risk assessment is conducted by updating probability based on Bayes’ theorem. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by an example of aeroembolism in the process of hemodialysis.

In this paper, a decision model is developed for producers to determine the optimal price and warranty length to maximize profit based on the pre-determined life cycle and the rate of customer claim. The pro-rata warranty (PRW) policy is considered under which producers refund a fraction of sale price if an item fails in the warranty period. The objective function includes both demand and cost function. The variation tendency of producers’ profit will be derived for two different life distributed products. Some conclusions are drawn based on the sensitivity analysis.

Introduction We diagnosed two Chinese hereditary PC deficiency families and identified two novel compound heterozygous mutations (p.Arg194Cys/Gly324Ser and p.Glu274X/Asp297His) in the protein C ( PROC ) gene. The probands were classified as types I and II PC deficiency. The aim of this article is to access the influence of the mutations on PC activity, antigen and protein structure, and to evaluate whether there is abnormal PC localization. Materials and methods Genomic DNA of all family members was extracted, PCR amplified, and sequenced. The mutant PC expression plasmids were constructed. Expression assays, intracellular localization, and molecular modeling were performed. Results Proband 1, a type II PC defect, harbored a compound heterozygous mutation, p.Arg194Cys/Gly324Ser in the PROC gene, underwent two thromboembolic events. Expression assays indicated that the p.Arg194Cys mutant lead to decreased PC activity and normal PC Ag levels. Intracellular localization showed that both p.Arg194Cys and p.Gly324Ser co-localized with the endoplasmic reticuli and the Golgi apparatus. Molecular modeling suggested that the p.Gly324Ser mutation disturbed the interaction between the heavy and light chains of the PC protein. Proband 2, a type I PC defect, harbored a compound heterozygous PROC gene mutation, p.Glu274X/Asp297His, presented with recurrent spontaneous abortion and right popliteal vein thrombosis. Expression results were in accordance with the PC changes of the patient, and existed in defective PC transport. Structural model suggested p.Glu274X lead to disulfide bond between heavy and light chain cannot form. Conclusions Our results confirm that two novel compound heterozygous PROC gene mutations are causative on the two PC deficiency families.

On the basis of information theory and statistical methods, we use mutual information, n-tuple entropy and conditional entropy, combined with biological characteristics, to analyze the long range correlation and short range correlation in human Y chromosome palindromes. The magnitude distribution of the long range correlation which can be reflected by the mutual information is P5>P5a>P5b (P5a and P5b are the sequences that replace solely Alu repeats and all interspersed repeats with random uncorrelated sequences in human Y chromosome palindrome 5, respectively); and the magnitude distribution of the short range correlation which can be reflected by the n-tuple entropy and the conditional entropy is P5>P5a>P5b>random uncorrelated sequence. In other words, when the Alu repeats and all interspersed repeats replace with random uncorrelated sequence, the long range and short range correlation decrease gradually. However, the random uncorrelated sequence has no correlation. This research indicates that more repeat sequences result in stronger correlation between bases in human Y chromosome. The analyses may be helpful to understand the special structures of human Y chromosome palindromes profoundly.

Zipf's approach in linguistics is utilized to analyze the statistical features of frequency and correlation of 16 nearest neighboring nucleotides (AA, AC, AG, , TT) in 12 human chromosomes (Y, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, and 12). It is found that these statistical features of nearest neighboring nucleotides in human genome: (i) the frequency distribution is a linear function, and (ii) the correlation distribution is an inverse function. The coefficients of the linear function and inverse function depend on the GC content. It proposes the correlation distribution of nearest neighboring nucleotides for the first time and extends the descriptor about nearest neighboring nucleotides.

The efficiency on delivery of warranty service plays a critical role in the customers’ buying decisions making. Adopting a good way to locate the repair facilities not only provide customers with sufficient post-sale services, but also decrease cost for manufactures. Focusing on this problem, we put forward a multi-objective models, combining multi-echelon location-allocation problem with queuing theory, for allocating warranty service facilities meanwhile, improving customer satisfaction through shortening queuing waiting time. And because our model belongs to NP-hard problem, we adopts Genetic Algorithm to solve a random numerical example, achieving the Pareto optimal solution on how to locate the facilities and how to arrange relevant devices and resources on each echelon facilities. Because of our model’s feasibility and generality, its analysis and solutions have practical implications as the basis on warranty repair facilities locating problems.

With the development of the warranty activities, warranty service quality is becoming more and more important to influence customers’ satisfaction and how to evaluate warranty service has become a hot research topic. To determine the effectiveness of warranty service from multi-criteria, this paper proposes the balanced score card to model the product warranty performance system. On this basis, the system dynamics method is developed and converted to product warranty performance system. After the main performance indicators are obtained, the system dynamics is designed and simulated.

A reasonable task allocation for the outsourcing of warranty repairs can improve the quality of warranty service and reduce the average cost of repairs. However, the state-independent or partially state-dependent strategy, based on the traditional static task allocation, can bring about enormous goodwill cost for their incapable to keep the load balance of the different vendors. With the development of IT, the real-time communication between the manufacturer and vendors is more convenience, on this basis we propose a fully state-dependent policy based on the dynamic task allocation for the outsourcing of warranty services and Greedy Heuristics is used as an optimal tool. Experimentation is carried out using a simulation data sets and the results show that the presented method is verified effective and practically applicable.

A shared decision making model to trade off different preferences between doctors, patients and other stakeholders is proposed. The discrete choice model is used to compute the class-level choice probability for choosing an alternative. And loss function method is used to calculate the loss of the classes’ satisfaction degree and evaluate decision alternatives for reaching a health care decision based on mutual agreement. Finally, an application example about targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma is given. The model provides a practical approach for physician-patient shared decision making and better patient-centered care.

Operating room costs control is an important part in the hospital cost management, in order to control the operating room costs comprehensively, the paper analyzes the hidden costs of operating room, and estimates the hidden costs with the theory of time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC). A case of a third-class hospital in China was studied to estimate the hidden costs of operating room with TDABC, the result showed that the value of the hidden costs of the operating room is large, and its rate can reach to 30 % of the total costs. So the hospital must pay more attention to the hidden costs of operating room and control them.

The system of vehicle repair service is a problem that needs to research on the location of repair centers according to the service needs and available resource based on the maximal covering location and priority queuing theory. Considering the effect of waiting time due to rush jobs, this paper proposes a model that maximizes the service covering, and restrains the service level of uncovered zones. Model application with solution approaches by LINGO is provided through an example illustrations to demonstrates the applicability of the model.

Nowadays, hospital managers pay more and more attention to the cost accounting in order to reduce the hospital operating cost and improve efficiency. The appearance of activity-based costing (ABC), whose idea is “cost objects consume activities, which in turn consume resources”, gives a new idea to cost accounting of medical treatment project. In this paper, ABC is applied to the acupuncture service project to calculate the cost of acupuncture project and the ratio of each activity cost. The results proved that ABC was valid for the cost accounting of medical treatment project.

According to the real practice of hospital outpatient operating rooms, the problem of process and capacity planning is analyzed by considering the rule of balancing and increasing the resource utilization; based on queuing theory, this paper brings out the outpatient operating room process upswing plan and establishes simulation models; then, this paper puts forward the total cost objective function of outpatient operating rooms, and uses FlexsimHC to solve a case with the model above, and then analyzes the system indicators and costs, and finally determines the most rational model. This paper can be well verified in outpatient operating room process and capacity planning, and provide a scientific quantitative basis for hospital management decision-making.

AIM: To investigate the surgical treatment of patients with intermediate–terminal pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of the clinical data of 163 patients with intermediate–terminal pancreatic cancer who were surgically treated between August 1994 and August 2003. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients underwent palliative surgery. The mortality rate of those who underwent cholecystojejunostomy alone was 14.2%, the icterus or cholangitis recurrence rate was 61.9% with an average survival period of 7.1 mo. The mortality rate for those who received hepatic duct-jejunostomy (HDJS) was 5.7%, the icterus or cholangitis recurrence rate was 6.8% with an average survival period of 7.1 mo. But 31.8% of the patients developed duodenum obstruction within 6 mo after the surgery, six of seven patients with severe pain were given peri-abdominal aorta injection with absolute alcohol and their pain was alleviated. The other patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) and their icterus index returned to normal level within 40 d with an average survival period of 7.5 mo. CONCLUSION: Roux-en-y HDJS combined with prophylactic gastrojejunostomy is recommended for patients with intermediate–terminal pancreatic cancer, and biliary prosthesis can partly relieve biliary obstruction in a short term.

To study the methods of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombi in portal vein (TTPV).To Analyze and summarize the clinical information from 138 HCC patients with tumor thrombi in portal vein collected during January 1990 and January 2003.Thirty-seven patients receiving palliative therapy died from 1 to 8 months, and average survival time is 3.9 months. 101 patients had operation treatment, 23 of them underwent hepatoma resection, and average survival time was 10.9 months; 78 patients underwent hepatoma resection and removal of tumor thrombi, and average survival time was 26.8 months. 52 of whom underwent hepatic artery and portal vein chemoembolization, the 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates was 96.2%, 51.9%, 11.5%, the 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates of the 26 patients who didn't undergo chemoembolization were 76.9%, 23.1%, 0%.Operation treatment can comparatively extend the survival time of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in portal vein patients, and the best choice is hepatoma resection and removal of tumor thrombi, hepatic artery and portal vein chemoembolization after operation can enhance the effect.

To explore the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Of 102 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 21 (20.6%) underwent surgical exploration and biopsy with an average survival time of 72 d, 18 (17.6%) received drainage with that of 8.3 months, and 63 (61.8%) were subjected to surgical resection and anastomosis with that of 25.7 months. The surgical approaches included resections of the perihepatic cholangiocarcinoma, of the quadrate lobe and outer bile ductule carcinoma, of the left half of the liver, of the caudal lobe and outer bile ductule carcinoma, and Roux-en-Y ligation of the intraheptic bile ductule-jeajunum.Resection is a the primary choice for treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and radical resection may prolong the patients' survival time and achieve better effect than simple drainage. In cases where resection is impossible, jaundice management should be carried out.